Climatography of the Salt River Valley Region of Arizona: The Land of Health and Sunshine

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CLIMA TOGRAPHY
O.F THE
SALT RIVER VALLEY REGION OF
ARIZONA
THE LAND OF HEAL TH AND SUNSHINE
STUDIES FOR PHYSICIANS ANO LAYMEN, \VITH METEOROLOGICAL DATA COMPILED FROM THE
REPORTS 01" THE UN1TED STATES WEATHER BUREAU IN TABULAR FORM, COMPARING
THlS IVlTH OTHER PARTS QP THE UNITED STATES, VITAL STAT!STJ(;S, AND LI-ST
OJ• DISEASES EITHER BENEFITED OR CURED IN '!:HIS SALUBRIOUS
CLIMATE, AND COMPLI!TE AND ACCURATE DAT,, FOR THE
JNFOR.􀂘􉡬lATJON OF INVALID OR HOME SEEKEJi.
BY
vVM. LA "\i\TRENCE WOODRUFF, IVI. D.
PHOENIX, ARIZONA
CrlICAGO
R. R. DONNELLEY & SONS COMPANY
1898
F
'3 \ 7
f! l vV<?􀀅􀔠
THE CLIMATE OF PHOENIX AND THE SALT
RIVER REGION OF ARIZONA.
An article by W'r;I. LA\VRENCE WOODRUFF, M.D., of Phoenix, Arizona,
printed in the Hahnemannian Monthly for December, !895, re­printed
in the Scientific American (Supplement) of January, 1896,
and reprinted in the Sanitarian for May, 1896, and reprinted in
The Arizonian for January, 1896.
The inquiries about Phoenix and the Salt River Valley
as a health resort are becoming so numerous that I take it
the profession at large will ,;velcotne facts concerning this
valley, anrl facts only I vvill endeavor to state in this
article. My aim is to cover tl1e ground fully ,vith the most
reliable data attai1able.
Phoenix and the Salt River Valley are situated in lati­tude
33 ° north, in the south,vest quarter of Arizona. The
valley is from five to seventy-five miles wi·de, and about two
hundred miles long, and tl1roughout its ei1tire length and
breadth l1as a climate claimed to be the best in the world.
To. rigl1tly appreciate the claims of this valley as a health
resort, we must for a moment look at the physical geog-
. raphy of this region. There are high 1nountai11 ranges to
the north and east, also the Sierra Nevada and Coast
Ranges to the west, with a short spur of low mountains to
the south. rfhe high mountain ranges protect this section
from all cold vvinds, and to tl1is protection f ron1 cold,
nature has added yet another feature, which is 1nai11ly the
cause of the phenomenal climatic conditions found in this
3
-
4
region, namely, proximity to the Gulf of California. 1,he
Salt River Valley, vvith the Gila Valley, its extensio11 to
tl1·e southvvest, is an ope11 valley vvith continuous mountain
chains of more or less altitude 011 either side, and practi­cally
mai11tains tl1ese characteristics clear to the head of the
gulf. The Gulf of California, ,vitl1 the Coast Range on its
,vest to protect it fro1n cold, nortl1west ,vinds, a11d a lower
mountai11 range east of it is so situated tl1at it catches and
retains the ,varm winds and ocean currents from the I11dian
Ocean a11cl the equatorial Paci-fie, and passes them up to
the head of tl1e gulf, and, consequently, is largely responsi­ble
for the ,varm, mild ,vinters. It will be seen by the
above hovr nature has provided a cha11nel \7hereby, in this
southwest cor11er of tl1e United States, she has reproduced
a climate tropical i11 all its esse11tial parts, with none of the
drawbacks of tl1e tropics, namely, excessive humidity and
malaria. Here, right in our n1iclst, 11ature has given a
climate as mild and balm)1 as that of the tropical Pacific
islan.ds, and ,vith the same even temperature, and at the
san1e time at a11 altitude of only eleven hundred feet, a
dryness of at1nosphere equaled by few localities and ex­celled
by 11011.e other in the civilized world. It vrill no,v be
understood 110w a climate that seldom gives a temperature
at tl1e freezing poi11t, ,vith rarely a cloudy day-tl1ere is
less than one i11 ten duri11g the winter, and for weeks at a
time during the su.n1mer there is not a cloud in the sky-is
possible at this latitude. Here is found every eleme11t that
goes to tnake up a I)erfect climate. The best proof on this
point is the exceptio11ally low death-rate, ,vhich is 8 11-100
per 1,000 inhabitants. Tl1is sun-l{issed valley has but two
seasons-the '\-vinter seaso11, '\-vhich is a happy blending of
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fall into spring, and the summer, vvhich comme11ces about
n-Iay 1st, and continues until about October 1st. The sun1-
mer days are bright, clear and hot, ,vitl1 a maximum daily
temp􀂲􋉲rature ranging from 96 ° to 112° . It is as rare for
the mercury to go above this in summer as it is rare for it
to go below the freezing point in winter. Tl1ere is usually
some little rain in the latter part of July or during August,
usually in showers, possibly a,1eraging an inch of rainfall
durir1g the sum1ner season. To rightly appreciate the
efects of the summer heat, 011e 1nust recog11ize the difer­ence
between a vvet and a dry-bulb thermometer. The c;lif­ference
is usually frorn 20° to 30 ° . Here, the reading of
·tI1e ,vet-bulb gi·ves our actual sensible heat, while i11 n1ore
humid countries the reading of tl1e dry-bulb is so nearly
like tl1at of the wet-bulb that the difference is rarely per­ceptible.
The average humidity is only about 30 per cent.
for the year, a11d there are ,veeks at a time during the sum­mer
vvhen it will run far below this point. Tl1is is the rea­son,
coupled with the fact tl1at there is always a gentle
breeze stirring, why our summers are not only endurable,
but, in fact, do not cause as much discomfort or prostra­tion
as is experienced in other parts of the country. The
summer months are the healthiest of the year. Duri11g
these months the death rate is 011ly one-tl1ird of 011e J)er
cent. Bo,vel troubles and fevers are aln1ost t111l<no,vn d ur­ing
the heated term, tl1ere being less tha11 two deatf1s {)er
month fro1n all forms of bo,vel troubles among infants in a
population of 14,000. Is there another place in the ,vorld
that can make such a shovving? During these 1nontl1s per­spiration
is very co1:,ious, ancl, ovving to the very clry air,
evaporation is instantaneous a11d a material aid to con1fort.
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,
6
With tl1is statement the fact will be readily understood that
rheumatism, kidney diseases, and diseases of the respiratory
tract make tl1eir greatest improvement during this half of
the year. This is especially so with persons sufering from
insomnia and nervous prostration. Sunstroke is unknown,
a11d it is as safe for people to come here during the heated
term as at any other time of the year.
Now, as to the winter montl1s. The visitor will find
the days balmy, dreamy, restful; the air pure, dry, brac­ing;
the nights cool a11d delightful. Save during the rainy
seasons, it is perfectly safe and comfortable to be out of
doors day and nigl1t. The rainy seaso11 usually lasts a
week or so, and the rainfall is not h·eavy. The a11nual pre­cipitation
is something less than seven inches. The fol­lowing
table _shows the maximum temperature for a peri0d
from December 31, 1894, to January 9, 1895, inclusive, at
several places. An examinatioi1 of this table will show that
DATE.
December 31, 1894. ---- ----
January r, 1895 ---- ---- ----
,, 2,
"
3, "
4, "
5, " 6,
,, 7,
" 8,
"
9,
"
"
"
"
"
"
I I
"
------------
---- --------
---- ---- ----
-------- ----
---- ---- ----
---- ---- ----
---- ---- ----
---- --------
Range of Tetnp. for the IO
da,r s ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- V
·-X N
ci:;:
􀀆􀘼<
0..
74
74
68
72
70
68
70
68
65
64
IO
.
. • ., .
"' ,. . :i
., - el ·-
- - .μ
., ·- > .:ir -"' bJ) a . -
a .
0 . el bD • -
< "' (Jl􀀃􀌠 .p :l "1
"'.:> "'- '1.. 5 <:i
0 <) OI
,.l
"1 ...
-. E-, (/)
61 44 60 28
63 49 60 28
61 60 58 52
61 60 68 60
5 5 6r 52 50
55 54 62 52
53 62 62 52
57 75 62 sz
62 74 6 2 68
68 68 78 63
1.5 31 26 40
. . "'• ,. 'U • i::
bD u • "1
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·- "' . ,. ,. ..
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'°"'- .:ir • ,;> ,. N ()/ .. . IO o o ,. bD :E ·:-
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u .:; ilr 􀀑􁄠 s 0 ·- nl . (/) 0
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- - -
39 51 59 65 50 44
49 53 S9 65 50 39
49 53 59 65 48 35
so il-6 52 65 57 35
50 46 57 63 52 35
49 44 54 64 sz 28
49 46 54 63 57 --
49 4 2 54 6.5 50 41
48 41 59 64 42 39
49 50 54 64 42 39
-- -
l I 12 7 2 15 16
7
Phoe11ix. has the most even temperature of all tl1e places
named, with but t,vo exce1)tions, one bei11g Cairo, Egy1)t,
whose l1ighest ten1perature is 65 ° -but one degree above
our lowest, 64 °-a11d Malta, ,vitl1 59 ° as tl1e highest point
reacl1ed, b.eing 5 ° belo'vv our lowest point. These t,vo
places-as, indeed, do all the rest 11amed-have a damp,
moist atmosphere, wl1icl1 greatly increases tl1e l)erceptible
diference i11 tl1e range of temperature.
This valley has everything that goes to 1nake tlJ) a per­fect
"vinter home. It has the minimt1n1 of rai11fall - 7
inches per annum; second, the n1inimun1 of atmospheric
moisture-30 per cent. humidity; third, it has tl1.e rnini­mum
air movement-its annual average is less than 2,½
miles per l1our, a11cl is generally frorn the soutl1vvest;
fourth, the mi11in1u1n of death-rate, being bt1t 8 rr-roo per
r, ooo inhabitants; fifth, tl1e mini1num of n1alaria, there
being none; sixth, low altitude-r, roo feet above tl1e sea­level;
seventh, the maximum of sunshine-an average of
nine days ot1t of te11 of bright sunsl1i11e, when out-of-door
life is enjoyable ancl healthful. ,ve l1ave here ,vithin easy
reach, a11d ,v-itl1in the bou11ds of our own country, all the
merits aseribed to Italy or Egypt, "vith 11one o f tl1eir dra,v­backs.
We have all that Florida enjoys, with none of her
moist, sticky atmosphere and no11e of her malaria. We
have the same bal1ny air a11d even temperature of Califor­nia,
withot1t her fogs, da1npness, or 1nalaria. vVe l1ave tl1e
same clry, braci11g air tl1at has Colorado, ,v-itbout her bliz­zards
and l1igh altitudes. \Ve have all, a11d i11fi11itely more,
of all the good things claimed for these localities, ,vitl1out
their unfavorable conditions. There 111ay b e a few locali­ties
where the actual difference in te1nperature betvveen day
8
and night is less than in the Salt River Valley, but these
J)laces have much greater humidity. As in summer, so
here i11 ,vinter, \vith our very dry air, the perceptible dif­ference
between day and night temperatures, and the actual
discomfort experienced thereby, is much less than is the
case in localities ,vith more 1noisture i11 the air. Situated
in the midst of this valley, abou·t 150 miles from the l1ead
of the Gulf of Califo.rnia, 1,100 feet above the sea-level,
lies Phoe.nix, the capital of Arizona a11d the metropolis of
the Salt River Valley. It is the healtl1iest city i11 the
k11ovv11 ,vorld, -and is surrou11ded by a prosper0us and con­sta11tly
gro,ving farming comn1unity. It has all the moder11
improvements a11d the snap ancl vim of the young metrop­olis.
Her citizens are quiet, peaceable and lavv-abiding,
and ready to receive with true hosp.itality th0se who seek
her perpetual sunshine. The town is making a phenome11al
grovth, in spite of tl1e hard times, and will soon have the
best of accommodations for tl1e healtl1-seeker, who will find
the pure, dry, ,varm, health-giving air free for all.
The f ollo,ving co111parative mortality table sho,vs the
yearly cleaths in 1,000 inhabita11ts in tl1e cities nan1ed. It
will be noticed tl1at Phoenix sta11ds at the head of the list.
Phoenix, Ariz., 8 11-100; Los A11geles, Cal., 14 40-100;
Long Bra11.cl1, N. J., 9 88-100; Atlantic City, N. J., 18
38-100; St. Paul, I\-1in11., 9 60-100; Minneapolis, Minn., 9
40-100; San Bernardino, Cal., 11 30-100. There are no
public records from vvhich an accurate table of vital statis:
tics can be compiled. The records of the undertakers in
the territory named are accurate and complete for the past
three yea.r􀂪􊨬, and i11clude, ,vith very fe,v exceptio11s, all the
deaths i11 that territory during the p·eriod covered. These
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records have been kindly placed at my disposal, and from
them I have prepared a table witl1 a great deal of care.
For all practical purposes it is accurate and reliable.
VITAL STATISTICS OF THAT PART OF THE SALT RIVER VALLEY NORTH
OF THE SALT RIVER, \VEST OF TH.E VERDE RIVER AND EAST OF
THE AGUA FRIA RIVER, COVERING r\ TERRITORY, OF 250 SQUARE
J.\,lILES1 AND INCLUDING THE CITY OF PHOENIX. TI-IE POPULA·
TION ON A CONSERVATIVE BASIS iS PUT AT 14,000; FOR 1895,
AT 15,000; FOR 1896, 16,000.
Total number of deaths _________ _
Transients _____________________ Accidental deaths _______________ Among residents _______________ _
Percentages, fractions 1%---------
CLASSIFIED BY AGES.
1 33
29
IO
94
. 􀀃􀌠
Deaths under 5 years of age______ 28
Deaths over 70 years of age______ 12
Deaths over 50 years of age. __ ._. 31
DURING THE S UMMER l\'10S.-
JUN E- SEPTEJ\1BER.
Total ____- --- ________- --- ____- --- 41
Transients and a􀃎􌹣cidentals ____ ___ 8
Residents, from natural cause____ 23
Percentages, fractions 1%---------
Under 5 years of age ___________ 6i
Under 5, of bo",rel trouble________ 6
CAUSES OF DEATH.
Stomach and bov,rel disease_______ 10
Nervous and brain disease_______ 17
Typhoid fever___________________ 2
Scarlet fever ____ ___ ____ ___ ____ 1
Measles ________________________- o
Diphtheria______________________ o
Heart disease_____________ _______ 8
Disease respiratory organs_ ___- - - 50
Old age------------------------- 4
All other causes_________________ 40
185
38
15
I ., .,
.:, 􀀅􀔠 l
59
8
32
75
21
54
28
I I
30
8
4
3
4
5
I
73
4
56
168
41
7
120 4
33
13
36
54
13
41
t
13
9
21
4
4
0
0
2
Er
6
58
14
5
14
8
2
0
0
0
􀀄􀐠
56
4
54
112
38
IO
43
75
25
50
?r
19
8
15
6
4
0
0
0
8
82
3
87
NoTE.-Deaths designated as transients are only those of per­sons
,vho have been here but a brief period prior to their decease,
coming here as a last resort in the ad,·anced stages of diseases of the
respiratory organs, ,vhich accounts for the large number of d1:aths
under this head. A large number of those claimed as residents
ought properly to have been included in the transient class.
IO
Tl1e following state1nent will illustrate the general
healthfulness of this valley under one set of conditions:
PHOENIX, September 28, 1895.
Dear Doctor :-I have been WGrking large gangs of men
in construction-work of diferent kinds, for tl1e last four­teen
years, in the Northwest an.d ir. Canada. Last spring
I brougl1t in a large gang of 1nen from Minnesota, and for
the last six months have been working them vvith others i11
your valley, and 11eve·r, in all my experience, has the per­centage
of sickness been so low as during these past six
mo 11 ths.
(Signed) S. R. H. R(;YBINSGN, Superi11tendent,
Minnesota and Arizona Construction Cornpany.
Now, as to diseased conditions: Asthmatics usually re­ceive
prompt relief and a permane·nt cure. The dry, warm
air, and low altitude agree with them perfectly. If there
is a recurrence it is duri11g the rainy season, and is usually
but slight, to disappear again as soon as the usually ,dry
atmospheric c·onditions prevail. This is equally so of
aphonia, bronchitis, and laryngitis; and, in fa.ct, of all dis­eases
of the respiratory organs. Tuberculosis, by the
dry, hot air of summer, is checked in its development; and,
if the patient is not in the la,.st stages, a co,ntinu.ous resi­dence
under these favorable co11diti6ns, will greatly pro­long
life, ancl often eventually bring about a cure. Let me
say here, if the patients have entered the last stage of the
disease, in tl1e interest of humanity keep them at home.
This cannot be emphasized too strongly. Tl1ere they will
have more comforts; and the radical change of climate, witl1
the long, and tiresome journey necessary i11 reaching here,
I I
only tends to materialJy l1asten the end. During the vvin­ter
months, this class of patients, in commo11 vvith all
others, n1ay reasonably expect to hold tl1eir own, a11d usu­ally
make substantial gains. It vvill readily be perceived
by a care£ ul perusal of this article, that there is greater
reason to expect beneficial results in all diseased conditions
from a sojourn i11 this climate, than in any other winter
resort. \Vl1ile this is undoubtedly so, it is equally true
that tl1e hot, dry air of summer produces the best results.
In heart diseases vve find the c.ooler weather of winter the
most beneficial. In some cases the reverse is true. The
hotter and dryer it gets, tl1e more comfortable tl1e patient
beco1nes. This is especially so ,vhere the disease is com­plicated
witl1 diseased kidneys or rheumatic diathesis.
Catarrhal con<;litions of head a11d throat are most relieved
during the summer, especially the moist varieties. Diseases
of the digestive tract, dyspepsia, cl1ronic dysentery, and
diarrhea, do exceedingly vvell here, and are usually
promptly relieved. Tl1is is doubly true during the l1ot
months. The summer conditions, of high temperature and
low humidity, cause a determi11ation of blood to the sur­face,
maintaining it there for months at a time, and
thereby entirely relieving all internal congestions. I􀂠􊁩idney
troubles are so 1)revale11t I must not forget to mention, that
during the heated term the kid11eys excrete less than one­half
of the normal quantity of urine. During this period
of rest, th.e unloading of the effete material of tl1e system
is carried on by the sweat-glands of the skin, and a healthy
equilibrium is maintained. This continuous high temper­ature
and very dry air keeps the blood at the surface,
thereby making the sweat-glands very active. Perspirn.-
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ti0n is constant and copious, and, by its i11stant evapora­ti0n,
keeps the surface co0l and the bodily temperature at
normal. These conditio11s are very advantageous to dis­eased
k.idneys, giving them a mucl1 needed rest, and a11
opportunity to recuperate. When to this is added a drink­ing-,,v
ater, pure, wholesome, and devoid of all alkali, it is
easily understood vvhy this valley is fast getti11g an enviable
reputation for the alleviation and c.ure of all forms of this
disease. In rheumatic afectio11s, while in winter patients are
made very comfortable, it is in s.ummer tl1at tl1e constant
free perspiration maintained for 1nonths withot1t ceasing,
entirely eliminates from the system all m@rhid 1naterial.
In diseases of the. nervous system, so prevalent i11 this age,
tl1is climate is a true l)anacea. This is especially so of
persons suffering frorn i11somnia and nervous prostration.
Here, again, the best results are during the summer
months. Tl1e universal verdict is, ''I have nowhere else slept
as I do l1ere. '' This is the universal expression. The tired­out,
starved nerves, over-vvorked and over-vv-rought, experi­ence
i11 this balmy air the. perfect relaxation and rest they
so long l1a ve been in need of. The dry, l1ot air of summer
seems to quiet the nervous system, is soothing, restful, and
,,vhen to this a voracio,us appetite is added, with perfect di­gestion,
which is the ·only epidernic during this season, the
results are t111derstood \Vitl1out further elaboration. Fi11-
ally, the perfect su1n111er nights soothe a11d rest one's
nerves as does nothi11g else in all the vvorld.
THE CLIMATE OF SALT RIVER VALLEY.
A paper read before the American Institute of Homcreopathy at
Detroit, Iv!ichigan, in June 1896, by W􀁕􅕌L L. vVOODRUFF, TVI.D.,
Phoenix, Arizona, and printed in th.e "Transactions" of that
year at page 994.
That climate stands at the head of the list of favorable
conditions requisite for the successful prevention and
arrest of tl1e progress 0f a large number of diseases I think
you \vill all readil)' admit.
I think it equally true, that, believing tl1e above, the
profession are anxious to learn of the best place for the
greatest n1.r1nber. That place I claim, and will try to
prove, is the Salt River Valley in the southwestern quarter
of Arizona, with Phoenix as its largest center of popula­tion.
'fhe essential features of clirnate nec.essary to meet the
requirements of an ideal health resort, for persons suffering
with chronic diseases generally, and especially witl1 diseases
of lung and throat, kid11eys, rheumatism, and conditions of
mal-nutritio11 are, First, a warn1th and geniality whicl1 en­ables
the ,veake11ed subject to spend tl1e greatest possible
amount of time in the pure air ,,ri th tl1e 1nini1num amount
of clothing. Second, a degree of dryness of the at1nos­phere
,vhich ,vill insure rapid and easy eli1ninatior1 from
the skin, thus relieving tl1e weakened and diseased n1ucous
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surfaces from the full task of elimination, which ordinarily
the.y are expected to perform, but under diseased con.di­tions
cannot accomplish, in consequence of which inability
there is imperfect elimination, and gradual poisoning of the
system fro1n the circulation of blood not fully deprived of
its efete material. Third, an equability of climate, which
does not suddenly go from great extremes of heat to cold;
whose n-ight and day temperatures are not too far separ­ated,
and where there is so little dampness in the air that
tl1e changes in temperature are but little felt. Fourtl1,
the minimu1n of vvi11d movement, and tl1at with the least
possible co11tamination from decaying vegetable substances,
decomposed animal matter, or poisonous gases of whatever
origin. Fifth, sucl1 a combination 0f climate, general
healthfulness an.d commercial, industrial and social advant­ages
that the health seeker may live in comfort and with
profit, if he be inclined to. employ l1imself in remunerative
occupations within the li1nits of his strength.
Imagine, if you can, a valley varying from 5 to 75 miles
i11 width and 200 miles in length, ,vith contint1ous mountain
chains on either side, running from northeast to southwest,
this valley terminati11g in a gulf whose surface contains
53,000 square miles, whose opening into the equatorial
Pacific Ocean is 250 miles wide, and l1aving tl1e same con­tinuous
mountain chains. You can then reaclily understand
how the equatorial trade ,vinds sweeping up th.e west coast
of Mexico enter with the tropical ocean currents the co11-
fines surrounding tl1e Gulf of California, and tl1at the.se
winds, aft·er sweeping over these 53,000 square miles of
tropical ,vaters, for1n the prevailing winter \Vinds of tl1is
vast valley, and i11 great measure produce tl1e mild, salu-
,
brious winters for which the UJJper part of this valley,
known as the Salt River Valley, is fast becoming famous.
To this add co11tinuous high m.ountain ra11ges surround­ing
LlS on the west, north, and east, a11d you have a land­or
rather rock-locked valley, from vvhich all tl1e cold win­ter
\Vinds are excluded, a11d if percl1ance while the blizzard
is s,veeping over tl1e rest of the country \Ve should feel the
edge of it, i t ca11 only reach us by tl1e settling do,vn of the
upper air currents, and not by a direct blo,v.
Here i11 this favored spot-tl1e su11-kissed ,, alley of the
Salt River-)􀂾􋹯ou will fi11d a haven of rest a11d safety for the
invalid that fills all the requirements, and the like of
wl1ich does 11ot exist in any other portion of the known world.
vVinters in tl1e Salt River Valley are mild, salubrious,
with rarely a severe frost. Out of door life is possible,
customar)1 a11d enjoyable, and excepting the rainy season,
which lasts but a fe,v days, one can sleep out of doors ,vith
impunity. Tl1e invalid can spend every hour of the tvven­ty-
four out of doors, or in a tent, not only \Vithout risk bt1t
with great benefit. The pure, warn1, dry air, is invigorating
and life-giving, and is indeed Nature's stimula11t and tonic.
The days are warm, delightful, sunshi11y. A cloucly day
is a curiosity, there being rarely more than t,.vo or three
during the month. There is, I think, no other place i11 the
civilized world where the cloudy clays are so fe\v and tl1e
sunshine so continuons and perpetual. Tl1e follo\ving
tables \.vill demonstrate this better than a11ything tl1at I
can say:
r6
COMPARATIVE DATA AT PI-IOENIX, ARIZ., AUGUST, 1895, TO JUNE1 189,6.
-
. . >-
Cl) ·"'
• .0 .... .0
DATA.
.μ E Cl) IV E
,: )Cl .0 Cl) bl) ., 0
0. - ;,-
:, u 0
<
Cl)
)fi 0 z
Mean actua l
te1nperature __ 89
M e a n sensible
82 72 57
temperature __ 70 64 59 49
LO\.vest tern p. ___ 65 47 48 34
Highest temp. ___ 110 107 93 ·83
Mean rel. hun1id-ity,
5 A.l\'1. _____
Mean rel. hun1id-
61 54 67 81
ity, 5 P.M. ----- 27 29 39 54
Percentage of
sunshine ______ 85 89 88 8r
Monthly rainfall
. . •
Cl) ;.,
.0 >, >-
E "' <U •
ro :, .c
Cl) 0 ;j >- 0
a .0 h G:>
Cl) ro 0 cl
􀀋􀬠 􀀌􀰠 .-.
49 54 56 62
41 44 44 48
23 30 28 34
7·s 79 82 92
76 69 65 56
40 40 25 21
88 77 87 75
􀀊􀨢•
·;:
0. <
64
48
3􀅀􄀠
89
50
15
91
•
;>, <U
􀀍􀴠
74
54
45
110
41
14
89
.
Cl)
Cl
:,
.-.
--
--
- -
- -
- -
- -
--
(inche·s)----_. _ 0.27 @. IO 0.80 0.89 0.09 0.46 0.05 0.39 0.05 trace - -
Trac.e ra.infall = too srnall to 1neasu.re.
100 = continuous sunshine.
Station established August, 1895.
ARTHUR S. WHITE, Observer in charge.
COMPARATIVE TABLE OF DRY·BULB IVIEAN TEMPERATURES.
1895. 1896. Elevation
above
Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr.
sea level.
Phoenix, A. T. ______ 72.0 57.o 49.0 54.0 56.0 62.0 64.0 1160 feet
San Diego, Calif. ____ 63.8 58.1 54.3 54·5 57.5 S7 6 56.0 93 "
San Antonio,. Texas_ 65 5 S5·4 5 I • 7 52 0 54·2 59.o 68.1 679 II
•
Santa Fe, K. M. _____ 46.9 32.6 23.8 3 T ·7 31 .6 39.8 47.7 6998 "
Denver, Colo. _______ 46.4 35.4 JL.7 35-2 36 2 35,5 48.6 5207 "
Los 1\ngctles, Cal if. 66.o 600 56.0 500 60.0 s7.o 56.© 330 "
COMPARATIVE TABLE O.F V-1 ET-BULB, MEAN TEMPERATURES.
189􀀉􀤮. 1896.
Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. A pr.
Phoenix, A. T ______ 59° 49.o 41 .o 44o 44.o 480 48.0
San Diego, Calif. ____ 59-2 51.4 4b.6 49.7 48.9 52. 2 sQ.2
San Antonio, Texas_ 5,:;.2 304 44 8 45 3 46.4 53 I 62 S
San a Fe, N. 1'l. _____ 39-2 24-3 14 .8 26.8 25·4 30.6 33.8
Denver, Colo. _______ 36.6 28.2 2s 2 28.0 29 2 29.6 )."8 􀀇􀜮.
Los Angeles, Calif __ 52.0 52.Q 48.0 52.0 5 I .O 53.0 50.0
17
COJ\1PARATIVE TABLE OF lVlEAN l\,1AXIJ\•1UM TE'MPERATURES.
189s,. 1896.
Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. J\1ar. Apr.
Phoenix, A. T. _____ 93.0 83.0 78.0 79.o 82.0 92.0 89.0
San Diego, Calif. ____ 70.6 68.7 65.1 64-. 3 67.7 66.7 63.9
San Antonio, Texas_ 80.0 67.5 65.0 63.6 67.6 72. I 79.0
Santa Fe, N. H. _____ 59.8 44.0 37.7 42.8 42-5 5 1 ·4 60.4
Denver, Colo. _______ 80.0 75.0 69.0 67.0 68.o 76.0 80.0
Los 1-\.ngeles, Calif. __ 76.0 72.6 69.0 68.o 73.0 70.0 67.0
COMPAR,\TIVE TABLE OF l\1EAN l\'JlNIJVIUM TEJ\1PER ATUR 1.1:$.
1895, 1896.
Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. l\1ar. Apr.
Phoenix, A. T. _____ 48.0 34.0 23.0 30.0 30.0 28.0 38.0
San Diego, Calif. ____ 58.2 50. I 44.8 46.7 47.7 49.6 49· 1
San Antonio, Texas_ 57.5 48.4 43.7 44 5 43.8 49.7 61.6
Santa Fe, N. M. ____ 39·3 26. I 17 .I 25.0 23.6 29 6 35.3
Denver, Colo. _______ 21.0 2.0 5.0 o.o 9.0 0.0 9.0
Los Angeles, Calif. __ 55.o 47.6 44.o 47.o 45.o 47.0 46.0
As to the dryness of the atmospl1ere, there is but one
opinion, I believe, as to its being a11 essential feature of an
ideal climate and health resort. In this particular, I can
assure yot1, ,ve excel. Tl1is valley is the dryest place avail­able
for the heal th seel{er, if not the dryest place in tl1e
world. The follo,vi11g table of relative humiclity for the
seven mo11ths just past conclusively demonstrates tl1is fact.
COMP1\RATIVE TABLE OF l\tEAN RELA'l'IVE 1-IUMIDITY.
('fhe rainfall for Phoenix during these seven n1onths is 2.70.)
1895. 1896.
Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar.
Phoenix, A. '1'. _____ 53.0 68.o 58.0 54.o 45.0 38.0
San Diego, Calif. ___ 78.2 68.o 56.6 72.6 58.0 7 1.0
San Antonio, Texas_ 57.2 72.3 56.4 66.5 57.8 69.3
Santa Fe1 N. JYl, _____ 51.8 60.0 51.6 5t.o 43. r 34 .9
Denver, Colo. ______ 53 4 44·9 4 1 ·4 44·5 46.2 59.7
Los Angeles, Calif. _ 82.0 60.0 57.0 68.o 52.0 70.0
Apr.
32.0
67.0
7 5.1
19·4
46.8
(17 0
r8
I think a stt1dy of this table witl1 the one prece.ding will
disclose co11ditions extremely favorable to the elimi11ation
of effete material from the skin, thus relieving the ,veak­ened
an.d overburdened mucous me1nbrane, and internal
organs, a11d thereby favoring recuperative processes. This
is especially so during the summer 1nonths, to which we
will refer later.
Our one ,veak point is the difference between nigl1t and
day temperatures. This diference is quite marked, but is
much more so mea$ured by the dry-bulb tl1ermo1neter than
by the wet-bt1lb. The extre.me dryness of tl1e atmosphere
makes the lo,ver temperature less {)erceptible tl1a11 in more
moist climates, though tl1ere the extremes be considerably
less. O,ving to the dryness of the air the mid-day temper­atures
do not seem nearly s© high as they actually are,
neither do the lower temperatures of night produce tl1e chill
one ,vould expect, from looking at the readi11g of the dry­bulb
thermometer.
The actual discomfort from this wide range of tem1)era­ture
is but sligl1t, and its da11ger largely imaginary.
Neither danger or discomfort from this cause is equal to
that in a moist climate \vitl1 a ra11ge of ten1perature not
n1ore than one-third as great.
This diference is much less, and indeed exists but in a
very s1nall degree, in the higher lands of the foothills and
upper sides of the valley. The altitude at Phoenix is r, roo
feet, and in the footl1ills on the sides o.f the valley it will
run from 300 to 500 feet higher.
The wind movement i11 the Salt River Valley is so slight
as scarcely to be a factor. Ot1r average annual wind m.ove­ment
is but two and 84-100 miles per hour. A ,vind of tvven-
ty-five miles an hot1r is unl{no,v11. The gentlest of zephyrs
usuall)' prevail. As on all sides there is but barren moun­tain
and desert, as 11othing gro,vs except by irrigation, arid
as the water is u11der the perfect control of man, there is 110
danger from decomposed vegetable rnatter.
1"he atmosphere is so dry and pure that ani1nal 1uatter
dries UJ) i11stead of decaying. There bei11g no rnarshes or
stag11ant pools there is absolutely nothing but j)ure, unco11-
ta1ninated air to breathe.
N o,v the very best proof that ,vha t I l1ave clain1ed in the
above is true, is the low (1eath rate for tl1e valley for tl1e
past four years, as shovvn by the table to be found on page
9 of this bo0k.
Now a word as to the sum1ners i11 this val le)'· Accurate
data I cannot give you as to temperature, hurnidity, etc.
rf he vVeather Bureau statio11 ,vas only established at Pl1oe­nix
last fall. Tl1is I can say from l)ersonal observatio11s
extending over four surnmers, and as corroborated by the
said table of vital statistics-that there is not a rnore
healthy place on earth tha11 this same Salt River Valley i11
the summer ti1ue. Vlhile about on.e-tl1ird of all tl1e deaths
in the United States duri11g the sumn1er 1no11ths are frorn
bowel troubles among infants, here such deaths average
less than two each month in a po1:>t1lation of 15,000. Our
death rate last sun11ner for the whole five hot montl1s ,vas
but one-fourth of one per ce11t., ,vl1ile the average for the
whole country was about 2. z l)er cent. Is there any other
place that can rnal<e sucl1 a sl10,vi11g?
To u11derstand our unparalleled heal tl1ful11ess cluri11g tl1e
period ,vhen the rest of the ,vorld is suffering fro111 11eat
{)rostration and allied diseases vve n1ust for a fe,v moments
20
turn our attention to the study of the difference in the
reading of the ,vet and dry-bulb thermometer.
Tl1e better to do this I will quote freely from a recent
article by Captain vVilliam A. Glassford, Signal Corps, U.
S. A., Denver, Colo. :
Every perso11 who l1as resided in the hu1nid and in the
sunshine region k:novvs that there is so1nething ,¥r·ong with
the indications of the tl1ermometer; that there is a marked
failure to express, in terms of degrees of temperature, the
way in which recorded temperature affects his comfort in
the two regions. If the traveler fron1 the East happens to
be in Albuquerque, Denver, Salt Lake City, Boise City, or
Sacramento, ,vhen the tl1ermometer is at or near the 100
°
point, he 1nust be shown the instrume11t to be satisfied it is
so high, because the discomfort that he is familiar with as
a concomitant of such recorded beat in his sectio11 is en­tirely
absent. Seeking tl1e cause of this fact he is told that
it is accou11ted for by the absence of humidity. To most
people the real reason is still more or less obscure. That
100 degrees makes the man hotter i11 one place than in the
other is accepted as well known; but the amount of this
difference in degrees is not at all generally apprel1endecl.
011 a ne.arly 11ortl1 and south line near Wilmington, N.
C., and Pittsburg, Pa., the compass bearing is due nortl1;
vvhile throughout the arid region it swings from 10 ° to 20 °
out of true, due to 1nagnetic vari'ation. vVhat would be
tl1ougl1t of tl1e practical experience and science of a sur­veyor
from the Eastern States \vho, on coming to the arid
region, would expect to use a compass reading without
knowing or usi11g this magnetic variation? None the less
unscien· tific, if I may not say absurd, when considering the
21
sensible cli1natic influence on the l1uman body, is tl1e plac­i11g
side by side of the recorded thermometric observations
of an arid ,vith a hun1id regio11, \!.rithout apJ)lying a correc­tion
or variatio11 factor for dryness and hun1idity, as is
necessary' for tl1e mag11etic variation \>vhen using the com-pass.
But we li\•e in a scientific age, a11d the means exist
to determine and familiarize tl1e I)eople of this country
with the exact variation factor to be applied to our records
of temperature to reduce the expression of heat or cold felt
by human beings everywl1ere to a com1no11 standard of sen­sibility.
A clothed, living body, having a great evaporating sur­face
through tl1e pores of the skin, is afected by what is
kno􀂴􋑲rn as the evaporation or sensible temperature; wl1icl1
is found by placi11g tl1e thermometer bulb in 11early the
same environment as the huma11 bocly in su1nmer-tl1at is,
by clothing or surrounding it ,vith cotton, dipping in to a
humid source, so that the capillary tubes of the cotton
fibers may carry around the bu.lb moisture, as perspiratio11
is carried to the surface of the body through the skin. The
resulting evaporation about the moistened surfaces of tl1e
human body and the thermometer is similar, and the
greater the dryness of tl1e air, the greater a11d the more
rapid is tl1e evaporation and the resulting coolness. A
gentle wind carries off the layers of air in contact witl1 the
body as tl1ey become more or less saturated \Vitl1 moisture,
ancl they are replaced by drier air, thus pro1noting evapor­ation
whereby the temperature of tl1e surface is lowered.
Every one has felt the set1sation caused by wind blo\ving on
damp garments or on wet sl<in, and the cold thus experi­enced.
The normal skin gives off a quantity of vvater in
22
the form of perspiration, a11d in proportion to the dryness
of tl1e air this moisture disap,pears by evaporatio11. The
passage of tl1is moisture into vapor causes the abstraction
of heat fron1 the body, and the bodily ten1perature is low­ered,
as may be readily observed sorne little time after
severe exertion. Light cotton or linen fabrics allovv the
perspiration to pass through freely, so, that the evaporation
and cooling process is unc.hecked.
The dryness of the aricl region is most favorable to these
cooling i11fluences, vvhile in the East the close, humid air,
being already almost consta11tly saturated vvitl1 moisture, is
unable to absorb tl1e moistt1re on the skin; and so not only is
there an absence of the cooling effects of evaporation, but
the perspiration remaining on the body helps to clog the
pores a11d thus produces the well k11own and thoroughly
uncomfortable suffocating effect.
vVhen the air is saturated with moisture-a condition
often prese11t in the East during the heated term-there is
absolutely no evaporation; c.onsequently, in sucl1 cases, tl1e
dedut:tio11 o f our temperature from this cause is zero, and
the sensible temperature thermometer and tl1e ordi,nary
thermometer read alik.e. But this is seldom ,or never the
case in the arid region, on accou11t of its dryness.
The variation betvveen th·e sensible temperature and the
reading of the ordinary tl1ermometer is greatest in the hot­test
season of the year, a11cl during tl1e hottest part of the
day., and tl1at is precisely the ti1ne ,vhen it is most needed.
As tl:1ere is a signal service record of the readings of
these two l{i11ds of thermometers for a number of years,
taken at 7 a. m., 3 p. m., a11d r r p. m., I ,vill take, as re1Jre­sen
ting the extre1ne heat occurrence, the· ''mea11s'' of those
23
readings for the month of July for a period of years for all
places of observation i11 the United States, and con1pare
them by drawing isotherms sl1owing the reading of the sen­sible
te1nperature tl1er1n.on1eter and the ordinar)r ther111om­eter,
a11d contrast them.
Yuma, Arizona, which is but a fe,v miles from tl1e Gulf
of California, and is influenced by the 1noist wi11ds there­fro1n,
is generally rept1ted to be the hottest place i11 the
United States. Fortu11ately, to controvert this, vve l1ave a
signal service ,veather record for that poi11t, as ,ve have
also of the cities on the Nlexican gulf, and 011 our South
Atlantic shore line. Fro1n these records it appears that
the mean sensible ten1perature, deduced from the three
daily observations for the montl1 of July at Yuma is but
7 5 °. Tur11 to the East to find where like conditions pre­vail,
and incredible as it may seem, 1vve discover tl1at we
l1ave not a single one of the sl1ore line cities between ,:vil­mington,
N. C., and Brownsville, Tex., at vvhich the mean
July sensible temperature does not e.xceed tl1is 75 ° at
Yuma. Not only is this true, but all the ·citrus districts
of Florida, tl1e sugar-cane region of Louisiana, and tl1e to­bacco
lands of Texas, are south of the 7 5 ° li11e, and so are
sensibly warmer tl1.an Yuma, 1\rizo11a.
Yuma, as before stated, is affected by tl1e moist winds
blo,ving from the Gulf of Califor11ia; therefore its sensible
temperature is 11ot as lo,v as many of the valleys (wl1ich are
susceptible of reclamation by irrigation) i11 the n1idst of tl1e
so-called deserts of California and Arizona.
As tl1is is one of the startling facts brought out by the
investigation of tl1e data upon ,vhich tl1is 1)aper is based,
permit me to repeat it. The coast of Soutl1 Carolina a11d
Georgia, all of Florida, the seaboard of .l\laban1a and 1Vlis­sissi1)
pi, nearly the whole of Louisiana, and the s0utl1east
part (one-third) of Texas, is not so well favored in July as
Yuma, Arizor1a, which is the 1nost humid place, he.nee the
most uncomfortable perhaps in the arid season.
North of tl1e. li11e of the Yuma or 75 ° July mean sensible
temperature, of whi.ch tl1e sections last noted are to tl1e
south, lies the belt of sensible temperature between 7 5 °
and 70 ° . The upper edge of this zene 0r the line of 70°
for July, 1nay be lo.cated' by commencing at Chesapeake
Bay, r1ear Washingto11 City, follo,ving the eastern foothills
of tl1e Allegl1any ra11ge, tt1rni11g north at Chatta11ooga, in­cluding
vVest Tennessee and Kentucky, extreme Sot1thern
Indiana and Illi11ois, Sot1theast 11issouri, including tl1e city
of St. Louis, followi11g closely the north and northwest
bounclaries of the Indian Territory and Texas, also Soutl1-
west Arizona, and Southeast California.
Having discussed the mean sensible temperatur.e of the
warn1est n1onth, a glance at what is show11 for the warn1est
part of the day in the hottest mon·th may serve to further
accentuate the comparative comfortableness of the arid
region. Yuma, Arizona, has a mean sensible July temper­ature
at 3 p.m. of 78 ° ; Charleston, S. C., Titusville, Flor.,
Galveston, an,d Brownsville, ,.fex., have tl1e same; l{ey
West is 1 ° degree hotter. Pl1oenix, Arizona, farther from
the influence of tl1e moist atmosphere of the Gulf of Cali­fornia,
is 4 ° cooler tl1an Yuma i11 the hottest part of the
day.
It may be said that the average of 1 r O
, the observation
including those at 7 i11 the morning and r r at nigl1t, for the
month of July, represents only general conditions and not
25
special instances; but here, also, to controvert this assump­tion,
I have authoritative signal service data. As it is de­sired
to show 011ly tl1e side of the case least favorable to
arid America, leavi11g the genial dry air and sunshi11e of
,vinter in the arid regions uncontrasted with the cold ,vaves,
slush, and humid son1berness of the Eastern winters, only
midsummer extremes ,vill be stated.
As Yuma is a regular signal service station, vvhere com­plete
records have been kept for tvventy years, let us see
what are the extremes there. The greatest shade ten1per­ature
recorded i·s 118°, but, as this ,vas registered by a self­recordi11g
thermometer, tl1e evaporation temperature at the
same time is not given. Hovvever, at anotl1er tirne, v1he11
116 ° was recorded, the \Vet-bulb therrnometer ,vas at 70° .
It is well known tl1at this dry heat produces no injurious
effects, sunstrokes being unknovvn.
It follows from these recorded facts that in tl1e hottest
parts of the arid regio11 the midsumn1er weather is not 011ly
endurable, but even enjoyable and refreshing. Those are
the facts as they exist no\v, ,vhe11 the present co11ditions­the
bare soil, etc. ,-,;1,re especially conducive to l1igh temper­ature.
But it may be readily conceivecl tl1at there will take
place salubriot1s modifications, as some of us l1ave already
realized, when tl1ese desert places are covered ,vith the
gree.11 carpet of alfalfa and tl1e ,,erdure of trees; ,vhen the
wasting waters are stored and diverted by the irrigator to
the surface of a soil only ,vaiting for \vater to procluce
bountifully, not only the fruits of the eartl1 in due season,
but almost to I)roduce the seasons tl1emselves at will.''
That the difference bet,veen the reading of tl1e wet and
dry-bulb thermometers i11 tl1e dry, hot atmosphere of the
Salt River Valley is n1uch greater than is actually experi­enced
by tl1e hu1na11 body I must admit, but it is equally
true tl1at the l1igher the reacling of the dry-bulb goes, the
greater is the r)erspiratio.11, and the more nearly do the con­ditions
of the body confor111 to tl1at of tl1e ,vet-bulb, a11d
more 11early are the actL1al l1eat co11ditio11s experie11ced by a
})erson registerecl by this vvet-bulb.
The actual heat experienced in this climate by the l1u­ma
1 1 body varies from 5 to 20 degrees lower than the
readi11g of tl1e clry-bulb ther1nometer, and is influenced by
tl1e percenta.ge of humidity, by tl1e degree of l1eat, and the
a1nou11t and lcind of clothing worn.
If tl1e human body could be kept in the same c@nditio11
of n1oisture. as is the \Vet-bulb, and i 11 the same strong cur­rent
0f air, the reading of tl1e \Vet-b11lb vvould accurately
register our sensation of heat.
If a person should re 1 nov.e all clothing, wrap himself in
a wet sl1eet and stan.d out in the sunshine ,vith a stif ,vind
blowing, those conditio11s vvould approximate the condi­tions
of the ,vet-bulb. As this is not the conventional or
co11venie11t mode of dress, it is not practicable, and these
co11ditions are 11ever fully realized. Tl1ey are more 11early
attai 11ed by tl1e laboring man in the fields, vvho is i11 a c011-
sta11t COJ)ious perspiration.
Judging fro 1n prett)r careful observation I apprehend
that under a·verage conditions, if you ,vill divide the differ­ence
in the reading bet,veen the wet and dry-bulb by t\vo,
and add t1'1is to the reacling of the wet-bulb, you will arrive
at tl1e correct decree of heat ·experienced by the l1un1a11
body i11 the Salt River Valley.
Our su1nmers are l1ot. The sunshine is cqnti11uous dur-
ing the da)'· The 11igl1ts are cool, co1nfortable, balmy,
almost seducti,1e. If a perfect night is e,rer ex.perie11ced
it is l1ere during the summer. The heat is stimulati11g,
healtl1ful, and not the least depressing. Perspiration is
copious and evaporation insta.nt. One feels well and soon
gets to long for the surnmer time, vvhen people live out of
doors both day ancl 11igl1t. Tl1at lassitude ,vh.ich one feels
during the dQg days i11 1noister climes is e11tirely absent.
This is the season when the invalicl makes his greatest
improvement, ,vher1 he sleeps ,vitl1 011ly the sky for a cover­ing,
and conte·ntedly s,vings in l1is l1a1nmock dur,ing the day,
filling up at his pleasure on luscious fruit i11 great variety.
I can gi've you data for the n1onth of Jviay just passecl,
which I think vvill surprise )'Ou. .􀂚􉩳s you all kn.ow this 1nor1th
gave us everywhere a taste of ,vhat hot ,veather is. The fol­lowing
table vvill give you a slight idea of ,vhat sun1mers are
like i11 the Salt River Valley when nature surpasses herself.
T􀁀􄁂BLE OF ACTUAL AND SENSIBLE TEl\1PERATURES FOR THE MONTI{
OF MAY, 1896, \.VJTH THE PERCENTAGE OF RELATIVE HUMIDITY
FOR EACH DAY EXCEPT SUNDAY.
DATE.
i\lay 1 __
" 2 _
(( 3 -
II 4-- " 5-. IC 6-
7 IC 8.
" 9-.
" 10--
" 1 1 _.
" I 2.
" 13-.
,, 14.
15 .
" r6.
(Observations taken at 3:CO P.M. by U.S. W. B., Voluntary.)
Actual
Dry·
Bulb.
8.2.
85.5
-- -
85.5
85.2
7 5.4
7 2 -5
73.5
8J.
---
83.
83.5
85 6
87 2
8,. .) .
83.
Sensible
\lv'et·
Bulb.
55.
57-7
-- -
57.5
59.
51 ·4
s [.
52.
56.
---
54·
56.
56.
54.5
.5 5.5
5,t.
Per Cent·
Relative
Hu1nid·
ity.
II
13
- -
13
17
13
18
19
31
- -
9
9
ll
7
IO
9
DATE.
May 17_ -
" 18 _
" I9--
"' 20 _
" 21 __
" 22._
" 23 _
" 24 __
It 25 __
,, 26_.
" 27 __
" 28 _
" 29 _
,,
30.
" 31 __
Actual
Dry·
Bulb.
---
89.2
84.2
87.
86.8
89.
85.9 ---
104.
10.5
108.8
108.5
98.
87.3
-- -
Sensible
Vv' et-
Bu.lb.
- . -
59.
55.
57.
58.
59.5
61 .6
- . -
67.
68.
69.
69.
66.
59.4
-- -
Per Cent.
Relative
Hu1nid-i
ty.
- -
11
9
l I
14
13
22
--
12
IO
II
JO
16
15
--
28
This is a rapidly gro1ving c.om1nt1nity o.f industrious, in­telli.
gent, lav1-abiding people, ,vhere the stranger is welcome
and is soon 111ade to feel at home.
The. conditiqns of climate ancl soil are such th.at any­thi11g
that ,vill gro,v in any other part of this cou11try can
be grown in tl1e Salt River Valley just as readily and in
the majority of instances to mucl1 better advantage than
elsewhere. Lands are cheap and easily attained and any­one
vvl10 so desires can fi11d profitable employtnent.
That you may the more readily c.oncede to Phoenix and
vicinity its !)roper pl-ace, at tl1e head of tl1e list, as a city
vvhich leads all others in natural sanitary conclitions and
h.ealthfulness, I ,viii here reproduce some vital statistics
taken from the May 11u1nber of The Sa1zz'tarfatt, comprising
the annual death rate IJer one. tl1ousarrd inhabitants for 1895
in the following cities:
Compare the deatl1 rate of Phoenix, Arizona, 5.04, ,v.ith that of-
Salt Lake City, Utah ------7,37 lVIinneapolis, Minn. _________ 8.96
St. Paul, Minn. ____________ 9.86 Bufa.lo, N. Y. ______________ rr.12
Denver, Colo. _____________ 10.37 Kansas City, Mo. ---- -------13.28
Concord, N. H. ____________ 14.05 Milwaukee, Wis. ____________ 14.37
Los Angeles, Calif ____ ---- 15.84 Tampa, Fla. ____ ---- ________ 20.59
Portland, Maine ____ -----_24.75 Mobile, Ala.------------ ____ 29.44
St. Louis, Mo. _____________ 17.07
1'hese few ,vili serve to make my IJoint; tl1e other prin­cipal
cities of the United States, with their more or less
perfect sanitary co11ditions, range between I(ansas City,
Mo., vvitl1 her r 3. 28, a11d lviobile, Alabama, at 29. 44.
As to diseases a11d their curability or alleviation by the
clin1atic c011ditions and surroundings of the. Salt River Val­ley,
I l1ave tried to be suficiently explicit, and will leave you
to draw your own conclusions and make your o,V'n deductions.
U.S. DEPART1'1ENT OF AGRfCULTURE-\'VEATHER BUREAU.
,vEATHER DA'l.A. AT PHOENIX, ARIZONA, 1896.
(Observations taken at 8 A.tvr. and 8 P.M. 7:;th 1\-1. time. Corresponds to 5:32 A.M.
and 5:32 P.1'1. local tin1e.)
!'.lean ,.Drv- A.l\l. tern- bu.ib · P.J\l.
pera- • Wet- A.!vL
. ture bulb P.M. Extre1n􀃡􎅥e s { 1L-Ioig,vheesstt *Relative 􀃢􎈠 A.111. huniidity __ P.M. Pesrhciennet a_g__e_ o__f _s_u__n_- TT-0htea ln roarimnfaall lt_ e_n_1_-_'_ pteerrmatiunreed as£r od1en- > v1a3 tyioenar s' obser- ---- ---- J Thfea lalv earsa gdee rtaeirn--1 mined from 16 ?'
B􀃣􎌀􀃤􎑲rss􀃥􎔭-􀃦􎘀􀃧􎜀􀃨􎠀􀃩􎤀􀃪􎨭-􀃫􎬀􀃬􎰺: J
.
;>,
.
«S -
-,.-
«S
s-,
6433 3509
79 30 69 40
77 .46
49
"7 . ,
.
>, .
<IS .
-- -􀀊􀨭 -.
.. V ·- .
. . :>,
.,Q
"' S« .a S«
"' 􀀃􀌠 < :;
44 51 51 61 67 73 76 87
39 44 43 49
49 82 9522 52 58 89 110 28 34 38 45 65 56 50 4r
25 21 15 14
87 75 91 89 .05 .39 .05 T
54 6r 67 75
.89 .68 . 30 . 16
.
. . .
., . .
.,Q . ., .,
. ,.Q .0
6
-- . .,
(A E 6
. - ,.Q Q)
C)
. - . 0
., C)
:i -,;> )it ,0 􀀋􀬠 > V -- V 0 ,, ,: V -
0 -
,. ,-. -0: ,n 0 z
73 77 77 72 60 48 44 I02 97 98 92 78 67 63
5687 7692 7639 63 54 43 39 69 61 5+ 49 161r5 1609 9 ro698 104 98 83 75 S5 47 32 33 40 68 65 60 70 67 65 13 30 33 33 41 42 35
98 73 85 82 81 81 79 T 4·25 I .77 I. 18 1.02 .64 .67
83 90 88 8r 69 58 53
.07 .85 .97 .54 .62 .44 I.12
* Percentage. vV. T. 13L YTlIE, Observer and Sec. Director U.S. \Veather Bureau.
'l'ABLE XIX.-C.OMPARATIVE 1\1ETEOROLO·GICAL DATA FOR THE \VINTER MONTI-IS
OF 1896-97.
Noven1ber, 1SU6.
·-i:
<l)
0 ..c:
p.
Nurnber of days clear ___________________ 18
" " " part cloudy ____________ 9
" " " cloudy ----------------- 3
Percentag_ e o-f sunshine during month ___ 85
Inches of rainfall during month--------- r¼
Excess. of precipitation above normal ____ · 12-a\
Deficiency of precipitation belo,v nortnal _____
Nu1nber 01 rainy days in ,,vhich Th of an
inch or over, fell______________________ r
Mean relative humidity, per cent. _______ 54
. 0
b.O
., ·- Q
d
!fl
23
3
4
- - --
-.l?i\
'f􀀕􁔨(f
-- --
5
76
.
V,
.).<
<.)
CJ)
0
<
VJ
0 i-1
14
12
4
-- --
1 /iu
ffri
----
5
72
Decen1 ber, 1896.
.X ·-i:
<l)
0 .c:
p:;
19
I I
I
79
67
1-00
----
4- 11\l)
2
50
.
0
co
¢) ·- Q
0
cu rf)
20
-83
----
2-l!tr
t
2ri¾
--- -
5
72
.
V,
􀀄􀐩)¢
<l) co 0
<I!
(/J
0 i-1
15
12
4
- -- -
2/r- };r -- - -
1 r8·d\r
s
66.
January, 1897.
•
·X-,.d
0 . .c:
p..
14
9
8
63
3['-r?-o
3 1
J
1)(l(j
----
IO
62
•
0 co
-􀁤􆒷·
Q
i:
ct: rf)
17
7
7
----
3No
1-No • -- --
9
71
. U)
<l) .:l
co C
<
VJ
0 i-1
13
13
5
----
3 70
TiJ"O
1Vu
- -- -
9
68
February, 1897.
.
X ·-i:
<l)
0
--
0.
14
IQ
4
70
1*0¾
--- -
1-i!l
3
54
.0co ., ·- Q
0"'
if)
14
2
12
----
2'-1020
Nu
-- --
9
72
.
VJ
􀀅􀔩)¢
<l)
􀀆􀘠
<
VJ
0 ...l
I I
I I
6
--- -
51􀀄􀐠
2·tr,¾
- - --
9
74
11:arch, 1897.
.
X
·- ·ov
.o .p.:c
20
8
3
83
I5\m3
- - - -
M
s
47
•
•
0co
<l)
..
Q
i:
(<!
en
r8
4
9
- ---
1//0
--. -
T'fio
8
71
. "' .., ....
.,
<t:
VJ
0 ...l
II
13
7
- ---
2-Afu
----
M
7
74
THE INFLUENCE OF IRRIGATION ON CLI­MATE
AND HEALTH.
An article by W'}.f. LA\VRENCE WooDRUI:F, M.D., Phoenix, Arizona,
published in J'lie .Irrigation Age, for August, 1896.
The conclusive discussion of this subject implies a study
of the physical conditions of the given locality-a compar­ison
of meteorological data for a considerable period while
ari.d conditions prevailed, \Vith similar data after the sa1ne
territory has bee11 brought under irrigation-consideration
of the percentage of l1ur1idity most conducive to health,
witl1 the prevailing temperatures, altitude, a11d ,vi!1d move­ments,
and the determination of actual and ascertained
general efects, as sho\v11 by freedo1n from disease in tl1e
community a11d by vital statistics. Each of these elements of
the problem must be studied in its relatio11 to all the others.
The inquiry is ir1berently dificult a11d con1plex under the
most favorable conditions.
Captain vVilliam A. Glassford, Signal Corps, U. S. A.,
of Denver, Colo., a higl1 authorj ty in such matters, says i11 a
recent article: ''In the hottest parts of this arid regio11 the
midsummer weather is not only endurable, but even enjoy­able
and refreshing. These are tl1e facts as they exist now,
when the present conditions - the bare soil, etc.- are
especially con·ducive to high ternperature. But it may be
readily conceived that tl1ere \vill take place salubrious mod-
31
32
ifications, as some of us have already realized, when these
clesert places are covered with a grt:en carpet of alfalfa and
the verdure of trees; whe11 tl1e wasting \.Vaters are stored
and cliverted by the irrigat©r to the surface of a soil only
\vaiting for water to produce bountifully, not only th€ fruits
of the earth in due season, but almost to produce the sea­sons
tl1e1nselves a t vvill. ''
In tl1e nature of the case vve could not expect any defi­nite
scientific data for this vicinity prior to the practice of
irrigation. The precipitation is about seven inches J)er
annum. vVithout it settlement and residence are impractic­able
in a l.ocality in vvhich. agriculture must depe11cl for
moisture solely upon irtigation. In the Salt River Valley,
settlement and irrigation came hand in hand.
The Salt River Valley, 􀂤􊐬,ith Phoen.ix as its center, is
situated in the ·vicinity o f the 33d parallel of nortl1 latitude.
The surrounding physical and climatic conditions are
totally differe11t from those of any other locality under irri­gatio11,
and must be understood i11 order to arrive at right
conclusions.
It has a n elevation rangi11g fro1n 1, ooo to r, 500 feet
above sea level.
Higl1 mou11tain ranges surround it on all sides, save on
the south,vest, wh·ere it verges into the larger Gila Valley.
The Gila Valley, under similar conditions, extends to
the Gulf of California, which in turn extends with its
53,000 square miles of surface well into the tropical zone.
This great inland sea, with its mouth 250 miles wide,
flanked on eith.er side vvith continuous mountain chains,
acts as a funnel into vhich the tropical waters a11d winds,
sweeping from tl1e equator up the Mexican coast, enter.
33
These st1rroundings and vvinds are largely tl1e influe11ces
vvhich go to produce our peculiar and phe11omenal cli1natic
conditions.
It is universally co11ceded that a11 atmosphere carrying
too much 111oisture is unf avorable to l)erfect l1ealtb. It
may not be so ,veil !{11own, but is equally certain that the
air may be too dry. A couple of my patients had this ex­perience.
During a long drive u1)011 the desert, on a n
exceedingly hot clay, the air becan1e extreme!)' dry and
fairly burned. Their throats became parched ancl I)erspi­ration
ceased. No a1nount of vvater tal{en internally seemed
to relieve this co11dition, which ,vas speedily follo,ved by a
languor and tl1en stupor, bordering on cotna.
oughly alarmed the ,viser of them, and sensibly,
Tl1is thor-durino
· the b
remainder of the d'ay they tool< turns, fiftee11 minutes i11
duratio11, 011e drivi11g vvhile the other gratified the irresisti­ble
desire to sleep, a11d in this vvay they reached irrigated
ground in safety. The same phenomena have been ob­served
in numerous otl1er cases. I a1n satisfied this ex­plains
many cases of death upon the desert which have here­to£
ore bee.n attributed to lack. of water. During the su1n­mer
time, in this locality, eli minatio11 by the kidneys is re­duced
one-half. Perspiration is immensely increased and
the skin becomes the chief elin1inating organ of the systern.
vVhen the percentage of hurnidity i11 the air gets belO\V a
certain point, the evaporation from the surface of tl1e body
beco1nes too instant, the surface bur11s, perspiration and
elimination of effete 1naterial cease, thus producing the
phenomena above described. I attribute these effects e11-
tirely to a lack of suficient n1oisture in the attnos1)bere.
I am not prepared, as yet, at least, to fix definitely the
34
point at which the percentage of moisture in the air is
neither too great nor too little. Investigation may, and
probably will, show that the most favorable degree of
saturati0n vvould vary according to individual characteris­tics.
It is pro.bable there is a range of 10 or 12 degrees
withi11 which it is dificult, if not impossible, to say that any
give11 point \vould be more favorable to ge11eral health than
another. It may be safely said that in tl1e te.mperature of
the Salt River Valley, duri11g tl1e summer, a hu1nidity below
8 per cent. is disadvantageous, while that above 20 per
cent. begins to become oppressive.
Both actual and sensible temperature, as sho,vn respec­tively
by the readings of dry a11d wet-bulb thermometers,
must always be considered in connection with the humidity.
In every climate there are seasons vvhen the percentage of
humidity is excessive, and results generally in a feeling of
depression. In tl1e Salt River Valley these periods are
usually limited to say a \Veek in February, and a week in
August, very much less i11 duration than in any other local­ity
,vithin my observation. There is very little \Vihd here.
The mean average hourly movement at Phoenix for a period
of years is stated by the United States Signal Service at two
and 37-100 miles. It would be interesting to compare tl1e
humidity of the higher lands 'of tl1e valley near the footl1ills
witl1 that in the lower valley, but no data exist for such
statement. vVe know that it is 10 to 15 degrees warmer in
winter and cooler in summer, for instance, 011 the lands
under the Rio Verde Ca11al on tl1e nortl1 side and the High­land
Canal on tl1e south side of the Salt River than 11ear
the river at Phoe11ix. The extre1nes of temperature be­t,
vee11 day and nigl1t are much less on the higher lands tba11
35
in the lo\ver valley, and tl1e danger of tak:ing cold is propor­tionately
reduced.
It is probable that the efects of irrigation on climate
and healtl1 t1nder tl1e high ten1perature and lo,v relative
l1umidity of this valley are somewhat different fron1 those
in regions of lovver tem1)erature, greater humidity, and
either higher or lo,ver altitucle.
It is almost impossible, witl1out accurate observations,
to make comparisons, or to arrive at safe, definite co11clu­sions
as to the i11fluence of irrigation on climate, either in a
general ,vay or in a give11 locality. I have been unable to
procure any data vvhatever as related to tl1is valley, or to
any similar l0cality, sl1owing the relative humidity before
and after irrigatio11. Without such facts I can only state
conclusions arrived at frotn personal observation and study
of its effects 011 this locality.
I am decidedly of the opinion that upon the deserts of
Arizona, without irrigatio11, the moisture i11 the atmosphere
is sometimes so little as to interfere with healtl1 and com­fort,
and produce feverish conditions. The evaporatio11 of
water from the irrigated land su1)plies tl1is deficiency to the
air and obviates the injurious tendencies.
I have frequently had this experience. The ''wetting
down'' of my well-shaded !)Orch 6n a hot sumn1er clay
lowers the ternperature, as sl1own by tl1e ther1n0meter l1ang­ing
upon tl1e v1all, ro to 15 degrees. Tl1is rest1lt from the
refrigeration of tl1e air in the process of evaporation of tl1e
water.
It is well kno,vn that a well-shaded dvvelli11g i11 the n1idst
of an alfalfa field is much cooler than the sa1ne resiclence
surrounded by bare ground. This is due in 1:,art, perl1a1)s,
to the absence of reflection from the earth, but chiefly, I
tl1ink, to a similar slight refrigeration of the air by the
e,,aporation of the mo.isture in the earth a11d vegetation of
tl1e surrounding field. The efect becomes still more marked
wl1en a gentle breeze is blowi11g.
At Phoenix, during tbe summer months, the air is so dry
that the mid-day registration of relative humidity ra11ges
frorn 6 to 15 per cent. It rarely goes above the latter
poi11t, and if it were not for irrigation it would drop still
lower, wl1ich is 11ot desirable.
My conclusio11 is that tl1e evaporation of moisture from
irrigated surfaces slightly increases tl1e moisture in the air
and promotes the health£ ulness of both a11i1nal a11d. plant
life.
That tl1e evaporation frorn irrigation has but slight influ­ence
in increasing the dampness in the surrounding air vvill
be readily understood ,vhen ,ve recall the f0Jlo,vir1g facts:
Tl1at moist air is lighter in ,:veight than is dry air. That
n1oisture is evaJ)Orated as an i11visible gas. That bei11g
lighter and a gas, it is not a disturbing atmospheric ele­ment.
That it instantly rises vvitli great velocity to a
point in the at1nos1)here ,vhere the temperature is below its
o,:vn devv point, ,vhere it becomes visible in the form 0f
clouds. But :a ver· y small portion of the evaporated mois­ture
is retained i11 th·e lovver and warmer strata of air. The
hotter the air the greater is the e,1aporation from the irri­gated
gro11nd. This evaporation lo\vers the earth's temper­ature
and also that of the surrounding air.
During the winter mo11ths, the temperature ranges much
Lower, evaporation is mu,cl1 less, and the air is co11stantly
so dry that the slight influe11ce it exerts is scarcely notice-
•
37
able. During the last ,vinter the mea11 relative humidity
was as follo,vs: 1895, Oct. 53 per cent., Nov. 68 per cent.,
Dec. 58 per cent.; 1896, Ja11. 54 I)er cent., Feb. 45 per
cent., 1'1ar. 38 per cent., Apr. 32 per cent, ,vith a rainfall
during these same 1nonths of but 2. 70 inches.
It is well k110,v11 tl1at the best qualities of citrus fruits
can only be grovvn \\1here tl1ere is someti111es danger frorn
frost. This danger i11 tl1e citrus localities of the Salt River
Valley only exists for say an hour at a time, a11d that
about su11rise of a frosty 1nor11ing. Tl1e l1orticulturist is
able by flooding his irrigation clitches vvith ,;vater at this
time to obviate, or lesse11, tl1e danger to }1is fruit. The
water in the ditches will freeze before the frt1it or the trees,
and thus the temperature of tl1e surrou11ding air is raised.
This phenomenon exists all over the district undet irriga­tion,
to a greater or less exte11t, and the extren1es of day
and night temperatures are thus 111odified.
As to the influence of irrigation on the heal tl1f ulness of
the inhabitants of an ii-rigated district I can be more posi­tive.
It is de1nonstrated by actual experie11ce to be ad van­tageous.
Phoe11ix and the Salt River Valley is the healthi­est
place in the United States. Next to it con1es Salt Lal{e
City, Utal1, also i11 an irrigated district.
That part of the Salt River Valley north of the Salt
River, west of tl1e Verde, a11d east of tl1e Agua F'ria, co,,er­ing
a territory of 250 square miles and i11cludi11g the city of
Phoenix, of ,vhich the I)Opulation on a conservative l)asis
for 1895, is placed at 15,000, l1acl for the year na111ed an
annual deatl1 rate of 5.04 per one thousand inhabitants.
Salt Lake City during the corresponding year l1ad a death
rate of 7. 37. Our death ra.te for the five st1mrner months
last year was but one-quarter of one per cent. of popula­tion,
or 2. 54 for one thousand inhabitants in th·e above
natned territory. With this shov.ring, no one for an instant
can imagine that in the least does irrigation militate
against health.
011 tl1e other hand, I believe that irrigation is a major
factor in increasing the he·altl1f ulness of a community. It is
probable that on account of our favorable climatic condi­tions
this is more emphatically true of the Salt River Valley
than any other locality. I refer this fa·ct chiefly to three
causes.
Under an irrigation system, pr0perly OJJerated, there
are no water holes, or sloughs in ,vhich vegetation grows
only to decompose and pollute the air. There are no p.ools
of stagnant water to create miasms. The ,vater supply is
under man's control, both as to volume and times of distri­bution.
Vegetation is rank and prolific, but grows only
where it is desired, and is limited to valuable products.
Useless ve.getation is discouraged, but should it by chance
exist, it rather dries up than rots.
This low death rate is further explained b.y the constant
living in the open air, vvhich we enjoy to its utmost limit.
Irrigatio11, by promoting the rapid and phenomenal
growth of trees an.d the verdant grass whicl1 carpets our
lawns, makes a co11tinuous existe11ce out of doors possible
a11d enjoyable for three-quarters of the year.
'\"le live nature's life as nature intended we should live
it, and have our revvard of unparalleled healthfulness.
I do not believe there is any other place on earth vvhere
children a.re so universally healthy. This is especially true
of the summer season. They are rnarvelously free from
39
"summer co1nplaint, '' and kindred ailments. I never saw
any place where tl1e children thrive as tl1ey do in tl1e Salt
River Valley.
To quote Captain Glassford again, he says in the same
article: '' Tl1is greater portion of arid America, elevated
high above the hu1nid levels of the East, covered witl1
aspects most sublin1e of the eartl1, fed vvith the most i11vig­orating
constituents of the atmosphere, vvill yet be appre­ciated;
and these eleme11ts, under the influence of modern
civilization, will produce the hardiest and grandest race of
men and women who have yet trod the planet. They will
create a western empire and become masters of the conti­nent,
if not of the ,vorld. ''
SOlVIE CLIMi\TIC FEi\.TURES OF THE
ARID REGION.
Extracts from a paper by WILLIS L. Iv!OORE, Chief of United States
Weather Bureau, communicated to Fifth National Irrigation
Congress at Phoenix, Decemb-er 15, 1896, and published by the
Weather Bureau. An excellent aid to an appreciation of the
bearing of the facts shown by the accompanying tables and
• cnarts.
''Under the direction of tl1e I-I.onorable Secretary of .t\.gri­culture
it ,vas my pleasure, 011 September 20, 1895, a fe\v
,veeks after coming to the l1ead of tl1e vVeather Bureau, to
issue instructiot1s to the observers of tl1e \Veather service
to begin the telegraphing frorn observation stations of the
readings of the wet-bulb thermorneter, more I)Opularly
known as the ''sensible'' temperature. This is about the
temperature felt by animal life and may be many degrees
belo\v the air temperature, the diference bet,veen the two
teu1peratures depending upo11 tl1e relative l1un1idity of the
air-the drier the atmospl1ere the lower the se11sible tern­perature
,vhen corn pared with the air ten11)erature; the
damper the air the higher the sensible te1nperature. This
will be better understood when it is stated tl1at in case the
air be saturated, the readings of the dry and tl1e ,vet-bulb
thermometers will be the sa1ne and the sensible temperature
and the air temperature ,vill be equal. In the semi-aricl
regions of the \Vest the sensible temperature during the
summer months often is 20
° to 30
° less tha11 the air ten1-
41
42
p.erature, ,vhicl1 conclitio11 is due to the extreme dryness of
the atmospl1ere. In the n1ore l1umid re.gions of the eastern
part of the country such extreme differences can not occur.
vVithin the broad co11fines of the United States tl1ere are
many, but 11ot all, shacles and varieties of clin1ate. One of
the questions most frequently asked the Weatl1er Bureau is,
''Where shall I find a climate possessi11g botl1 dryness and
equability of temperature?'' T.o this interrogatory reply
must be made tl1at the ideal climate as regards e.qL1ability
of temperature and absence of moisture does not exist in
the U 11ited States, but that the nearest approacl1 to it ,vill
be found in the great Southvvest, ,vhere all shades of dry­ness,
from a rainfall suficie11t for successful agriculture, to
the aridity of the desert may be found.
1'he temperature of the South,vest is not equable in the
sense of having an extre1neljr sn1all daily range, but, 011 the
other hand, it possesses the quality of uniformity in a
greater degree than will generally be found elsewhere, ex­cept
on the seacoast. The most equable temperature on
the globe ,vill be found on the l1igh table-lands a11d plateaus
of tl1e Tropics. Santa Fe de Bogota, in the United States
of Colombia, has an average temperature of about 59 ° for
all montl1s of the year, and tl1e range for the entire year is
less than is of ten experienced in a single day in these lati­tudes.
]3ut v1l1ile. the ideal temperature may be foui1d 011 tl1e
higher elevations of the 1.. ropics, the rainfall is 1nucl1
greater and more conti11uous tl1an in this country.
The rai11fall .of the great Soutl1west varies with location.
L􀂼􋱳ss tha11 200 111iles fr6n1 the Coloraclo Desert, wl1ere tl1e
rai11fall is practically 1zz"l, places may be found wl1ose annual
43
average rainfall is as great or greater than any point in tl1e
lviicldle States of tl1e East. Generally spe􀂪􊩫ki11g, ho,vever,
the greater portion is dry, using tl1at term as indicating a
rai11fall considerably less than 20 inches per annum on the
average.
The mountainous portions of 1\.rizona and California
have a11 average annual rainfall rariging bet,veen 20 and 50
i11ches, depending s01ne,vl1at upon tl1e elevation a11d geo­graphic
position, vvhile the lo,vland portions and tl1e pla­teaus,
especially east of the Sierras, have a rainfall bot11
srnall i11 amount and variable in character. The rainfall
records of the arid region, and other portions of the United
States, are published in the monthly bulletins of the various
clirnate and crop ce11ters, and in m·ore convenient form i11
the annual data volu1nes of tl1e \Ve-ather Bureau. It is 11ot
possible to report upon them in detail here.
The temperature of a place depends cl1iefly on three
conditions, viz., latitude, elevation, and co11tiguity to large
bodies of water. At sea level in the Tropics extreme con­ditions
of heat and n1oisture, so combined as to l)roduce
very great physical discomfort, abound. But even under
the equator it is possible to escape the tropical heat of lo,v
levels by ascending from 4,000 to 6,000 feet. In tl1e econ­omy
of nature there is a certai11 limit beyond vvhich the
t,vo extremes> dryness and equability of temperature, can
not co-exist; thus ,v, e may find a regio11 so deficient in
moisture as to satisfy the requirements of the case, but the
very lack of 1noisture is a co11clition that facilitates radia­tio11
and thus contributes to great extremes of te1nperature.
Regions may be found, as on tl1e Io,ver Nile, \vhere tl1cre is
a lack o( rainfall coupled with a high and moderately uni-
44
form te1nperature. The mean ,-vinter temperature of Ca·iro,
Egypt, is 56 °; mean su1n1ner temperature, 83 °; a range
from winter to summer of 27° . The mean ,vinter te.1npera­ture
of Pl1oenix, Ariz., is 52
°
; mean summer temperature,
87° ; a range of 35 °. It is by no 1neans difict1lt to find a
counterpart of the far-famed Egyptian climate in the great
South,vest.
Tl1e dryness of tl1e air and tl1e clearness of the sky are
tl1e conditions upon whicl1 daily rac11ges of temperature
depend; the greater these, the greater tl1e range of tem­perature
from day to night. vVhile a higl1 summer temper­ature
is characteristic of the Southwest, it is a fact long
k110,vn to residents of that section, and so1newl1at i1nper­fectly
realized in other portio.11s of the country, tl1at the
sensation of heat as experienced by anim-al life, is not
accurately measured by the ordi11ary thermometer. Tl1e
sensation o.f ten1perature w l1ich we usually refer to the con­ditio11
of tl1e at1nosphere depends not only on the tempe·ra­ture
of the air, but also on its dryness, the velocity of the
wind, and other circumstances. The human organism,
,:vhe11 perspiring freely, evaporates the moisture of its sur­face
and thus lovvers its temperature. Tl1e meteorological
instrume11t tl1at registers the temperature of e·vaporation,
and thus, in a great measure, the actual heat felt by the
human body, is the wet-bulb therrnometer. The latter, as
indicated by its nan1e, is si1nply an ordinary mercurial
th.ermometer, whose bulb is ,vetted with ,vater at the time
of observati.on.
Chart I has been constructeo to sho,v the average ac. tual
and sensible temperature of vVeather Bureau stations in the
United States for the summer season.
Chart I.
Average Actual and Se11sible Te111peratures--Su111mer.
1f) 1 ,lltt1·t•d frn111 1•i􀀩􂥻{hl yt•n1·:-;· 11h􀀢􂉴t·r,<1lio111:,c1( H n. 111. ,UHi 8 p. 111 .. 1:"i1h n11·ridi.111 ti111c•.) . - -- - -- . - - 􀁃􄌠
-- • - 􀁄􄐠 n---- -,
t' -
,0•- U"-.' 1-l.'" • 1' ' .,., • · -<w-- . - o· 1('1􀀇􀜭- ,,,c, J.. · . ·'*
I - - f--c
' . 􀀆􀘺:j C {-
··- -. 10· J
, _ . "" . ,- 􀀖􁘠 't' -.
I
,5L
I
0
"'r-
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. -.
) ;.6:· <' """
u-S'
.r
/l'
\:- . . C
--
r.:.-.:.s ·--... "o . l'f"\,w.
􀀜􁰠
... ,-,--.;-' (C.""'\"
; · · - . . T.Fo:UARRY
(\ )/,--􀀖􁘮.
0 G"'.? . V􀀝􁵅E - . - . •
- ;• ·:, --
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􀀞􁸠 "'l.\. rJ70} ( ·o '-./ '􀁎􄸭- "'---􀁏􄼬,.::,..._, ;);) 􀁐􅀠 "(¥- 1/ I '\ 􀀉􀥃C\.;, , I IJ'
. __ ,.,.:._
.,.
\ 􀂧􊜠 1/,' Ntfl)iJ•L 1' 􀂨􊠠 lfl'/.
I r-- -\d - '\ Hf AD L..,. ,I • 􀀡􂄀􀀢􂈠 .. R•E . .. ' ,,;c t '.l􀀟􁽯
o
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􀀜􁰠
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. _ I \, I I' \ ·• · f"-'-o 50􀀓􁌱1􀀟􁼺:
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• . u ·? ., ,.o. o
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.\ctllil11e1np1•ra1un• in 1,la<·k.
S,:11,-iJ,l., tc1n1,crat11re in red.
􀁒􅉯or ,.,,..􀁓􅌬 .. ,
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105· ,o o• ':'!'S • 90• a􀀃􀌭- &Q' ., t;. 7Q_" " - - ---- - -
45
Tl1e broad pri11ciple illustrated b }' this chart is that the
greatest differences bet\\'een shade and sensible ten1peratures
are round ,vhere the air is the driest, and the least where
the air is most hun1id. A gla11ce at the chart is suficie11t
to sl1ov-v the general trend of the lines of equal air and sen­sible
temperatures. The great interior valleys and the
I)lains east of the foothills of the Rocky Niou11tains are
uniformly heated under the insolatior1 of summer to an aver­age
of from 65
°
011 the 11orthern boundary, to about 80 ° on
the Gulf Coast. The northern portion of this vast exte11t
of country is, moreover, i11 the patl1 of atmospheric disturb­ances
that pass from west to east o·ver our northern boun­daries,
thus causing an indraught of ,varm, moist air from
lower latitudes. Agai11, the clistribution of atmospheric
pressure over the eastern t\vo-thirds of tl1e United States
-is at times such as to cause a more or less complete stagna­tion
of the generally east,vard drift of the air; the surface
of the grour1d ,varn1s up under intense insolation, a11d loses
but little heat by radiation at night; the winds are light
southerly or southeasterly and there is an absence of ver­tical
interchange between the \Varm surface air and the
cooler air aloft. Such conditions sometimes extend over
the entire Mississippi Valley and east,vard to the Atla11tic
seaboard. On the other hand ,.vhile it is possible for a
heated term to pre,1 ail over a11 arid region by day, the rela­tively
great radiation b)1 night Io,vers the ten1perature to
an endurable degree, and there is but little bodily discom­fort.
The heat of the daytime, moreover, is borne ,vithout
distress ty reason of the great dryness of the air. The red
lines of Chart I sho,v the te1n1)erature of e-vaporating stir-
faces i 11 summer in the U nited States. It ,vill be seen that
the line of 60 ° , ,V"l1ich marks the temperature of evaporation
of the region of N evv E ngland and the Great Lakes, passes
almost due north a nd south along the eas tern foothills of
the ·Rocky MG>untains, and skirts Southern New Mexico antl
Arizona. Tl1e li 11e of 55 ° passe.s almGst due south from
Easter n Monta na to Sou theastern New l\tiexico, and thence
northwesterly. The temperature of evaporation in all of
the territory above this li ne (55
° ), embracing almost t,vo­thirds
of the arid regio11 ss below 55 ° ; in fact, in almost
one-third of the regio n it is not over 50 ° . The sensible
temperature of two- thirds of the U n ited States, or east of
the one hundred a nd fif th meridian, ranges from 55 ° to 75 ° .
West of the one hundred a nd fifth meridia1 the range is
from 50 ° to 65
° .
Chart II has been prepared to illustrate the extreme dif­ferences
that prevail in midsummer, the 8 p. m., seve.nty­fifth
meri .dian ti1ne observa tion of July having been used.
(8 p. m., seventy-fifth meridian, corresponds to 7 p. m. ce11 -
tral, 6 p. m. inQt1 n tain, and s p. m. Pacific time.) There is
an obje.ctio n to the use of synchronous time in depicti ng
cli 1natic elements that have a marked diurnal period.
Observatio ns taken at the same moment of local mea n time
should be used when ever possible, but the exigencies of a
service instituted for tl1e purpose of forecasting weather
changes dema nd the use of sy n chro nous time. As regards
the data of this chart (II), it may be urged vvith prop.riety
that a comparison of thermometric readings made at the
same mome n t of time from the Atla nt ic to the Pacific, is
misleading, since an accurate estimate can not be made of
Chart II. Mea11 Actt1al and Se11sible Ternperatures, July (8 p. n1.l, 75th Meridian Time.
- .. __ (it). -:.>􀀅􀔠 -(I ' , ' ,, -r •• j -- ,- 􀀄􀐬,o ..
􀂫􊬧' T r ,.. ·,ti -
·􀀃􀌭- l! U ' 10·- f1!'J •
(0\ ' 􀂬􊰠 1 / I
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----------- 􀂭􊴬,90° -􀀌􀰠 , CI"S--
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􀀂􀉴t􀀃􀌠 lN
􀀇􀜀􀀈􀡓S-..;J\,.lV,cE􀀒􁉅E􀀖􁘠 --­-
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. 􀀍􀴬,-􀀎􀸠 1qJ5 􀀅􀔬
, • C-1'1.so,v c,,...,,
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􀀉􀥅EW '(oR􀀊􀨠 μ"°
􀂴􋐠 􀂵􋔠 OEL!'\111'
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63
rd
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.\1?t11al tc1nperat11re in hla<·k.
Sen,ihle te1n1ieraturc ill red.
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INCOt.N o -- t_<>¥· ---=- 7(􀀥􂔠 IN01t>.tAPO•'* Co􀀈􀠮.':!?-- -· ,-,􀂶􋘬,MoAe 7i5 ° 7
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47
the amou11t of increase of ten1perature for \vestern stations
due to diur11al influences alone, and it \\·as mainly ,vith a
vie,v of illustrating this fact that the chart was prepared.
The thermometer readings 011 the Atlantic seaboard are
made 11ear tl1e hour of 8 p. m., local mean time; those on
the California coast are n1ade near 5 p.111., local n1ean time.
Naturally, tl1e Pacific Coast temperatures are considerably
higl1er tl1an those 011 the other side of tl1e conti11ent, three
l1ours later in the afternoon. The contrast between the
t,vo sides of the country is plainly sl10\vn by the blacl{ li11eS­
of eqt1al actual temr)erature on Chart II, and it \Vill also be
observed tl1at the Southwest is tl1e warmest part of tl1e
United States.
The lines of equal sensible heart, on the otl1er hand,
sho,v an entirely different condition as regards tl1e locatio11
of greatest heat. The arid region is 110w the coolest part
of tl1e United States, judged from the temperature of evap­oration
only. 1"he li11e of 60° sensible temperature, start­ing
in New England, skirts tl1e nortl1ern boundary as far as
the one hundred and tenth meridian; thence it follO\VS a
south-southeasterly course to Soutl1.easter11 Ne,v :rviexico;
thence westerly to the neighborhood of Los Angeles, Cal.,
and thence 11ortherly, with a fe,v unim1)ortant deflectio11s,
to the North Pacific coast.
The clecrease of temperature fro111 the l1our of maximun1
heat to nightfall is not regular, nor does it bear any definite
relation to an i11crease in longitude recko11ed westward from
Greenwich. A con1pariso11 of the normal 8 J). m. se,,e11ty­fi
flh 1neridia11 tirne tc1nperatures with the normal n1aximt1m
ten1perature of the day shows that on tl1e easter11 coast line
the temperature at 8 1). rn. is, on the average, 8° to 12
°
lo,ver than at the time of greatest dai1y l1eat. 111 the lake
region and lo,ver Ohio Valley the difference is from 5 ° to
8° . In the upper Mississippi and lVIissouri valleys and
Texas and the plains region the diference averag.es from 4 °
to 7 °; that is to say, the ternperat1,1res at the 8 p. m. obser­vation
(correspondi11g to about 6 :30 p. rn. local time) are
from 4 ° to 7 ° lo,,ver than the highest poi11t reached 1)y the
thermometer duri11g the· day. On the easter11 slo1)e of the
Rocky Mountains, altl1ough the e,rening obse·rvatio11 is
made at 6 p. n1., local time, t,vo hours nearer the time of
greatest heat than at New York and Philadelpl1ia, the dif­ference
is as great as at the last-named places. In other
words, the temperature falls as 1nucl1 by 6 p. m. at De11ver,
as it does by 8 p. m. i11 N e\v York a11d Philadelpl1ia. This
would seem to be the result of tl1e greater daily range and
more rapid rate of cooling at elevated stations. v\7 est of
the Rockies the diferences range from zero, at Red Blt1ff,
to less than 4 ° in tl1e great interior b·asin, and from 5° to
6° in Souther11 Arizona.
The local vicissitudes of temperature are well illustrated
in tl1e case of Red Bluff, Cal., where the average ternpera­ture
at about 5 p. m,, local time, is but four-tenths of a
degree belo,v the maximu.m of tl1e day. Curiously enough,
at Los Angeles, in the lower part of tl1e State, tl1e 5 p. m.
temperatures are about ro0 lower on the average than tl1e
n1aximum of the day.
Chart III has been constrt1cted to shov,r the relative
humidity of the United States in sum1ner, The data used
i11 preparir1g the chart vvere the synchro11ous observations
at 8 a. m. and 8 p. m., seve11ty-fifth meridian time, duri11g
the eight years 1889-96. The chart itself shov1s better tha11
Mea11 Relative Ht1n1idity-Summer.
Chart III. t L•'rn111 uli:-11•1"\'H tionH ,li 8 a. ni. and 8 p. ,n., 1Gtl1 1u1•ricli,111 ti1uc.)
􀁆􄘬,L.
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49
mere words the distinctively dr)1 a.nd l1umid regions. The
influe11ce of the ocea11 is seen on both coasts, as also that
of the Gulf of 11I exico and tl1e great lakes.
Broadly speaking, tl1e variation of insolation fro1n day
to night, a11d from season to season, ,vith the cl1a11ging
decli11ation of the sun, is the great controlling age11t of
climate. Tl1e 1nost regular, and at tl1e same time the
simplest, clin1ate of the worlcl, is that of tl1e Tropics, \vl1ere
the succession of changes fro1n day to day are as monoto­nous
in their regularity as they are enervating 011 the l1uman
system. Tl1e great life zone, tl1e seat of business enter­prise
a11d activity, is found in temperate clirnates. Here
tl1e simple diurnal changes of the Tropics are largely
masked by irregular changes, the result of the passage of
cyclo11ic and a11ti-cyclonic S)1stems. Tl1e sum total of these
changes constitutes the weather of the temperate zone.
Betwee11 the Tropics and tl1e te1nperate zone there are,
in certain longitudes, considerable areas \vhere tl1e clin1ate
is more or less transitional between the two strongly n1arked
zones. The southwestern part of tl1e U11ited States may be
classed as having a cli1nate betwee11 the extre1nes o f tl1e
Tropics and the temperate zones. Not bei11g ,vitl1in the path
of storm frequency, the sequence of weather is more u11iform
than in rnore northern latitudes, or 011 tlJe same I)arallel
farther east. Tl1e rainfall is deficient; there is a11 absence
of clouds; insolation by day and radiation by night, are
both strong; the range of tem1Jerature from day to night is
large, from 25 ° to 35 °, depending u1)on tl1e elevation and
cl1aracter of the surface of the grou11cl; tl1e winds are ge11-
erally light and the eva1Joratio11 is high.
•
TABLE XVII.
Deaths in 1000 inhabitants, 1S96. July.
Phoenix, Ariz. _____________ ---- ____ ---- -------- 9
Boston, Mass.------------------------·-------- 19-tJis
Ne·"v York City, N. Y. ________________________ 2fr0
rfo
Philadelphia, Pa ______________________________ ________ Atlantic City, N. J. ________________________ ---- 6//0
Washington, D. C .. ------------ ____ ------.. ---- 291°t1o
Charleston, S. C. ______ ________ ________________ ________ Jacksonville, Fla. _____________________________ ________ _
Atlanta, Ga. _______________ ---- ____________ ---- ---- -----
Tampa, Fla, ___________________________________ ________ _
Mobile, Ala. ___________ ------------------------ 2417/o
Vicksburg, Miss. ______________________________ ________ Nev; Orleans, La,_---------------------------- 23Tl¾
Little Rock, Ark. ___________________ - -.-- ______ ________ Galveston,. Tex. _______________________________ _________
S<t n Antonio, Tex. ____________________ ________ ________ Memohis, Tenn, ___ -------- ____ ---------------- 25f0\
Cinci'nnati, Ohio __________ ----- ____ ------------ 171¥o
Pittsburgh, Pa. ____ -------------------- -------- 18/11
Bufalo, N. y __________ -------- -------- -------- 18-Af0
Cleveland, Ohio ___________________ ------------ 22&-o
Detroit, Ivlich. _________ ---- ---- -------- -------- I9/if'IJ
Chicago, Ill._______________________ ____________ 181¾
St. Paul, 1\1inn. ________ ---- ____ ---- ------------ 15-f-o\
Des Moinef;, Io,va _________________ ------------ ---------
St. Lon is, Mo. ____________ ____ ____ ---- -------- 20
Kansas City, M.o. ________ ----____ ---- ---- ------ 13-fo\
Omaha, Neb .. ____ ------------ . --- ------------ 51
°
0\
Los Angeles, Ca}._----____ -------------------- II y
2t;-8
li
San Diego, Cal. ---------- _ -------- ---- -------- ---------
August.
3
---------
----------
22-lrPo
----------
---------
- --------
2 r f-Jr,
ro-M
6-frf-o
I I/r,°r;
·- -----
THE SUMMER CLIMATE OF PHOENIX.
An article by \¥-:xr. LA\YRENCE WOODRUFF, M.D., Phoenix, Arizona.
published in Tiu: Mt!dical Centitry, for Septernber, 1896.
The montl1 of June, 1896, ,vill be rememberecl as having
the highest range of ten1perature, a11d for the greatest num­ber
of c011secutive days ever k.now11 i11 the Salt River Val­ley,
if not in tl1e U11ited States.
The following table shows tl1e actual heat as marked by
the reading of the dry-bulb therm01neter, tl1e so-called sen­sible
temperature (as i11dicated by tl1e -i.vet-bulb ), a11d the
relative humidity or percentage of saturation, according to
the observations of the United States ,v-eatl1er Bureau, at
Pl1oenix, Arizona:
Actual Sensible Rel. Actual Sensible Rel.
Date.
Ten1pera- Tempera- Hun1id- Date. Tempera- Ten1pera- I-I111nid
ture in ture in i ty. ture in ture i n i ty.
Degrees. Degrees. per ct. Degrees. Degrees. per ct.
I 97-1 65.6 16 16 114.0 73.0 12
2 95.9 64.0 12 17 I I 2.5 7o.3 IO
3 94.0 6r.o II 18 108 .0 73.0 17
4 91.0 60.8 14 19 102.0 66.5 12
5 93.8 6 ( .0 12 20 103.5 64.0
94.8 63.8 15 21 105.0 67.0 IO
7 97.0 64.5 13 22 104.2 64.8 8
8 10.8 65.4 12 23 107.0 74 .o 2()
9 104.8 64.8 8 24 99.2 63.8 I l
IO 107.0 67.0 9 25 102.0 68.5 16
II 109.0 67.8 7 26 98.4 69.4 2T
12 109.5 68.8 IO 2 7 102,2 70.2 19
r3 I 14.8 72.0 13 28 102.8 65.3 13
14 114.5 73.0 II 29 103.2 66.3 11
15 114.0 7 I ·.S .l0 30 l 04. . 0 68.o 13
51
Fro1n June 9th to 18th i11clusive was the longest contin­uous
period of extremely l1ot vveatl1er within the n1e1nor)r of
the oldest inhabita11t. From tl1e 13th to th.e r7tl1, the best
accredited thermometers (set nearer the gr.ound than tl1e
government i11strun1ent), registered from 3 ° to 5 ° degrees
l1igher, and indicated fro1n 118 ° to 120 ° Fahre11heit. It
vvill lJe noted that the difference between the actual and
sensible temperature (indicated by the readings of tl1e dry
and wet-bulb respectively) was fro1n 30 ° to 4·3 ° degrees, de­pending
principally upo11 the perce11tage of humiclity. 011
011ly seven days did the relative humidity go abo'(:e 13 per
c.ent. This is a fair index of the dryness of the summer
air in the Salt River Valley.
vVith this record .of intense heat, exterding over 011e­third
of the month, should be coupled that of the wonder­ful
exemption from disease during the same period. No­w
here else in the kne>vvn vvorld vvere the inl1abitants so
healthy as i11 Phoenix and its vicinity. There was practi­cally
no acute sickness.
The following table of deaths for· Ju11e, 1896, in that
portion of the Salt River Valley north of the Salt River,
vvest of the ''Rio Verde," and east of the ''Agua Fria,"
containing a populatio11 of 16,000 and including the city of
Phoenix, is a fair index of our ordinary sum·mer healtl1ful­ness:
Cause of Death.
Puerperal fe\·er _______ ________
T:rphoid pneu1nonia _________ __
Bo\vel disease ----------------
Typhoid fever and chronic al-coholism
_________ __________
Chronic al co ho Ii s n1 and heat
prostration ---------
----
----
Old age ----------------------
Brain fever __________________
Consumption _____ ____________
53
No. Cases. Age. Remarks.
I 27
2 28-7
I
I 79
I 6,1, 'fra1np.
2 85-86
I 24
4 All transients.
111 all, thirteen deaths. If the five cases of transients be
deducted there are left eigl1t deatl1s in a population of
16, ooo during the hottest month in tl1e history of tl1e com­m
unit)'.
During the months of 1\'lay, June, J ul)r , August, and Sep­ten1ber,
1895, there was but one deatl1 each n1onth from
bo\vel trouble arnong el1ildre11 in tl1e territory 11amed.
During tl1e five sun1mer months of the past four years
the total deatl1 rate was as follovvs:
18921 one-fourth of one per cent.
1893, t\-vo-fifths of one per cent.
1894, one-third of one per cent.
1895, one-fourth of one per cent.
An average of 2 and 85-100 i11 1,000 inhabitants. Tl1is
is the season, i11 all other parts of the ,vorld, of greatest
fatality from gastro-enteric diseases.
'\Vere it possible the ,vorld ought to k110,v, not only tl1at
the Salt River Valley, during tl1e sum1ner tirne, is tl1e
healthiest spot on earth, but that the healtl1y individual
and the health-seeker can live here i11 comfort a11d ,vi th
pleasure during the heatecl tern1. We feel better, brighter,
stronger, and have better aJ)petites than i11 tl1e ,vinter sea-
54
son. As soo11 as the v.reether begins to ,varm up, aches,
pains, and disco111forts vanish. Life is not only livable,
but we live more of life as nature intended ,ve should live it .
'\Ve live in the open air. The lawn is parlor, sleeping
apartment, and often clining-room. The diet is largely
fruit in abundance and of great variety. The foliage of
quick-growing trees forms a grateful shield from tl1e perpet­ual
sunshine of the day, and at nigl1t the beauty of the
moonlight is t1nsur1}assed. It is the luxury of life to live in
the open air througl1aut the dewless night, dressed i11 the
lightest garments, and without a fear of taking cold. There
could be no nobler canopy than Arizo11a's clear, blue star­lit
sky. There is rarely a night so \Varin as to interfere
with sleep.
The days are hot a11d the air is dry. One needs to clrink
water frequently and copiously. This natural appetite can
be. fully gratified without risk. Th.e efect is a prof use per­spiration,
''flushing'' out with it all efete material from the
system. As soon as this perspiration reaches the surf ace
it is evaporated, and the. heat of the body thereby reduced.
This process of refrigeratio11 and elimination is ke.pt up
without i11terruption for mo11ths at a tin1e, and is the expla­nation
of our unparalleled healthfulness.
This is tl1e period ,vhen the invalid mal{es l1is greatest
improvement. To get tl1e most ben.e.fit fron1 this cl.i1nate,
l1e must come cluring the spring a1cl summer, rather than
in the fall or winter. This is .so \Vith the great majority 0f
cases, tl1e contrary is the exception. It is perfectl)' safe
for our people from any part of the country to come to the
Salt River Valley during tl1e summer. Our hot, dry air is
stimulating and 11ot i11 the least debilitating. We usuμ lly
55
find ( ,vhen there is suficie11t vitality left to expect any
be11efit at all) a gain in \1 eight and strength so long as the
hot weather iasts. A sumn1er spent here with its unload­ing
of poisonous, effete, broken-do,vn tissues, prepares an
invalid to get the greatest benefit from our genial ,vinters .
•
Date ____ __________ I
- -
Phoenix, Ariz. ____ 104
Boston, lYiass. ____ 88
Ne\v York, N. Y,_ 82
Philadelphia, Pa. _ 84
Atlanta, Ga. ______ 88
vv·ashington, D. C. 86
Charleston, S. C.-- 84
Jacksonville, Fla._ 90
Atlantic City, N.J. 76
Tampa, Fla. ______ 88
lVIobile, Ala. _ ____ 90
Vicksburg, Miss. __ 94
New Orleans, La._ 90
Little Rock, Ar.k._ 90
Galv,eston, 'l,ex. ___ 88
San Antonio, Tex._
Memphis, 'fenn. __ 90
Cincinnati, Ohio"_ (JO
Pittsburg, Pa. ____ ,88
Buffalo, N. y _____ 78
Cleveland, Ohio -- 84
Detroit, Mich. ____ 84
Chicago, Ill._ _ ____ 86
St .. Paul, Minn. --- 86
Des Moines, Io,va_ 80
St. Louis, Mo. ____ 88
Kansas City, Mo._ 80
Omaha, Neb. _____ 82
Los. Angeles, Cal._ 78
San Diego, Cal. __ ___
-
2
102
88
80
86
88
86
84
86
74
90
86
96
86
94
86
---
94
84
90
84
86
86
86
88
88
80
92
¢6
82
---
TABLE I.-MAXI1'1UM TEMPERATURE FOR JULY, 1896.
3 4 5
-- ·-
104 104
84 62
84 78
90 80
82 .88
90 88
86 86
88 88
76 74
86 86
84 90
94 92
84 86
96 94
86 86
--- ---
94
88
92
84
86 84
82 80
8-2 82
86 84
84 76
84 76
86 78
88 88
96 78
84 76
80 76
--- ---
106
66
82
88
90
84
86
88
8.4
88
90
90
92
88
86
88
82
78
70
78
72
68
84
82
82
82
84
70
-- -
6 7
- --
106 104
62 62
78 78
86 80
80 70
84 84
86 84
86 86
72 72
86 84
84 80
92 90
90 90
88 90
.90 94
--- --.
88
84
84
76
78
78
70
80
80
86
84
80
78
86
80
78
68
74
76
68
78
78
78
80
82
80
---
8 9
-- --
106 106
76 84
70 76
72 88
74 82
72 84
84 82
80 84.
72 76
80 76
86 88
86 88
88 90
82 82
90 88
--- ---
80
76
70
78
74
78
72
80
78
80
78
76
82
- - -
84
76
76
82
72
70
72
82
82
84
84
80
82
JO ll
104 108
90 86
82 86
82 90
82 84
82 86
86 86
88 88
76 84
90 90
84 86
92 84
88 86
88 90
88 82
--- ---
86 86
84 88
84 86
74 76
80 84
80 86
84 88
86 90
86 86
86 88
84 88
84 88
86 80
- - -
12 13 14
-- --
108 108 102
92 92 80
86 86 86
92 92 88
84 86 88
90 -90 88
88 90 90
90 94 92
88 82 82
90 90 90
88 88 92
92 92 94
88 90 92
86 94 96
86 86 86
--- --- ---
88
8q
88
70
84
88
90
94
90
88
88
92
86
---
92 92
88 88
88 84
76 82
86
92
92
90
90
90
90
90
92
- - -
82
82
94
90
94
94
94
94
88
---
15
IOO
86.
82
88
88
90
88
88
78
90
90
92
90
96
88
---
94
90
82
78
78
80
90
74
82
90
96
98
88
- --
16
-
96
82
80
82
"88
82
90
92
80
88
90
92
90
94
8.8
--
92
76
74
68
70
70
64
72
76
82
78
80
86
17
-
96
76
74
78
84
78
84
88.
72
90
90
94
92
92
88
18 19 20
- - -
90 96 96
74 72178
74 72 82
84 82 86
70 82 84
80 78 88
82 86 88
88 88 90
74 74 76
88,
90 90
88 86 86
94 94 92
90 84 88
98 96 91-
88 88 88
-- --
--
86 94 92 88
74 84 82 78
74 80 84 80
7 4 80 76 74
68 82 80 78
72 76 74 78
72 68 70 84
76 84 86 82
80 74 82 84
82 86 88 82
72 84 80 84
78 74 80 84
86 82 76 82
-- -- -- --
21
-
92
86
82
84
86
86
88
90
76
90
86
92
90
92
88
--
88
80
86
78
78
82
80
78
86
80
88
90
80
- -
22 23 I 24
-
94 IOO
82 82
80 76
86 84
82 90
88 82
88 92
94 92
72 84
90 88
88 90
94 92
92 90
96 100
88 88
-- - - -
IOO
72
72
76
90
76
92
9.4
72
88
90
92
90
102
88
- - -
90 92 99
84
80
80
78
82
84
74
78
90
90
80
84
82 84
76 78
74 64
74
72
78
70
70
92
92
72
80
66
68
66
72
74
82
66
72
76
- --
25
96
74
76
80
90
80
94
94
80
90
90
94
88
IOO
88
. -
88
80
78
70
74
76
78
88
76
82
84
78
78
-- -
26 27
-
100 102
84 80
80 84
82 90
94 92
84 94
96 90
96 96
78 80
90· 90
90 90
94 94
92 90
100 100
88 88
- -- ---
96 96
90 94
80 92
74 78
80 84
74 82
92 88
80 80
94 86
96 98
94 92
94 82
76 76
--- ---
28
--
102
80
88
88
94
92
9Q
98
<;o
92
90
94
90
100
88
-- -
96
92
84
84
82
84
82
88
86
96
90
86
78
-- -
29 30
-
102 IOO
84 84
88 88
92 92
94 96
92 92
94 98
96 IOO
88 90
92 88
94- 94
94 98
92 92
IOO 100
88 88
96 100
96 96
92 88
86 86
90
90
92
88
92
96
96
92
78
- --
86
88
88
84
90
98
92
88
84
-- -
3
-
IC
7•
8,
8,
9·
8.
9,
.lC
8.
9,
-9·
IC
9,
IC
9·
IC
8
8
7
7
7
7
7
7
9
9
8
8
- -
-
,2
TABLE II -MINTMUwl TETVIPERATURE FOR JULY, 1896.
Date _______________ l I I 2 I 3 4 S 6 7 8 9 10 11. J2 13 14 1 16 17 1$ 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 281 29 130 31 :"ithts.:.s bot
-,-,- - - - - - - - -1 - - - - - - - - _______ -l- _ or 10;:ter ll_,an
Phoenix, .t-\riz·-----1 74 72·75 70 So 80 80 76 70180 78 78 78 78 72 70 70 70 70 74 70 72 76 76 70 70 76 76 76 78 76 at 1 hu:nix.
Boston, .I\1ass. _____ 60 66 68 68 1 56 158 58 58 661 74 72 70 72 72 60 66 60 60 60 64 70 72 72 60 56 60 68 68 70168 64 2
Ne,v York, N. Y __ 60 64 64 64 62 68 68 64 62 66 70 70 72 72 72 68 58 62 64 66 70 70170 66 62 66 68 68 70,7 0 68 2 Philadelphia, Pa. _ - 62 66 68 70 761 72 72 66 64 172 72 72 74 78 7./ 74 60 64 64 62 74 72 72 68 66 66 68 72 74' 72 74 6
A_tlan 􀅯􆽡a, Ga. ______ 68 68
1
68 68 72 􀅰􇀷70 68 60 60 68 68 72 72 68 70,68 68 66 66 68 68 72 68 76 74 74 74 74 76 78 7 8 7
'' ash1ngton, D. C. 58 60 70 68 74172 72 64 64 68 72 68 74 76 74 74 62 56 60 70 76 74 72 66 70 60 70 74 72 72 72 5
Charleston, S. C. _ - 76 70 !74 76 78
1
72 74 j72 70 72 76 76 76 72 76 78 74 78 78 78 78!78 78 801 7 8 80(80 80 180182 0'2 20
Jacksonville, J:<'la._ - 74 72 74 74 74 72 74170 721 72 74 72 72 74 72 - - --1 74 78 76 74 74 76 74 76 7 6 . 74 74 78178 72 15
.-\tlantic City, N. J 64 64 68 70 70 168 68 68 64 68 68 72 70 70 72 66 62 60 64 70 64 68 66 66 1166 64 66 66 70 .66 74 2 'fan, pa, 1-<'la. - - - ____ 77 70 72 76 70174 7oi72 701 70 74 74 72 72 74 7 6 74 72 70 72 72 70 74 74,74 74 170 76 72 78 8 0 14
N(obll e, /\.la,_ - - - --- 76 74 74 74 74 74 70 68 70 72 72 72 72 76 74 74 70 70 74 76 76 74 76 78 i76 76176 74 76,76 7 4 18
Vicksburg, .I\'liss. __ 70 74 74 70 70 72 70 68 68!70 72 72 72 74 76 76 76 74 72,72 72 76 76 76 176 76 76 76 78,78 78 18
N ev1 Orleans, La. __ 78 70 76 74 74 76 76 76 76 74 70 76 76 74 76 7 6 76 7 8 76174 7 6 76 76 76 76 7 6 76 7878 ;78 7 8 22 Little Rock, Ark. __ 70 70 76172 72 72 72 66 64 66 74 72 72 74 76 76 72 76 78
1
78 76 76 74 76 7 6 78 76 76 78
j
78 80 18 Galveston, Tex. ___ 80 80 80 76 72 74 78 80 7 8 80 74 72 80 78 82 82 82 :82 82 78 80 82 82 182 1
82 ,\2 80 76 76 1c5'o 80 26
San Antonio, Tex. 72 74 74 74 72 72 74 74 74 76 72 70 72 72 72 74 7 6 76 76 76 74 74 74172 74 72 72 74 74i 74 74 1 3
1\I en, phis, rl'enn._ -- 70 70 76 72 74 70 72 66 64 66 74 74 74 76 76 76 68 74 72 74 76 78 76 78 72 76 74 78 j7 8 80 80 17
Cincinnati. Ohio __ 62 68 68 70 70 68 62 60 58 58 64 70 70 74 74 66 56 58 68 741.68 72,72 72 64 64 70 78 '76 ,76 70 6
Pittsburg, Pa. - ---- 62 66 70 72 70 68 62 58 60162'62 66 70 68 72 62 52 58 64 74 72 74'64 58 62 62 70 66 721 68 64 5
Bufalo, N. Y. _____ 66 68 70 70 62 62 56 58 60 661 66 70 70 64 64 54 56 56 66 661 68 70 56 60 56 64 68 68 70 72 60 1 Cleveland, Ohio --_ 62 66 68 70 66 66 62 58 60 62
1
68 70 72 68 70 62 56 56 72 68 70 68 54156 58 62 66 70 70 76 68 3
Detroit, Mich, ____ 64 70 68 70 62 62 56 60 58 58 66 68 72 68 68 54 52 60 68 ,66 66 70 60 56 56 62 66 70 72,72 62 I Chicago, Ill. ___ ---- 68 72 70 70 62 62 60 62 64 64168 68 72 68 78 56 56 62 641 64 70 68
1
66 58 6o 66 66 70 70176 70 4 St. Paul, l\1inn. ---- 66 66 68 58 58 66 54 56 58 62!64 68•72 68 62 52 52 56 62 62 58 58 58 54 54 56 60 58 58!!64 62 O Des Moines, Io ,ya_ 68 68 68 66 58 62 56 56 54158 64 66 70 72 72 60 56 58 66 66 68 64156 58 56 68 68 64 68 72 72 r
St. Louis, Mo. - ---- 70 72 70 72 70 66 62 60 J6 41 66168 74 72 74 7866 58 62 74 72 74 68
,
70 76 66 72 78 80 80180 76 12
Kansas City, Mo._ - 70 72 74 70 62 64 62 60 60 64166 70 70 72 76 66 62 68 68 70 70 74 72 60 58 7 6 74 72 70,72 76 7
On1aha, Neb. -- ---- 68 68 68 64 60 64 50!62:6 2 54 66 70 70 72 76 6 2. 62 64 68 68 70 64 58 56 56 70 66 66 66
j
l 70 64 3
Los Angeles, CaJ. __ 56 54 58 58 60 58 6060
1
62.62160 60 62 64 64 62 62 64 60 62 64 -- 64 60 62 60 58 - - 54,,56 58 o
San Diego, Cat. ___ 58 58 60 58 62 62 62 !621 62 ,64 !64 64 66 64 66 68 66 64!64 66 68 68 64 66 66 66 64 . 58,56 60 o
TABLE III.-TEMPERATURE 8 A. M., (DRY-BULB TI-IERMOl\fETER) FOR JULY, 1896.
Date ____ ------ ----1 I 2 3 4 5 􀀲􃈠 7 8 9 IO JI 12 13 14 I$ 16 17 r8 r9 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 Z9 30 31 1?1􀀄􀐱1􀀅􀔮. o􀀌􀱨h5t􀀍􀴺:i=\t􀀎􀸀􀀏􀼠
. _.
- -: - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
at Phoenix. Phoenix, Ai􀂓􉍺z ____ 74 72 78 82 80 86 80 76 84 82 78 80 78 82 72 70 76 70 76 76 72 74 76 82 70 76 76 76 78 78 76 5:32
Boston, Mass .. ____ 70 74 75!58 58 66 60 64 74 77 76 77 79 76 74 66 64 66 68 70 74 74 74 68 60 68 70 76 76 68 70 8:16 o
New York, N. Y._ 64 6868 64 74 72 72 66 66 72 72 74 74 74 76 68 62 6866 70 74 70 74 66 64 68 70 72 76 74 74 8:04 2
Philadelphia, Pa. - 72 72 72 74 78 74 74 68 78 78 76 80 82 82 78 74 66 64 70 74 78 74 78 68 68 72 72 78 82 78 76 8: 13
Atlanta, Ga. ------ 74 72 70 68 74 74 70 64 66 72 70 7.4 74 72 72 72 70 66 66 68 74 74 72 76 76 78 78. 78 80 78 80 7 :20 I3
vVashing ton, D. C. 7.r 70 74 72 76 74 74 64 74 74 74 76 78 78 80 76 66 68 70 78 78 76 76 70 70 70 76 78 78 80 76 7 :52 13
Charlest􀃧􎝮n, S. C __ 80 78 82 82 82 82 76 80 72 8Q 80 80 78 80 78 80 78 82 80 80 82 80 80 84 82 82 82 84 84 84 84 8: 26
Jackso􀃨􎡶vil (e, Fla. - 78 76 80180 78 78 78 76 76 76 78 78 78 78 74 76 78 76 78 80 78 78 80 78 78 80 78 80 82 80 78 7 :30 22
Atlantic City, N · J · 70 68 72 70 74 70 70 68 72 70 74 80 80 76 74 76 66 70 72 74 70 68, 78 70 70 74 68 80 80 78 78 8 :04 I I
1'ampa, Fla. ------ 78 78 78 78 78 78 80 76 72 76 80 78;78 78 80 82 80 78 78 78 80 78 82 82 80 80 80 82 82 82 84 7 :25 24
Mobile, Ala._ _ ---- 82 80 76 78· 78 78 70 72 74 74 74 76 78 78 76 78 78 74 76 80 80 78 80 78 78 78 78 78 80 78 80 7 :10 r8
Vicksburg, lVIiss._ - 76 78 80 72 74 74 74 72 72 74 74 76 78 761 78 76 80178 76 74 76 80 78 78 78 80 78 78 80 80 80 6 :50 19
New Orleans, La. - 80 80 76 76 80 78 78 78 78 78 76· 80 78 76 78 78 78 80 76 78 78 80 78 80 80 80 80 82 80 80 80 7: 22
Little Roe􀀅􀔬, Ark. _ 72 74 78 78 74 72 76 68 66 70 76 72 74 78
1
·78 80 72 78 80 80 76 80 78 80 78 80 78 80 80 80 82 6:35 17
Galveston,. fex. ___ 80 80 8􀂔􉐠 78 80 82 80 82 80,82 80 82 82 82 82 82 84 82 84 80 82 82 84 84 84 82 .82 82 84 80 82 6:4r 28
San An􀂕􉕯 on,10, Tex. _ 74 76 76 76 76 74 76 76 76 78 72 72 74 76 74 76 76 78 78 78 76 76 76 76 74 74 74 76 76 76 76 6: 20 1 5
Me1nph1s, fen n. - 72 74 78 78 76 74 74 68 68 70 74 74 76 76 78 78 70 74 76 76 78 80 78 80 74 80 80 80 82 82 72 7: 16
Cincinnati, Ohio __ 68 74 70 72 72 72 64 64 58 66 72 72 74 76 78 68 60 66 72 74 72 74 72 72 66 74 80 80 80 80 72 7:i2 8
Pittsburg, Pa. ---- 66 76 73 74 72 70 62 62 68 72 70 74 74 72 75 64 60 64 70 74 72 70 66 60 66 68 76 72 76 70 68 7:40 S
Bufalo, N · Y ·- ---- 70 74 74 76 66 68 58 56 68 68 70 72 74 70 74 58 62 66 66 68 70 74 60 62 64 70 72 70 76 76 66 7 :45 3
Cleveland, Ohio -- 70 72 72 72 66 70 5-/ 68 66 70 72 74 76 72 70 64 62 64 72 74 72 7· 2 66 :58 64 66 72 72 76 80 70 7 :33 3
Detroit, Mich.---- 70 76 70 70 64 68 62 68 60 64 70 72 74 70 70 58 60 66 70 70 72 72 62 60 62 66 70 74 74 78 64 7 :28 3
Chicago, Ill. _____ 74 74 72 72 62 66 62 66 66 68 70 ,74-76 72 78 58 64 64 66 6870 70 68 62 66. 68 70 74 72'78 70 7:10 4
St. Paul, Minn. -- - 70 68 7aj62 62 58 58 58 62 64 68 72 72 72 64 56 56 64 62 64 60 60 58 56 56 66 62 58 72 66 P4 6 :48 -- ---- ----
Des Moines, lo\.va_ 70 68 68168 62 66 62 60 58 62 66 72 74 78 74 62 58 66 68 68 68 64 58 58 60 70 68 68 70 74 ·72 6 :50 1
St. Louis,_Mo. ---- 76 74 761 76 74 70 64 64 6870 74 78 76 7880 66 62 6876 72 76 76 76 82 6876 80 82 821 82 82 6:59 13
Kansas City, Mo. - 70 76 78170 64 68 60 66. 64 70 68 72 72 74 80 68 66 72 70 72 74 76 74 60 64 78 78_ 74 72 80 80 6:42 10
01na}1a, Neb. ----- 68 76 70!68 64 74 62 62 64 66 70 72 72 76 78 64 64 6870. 76 74 64 58 56 62 72 68 68 72 72 72 5: 3
Los A.􀃨􎠬,geles, Cal._ 58 58 6oj6o 60 60 .60 62 64 62 62 62 64 66 64 62 62 64 62 64 66 68 64 62 62. 62 .58 __ 56 58 58 5 :09 , ----------
San Diego, Ca\. __ 62 62 60.16,2 64 64 64 64 66 66 66. 66 66 66 68 .68 68 66 68 68 68 6.8 66 66. 66 66 66 __ 62 58 62,_ -__ - 1 _ --- -- ----
TABLE I\'.-8 A. l'vI. SE!\SIBLE (OR WET-BULB) TElVIPERATURE FOR JULY, 1896.
Date ___________ ----1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11! 12 13 14 IS 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
1
23 24 25 26 27 28 29
1
30 31 1>1a)S as 1110t
-------------- - -- -·------------ or 1otter t 1an
at Pltu:nix. Phoenix, Ariz. ____
1
62 56
1
61 78 70 74 68 70 70 72 68 68 74 70 72 68 72 68 72 74 70 72,72 70 68 68 64 66 70168 68
1:30:-Lon, £\'la:;$. _____ 60 66 66 56 561 60 585 7 74 70 7 J 66 68 68 70 60 56 605 9 647 2 72170 56\59 60 64 681 701
1
68 60 r 1 N1.: ,v York. N. Y ·- _ 62 62 68 62 72170 72 60 66 72 70 72 70 70 7.; 66 58 64 64 68 7:, 70 70 60 62 62 64 70 72 70 68 16
Philadt:1 phia, Pa. _ 62 66 170 70 721
72 70160 74 72 72 687 2 7.2 74 685 6 62 64 727 4 74 70 60 60 646 87 2 74 72 66 18
1\tlanta, Ga._ ______ 70 70,70 66 70172 70164.60 70 687 2 72 68 707 0 686 6 66 687 2 72 70 74 74 74174 74 74 74 74 r8
\\1a::.bing·ton, 1). C. 66 66 ,70 70 72 72 72 60 72
172 70 7 2 70 72 74170 58 62 66 74 74 74 70 64 62 66 70 70174 72 68 20 Charle:;ton, S. C. __ 76 74 76 787 47 6 74 76 72 74 76 7-174 76 78 76 74 76 76 76 70 76 72 78 76 78 807 871 8 80 78 3 r
J ack􀉓􅍯o􀉔􅐱1 ,·i l l_e, I<'la._ - 76 72
1
79 74 74 74 74 74 72170 74 74 74 74 72 74 74 7174 76 74 74 76 174 74 76 74 76 176 76 74 29
AtlantH.: City, N. J 102 66 70 68 74 70 70 64 68 687 2 70 727 d 72 76 58 62 64 70 68 687 2 66 62 66
1
66 76 76 74 72 16
'l'a,npa, !<'\a. _______ 76 76 74 72 7+ 76 76 7 2 72172 76 74 74 74 74 70 76 74 74 74 70 76 76 76 74 76
1
76 76 78176 8 2 30
\}lobile, Ala._ _ -___ -76 797 4 72 74 74 70 68 7 0172 7 2 74 747 4 747 4 72 72 72 74 76 74 76 74 76 747, 4 74 76 74- 74 29
\'icksburg, Mi,;s. --707 4 74 707 2l72 70 66 621687 27 ¢ 74 74 74 72 74 74 74 '727 4 76 78 78 76 76 71747 4 74 74 25
N' e,v Orleans, La._ -7􀉕􅔠 76 74 76 74 76 74 72 70 72 74 72 74 74 72 7,; 741
74 74 74 74 76 74 74 74 74 74 74 74 7174 30
Little Rock, 1\rk. __ 16c! 707 2 76 70 70 70 60 60 64 687 0 72 72 72 70 70 74 74 76 7-" 72'727 27 4 72 707 0 70170 72 24
Gal v-eston, ·rex. _ -- 70 76 76 787 6 76 76 76 74 74 78 76 70 76 76 76 76176 76 76 76 76 76 76 76 78 76 76 76176 78 3 c
San Antonio, Tex._ 70 7 2 74 74 72 70 72 72 72 74 72 70 74 74 72 7 2 74 74 74 74 74 74 74 74 72 72 72 74 7 3!74 74 29
1:1.ein_phis,_ 'l'en !1·· _ -68 70.74 76 72 72 70 62 62 64 70 7 2 70 72 72 74 66 70 74172 74 7 4 74 74 72 78 74 72 72 7 2 72 ' 24
C􀉖􅙮nc1nnat1, Ohio __ 60 60 70 72 70 62 585 65 8 62166 70 70 72 74 665 4 60 6871 0 7 2 72166 70 62 62 74 72 76176 68 14
Pllt:,,bu rg, Pa. _____ 6.3 06 69 70 70 68 62 58 63 64
1
64 70 7r 70 73 60 56 60 64170 70 72 60 60 60 64 72 70 72168 66 14
Buffalo, N. Y. _____ 6266 6370 62 62545864 6016666 6866 70505656 62,66 687056j5856626868J 7
2!7058 7 Cleveland, Ohio ___ 62 66 /;,f 70 62 66 561 6ol6q62 62 66 70 70 66 56 56 56 68!70l70 70 60
1
58 62 64 70 70 72j
74 64 7
De􀉗􅝲roit, Mich. ____ 60 68 68 70 62 60 56 60 58 64
1
64 64 68 66 68 54 54 60 64 70 68 70 56i
60 58 62 68 70 72•74 56 7
Chicago, Ill. ______ 62 64 66 70 58 62 54 58 60 60160 64 70 70 72 52,56t54 64 66 62 68 62 60 58 66 66 70 70 74 66 9
St. Paul, Minn.----66 64 68 58 60 54 54 56 58 621 62 66 70 70 585 05 2 60 62 60 58 56 565 45 4 64 585 6 64 62 56 5 Des Nioi nes, Io \Va_ 64 6 4 68 68 60 62 56 54 54 58 60 66 70 72 68 56 52 64 68 66 60 62 56 56 58 70 68 62 66 70 68 2
St. Louis, l\lo. - ·--- 68 70 7 2 74 68 66 60 60 6ot64 68 72 7􀉘􅠠 74 74 64 58 64 71172 74 74 72 76 66 74 74 74 74 76 74 1 8
Kansas City, Mo. _ 6 4 70 76 70 60 69 60 58 58164 62 68 70 70 74 64 60 70 70170 7 2 72 72 58 60 70 68 72 68 72 74 14
On1aha, Neb. --____ 66 74 68166 60 69 56 58;
60160 64 66 68 70 72 60 58 68 68 68 70 585 85 6 60 70 60 62 686 4 70 9
Los Angeles, Cal. __ 56 56 581 58 60 58 60
1
60162162 62 62 62 64 64 62 62 62 62 62 64 66 64 60 60 60 56 -- 54 54 56 1
San Diego, Cal. ---_ 586 0 586 0 60 60,60 621 62i 64 62 62,64 64 64 66 64 64 64 64 64 66 64 64 64 64 60 -- 585 6 60 I
TABLE V.-8 A. M., RELArfIVE I-IUivIIDI'l'Y FOR JULY, 1896.
􀀂􀈠 l<
Date ____ ----------11 􀀇􀜠 3 4 S 6 7 8 9 10 II 12 13 14 15 16 17 18. 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
,
29 30131 i􀀅􀕝]:·􀀆􀘠
·*Phoenix, Ariz. __ ; 35 -;-58461--57 54 74-49-62 60 54- 85 55 IO􀀃􀌠 90 82 􀄏􀼻; 82 􀄐􁀻; 91- 91 82 55 90 66 52- 59 67 fu 66 °El-s£
Boston, Mass. ____ - 56 67 66 97 94 89 98 63 6I 74 76 55 56 66 80 69 57 70 64 71 91 86 81 50 92 59 7:1 68 76 98 54 17 Ne_w York! N. Y ·- 90 7I .roo 90 91 9I ,oo 71 IOO IQO 9I 9:I 82 82 91 90 79 81 I 90 90 91 roo 82 7I 90 7I 72 9r 82 82 74 21 Philadelphia, Pa. - 57 73 9r 82 75 9I 82 63 83 75 82 54 62 62 83 74 53 90 172 91 83 Ioo 67 63 63 65 82 75 69 75 59 17 Atlanta, Ga. ------ 82 9I IOO 90· 82 91 100 IOO 71 91 90 9I 9.r 82 91 9' 90 IOO IOO IOO 91 91 91 9:1 9I 83 83 83 75 83 75 27 vVashington, D. C. 78 7_, 8I 90 85 87·􀃁􌄹93 81 93 92 J'.5 7I 70 7.5 79 78 61 74 80 80 81 93 72 77 70 77 82 69 85 66 70 21
Charles1on, S. C_ __ 81, 83 76 84 69 76 9I 83 100 75 83 75 83 .81 roo 83 83 76 83 83 76 83 68 77 76 84 92 77 77 84 77 21
Jacksonville, Fla. - 9.1 82 75 75 83 83 83 91 82 74 83 83 83 83 91 9I 83 91 83 83 83 83 83 83 83 83 83 83 76 83 83 24
Atlantic City, N.J. 64 90 91 90 IOO 100 IOO 80 82 90 9I QI 68 82 91 JOO 61 64 65 82 90 IOO 75 8.r 64 66 9I 8-3 83 83 75 21 'fampa, Fla.------ 9.r 9I 83 75 52 9I 83 82 IOO 82 83 83 83 83 75 76 83 83 83 83 83 91 76 76 75 8-.1 83 76 84 76 92 2I Mobile, Ala. _ ---- 76 75 9I I 75 8.3 83 .roo 82 82 9.r 9I 9J 83 83 91 83 75 91 82 75 83 83 83 84 9f 8.3 83 83 8.J 83 75 22 Vicksburg, Miss._ - 74 8.3 75 9I 91 91 82 73 5.7 74 91 9I 83 9f 83 82 75 83 9.r 91 91 83 1Joo Ioo 9.r 83 83 83 75 75 75 23
New Orleans, La._ 8;' 83 9I Ioo 75 9..r 83 7_, 67 75 9.r 68 83 9.r 75 83 83 75 9I 83 83 83 83 75 75 75 75 76 75 75 75 23 Little Rock, Ark._ 9I 82 75 9.r 82 9:1 74 63 7I 72 66 9I (JI 75 75 61 91 83 75 83 82 68 75 68 83 68 67 6I 61 6J 62 19
Galve-:ton, Tex. ___ 83 83 8,.. ? .roo 83 76 83 76 75 69 92 76 76 76 76 76 69 76 69 83 76 76 69 69 69 84 76 76 69 83 84 21 San Antonio, Tex._ 82 82 9I 9r 82 82 82 82 82 83 JOO 9r .roo 9:1 91 81Yle1nphis, 'fenn. -· 2 9.r 83 83 83 91 91 9I 9r 91 91 9J 9I .82 9I 91:· 25 82 82183 9I 82 9I 82 75 75 72 82 9I 82 .82 75 83 81 82 9.r 82 85 75 83 75 9.r 75 75 68 62 62 .roo 22
Cincinnati, Ohi@ _ 63 66 .roo roo 9I 57 70 60 Ioo 80 73 91 82 ()J 83 90 68 71 82 82 IOo 91 73 9J 80 64 75 68 83 83 82 19 Pittsburg, Pa. ---- 82 62 82 87 91 93 97 74 76 65 72 82 84 9:1 92 82 76 75 72 86 81 87 71 97 78 8r 82 93 85 93 90 20
B11ffalo, N. Y ·----- 64 66 74 74 80 7r 78 88 8J 7.r 8I 73 74 72 82 56 69 53 80 90 90 82 78 79 60 64 82 9<! 82 74 61 17 Cleveland, Ohio -- 64 73 82 9J 80 81 88 63 90 6.1- 57 66 74 9:1 81 60 69 60 82 82 91 91 71 100 90 90 9J 9.1 82 75 74 18
Detroit, Mich.---- 55 66 90 100 90 63 79 63 89 IQO 72 65 74 8.r 90 78 68 71 72 :roo 82 91 69 68 79 89 90 82 ()J 83 60 19
Chicago, II\. _ ---- 50 58 73 9.r 79 80 59 61 7I 61 55 58 74 9:1 75 67 60 51 90 90 64 90 71 89 61 90 8J 82 9_
1 83 8r 17
St. Paul, Minn. -- . 81 8r 90 79 89 98 78 89 79 90 7I 82 91 9.1 70 65 77 79 :100 79 89 78 89 88 88 90 79 89 65 80 60 22 Des Moines, Io,:va_ 72 8:1 IOO 100 89 80 69 78 78 79 7I 73 82 75 74 69 67 90 JOO 90 63 90 89 89 89 IOO IOO 7I 8I 82 82 22 St. Louis, Mo.---- 66 82 82 9I 74 81 79 79 63 72 7'1 75 82 .83 75 90 79 81 9I Joo 91 91 82 76 90 9..r 75 69 69 76 69 22 Kansas City, Mo. - 72 74 9r 100 79 8I 100 61 70 72 7I 82 91 82 75 81 71 9I Joo 91 91 82 9I 68 79 67 60 9J 82 68 75 23 Omaha, Neb.----- 90 9J 90 90 79 58 69 79 79 71 72 73 82 74 75 79 70 Ioo 90 ·90 82 70 Ioo .roo 89 9J 63· 7.r 82 65 9J 23 Los A􀄑􁅧geles, Cal._ 89 89 89 89 100 89 IOO 79 90 100 JOO IOO 90 901100 IOO JOO 90 IOO 90 90 90 JOO 89 89 89 89 - - 88 78 89 24 San D1eg0, Cal. __ 79 .89 89 89 79 79 79 90 80 90 80 80 90 ,90 81 90 81 90 81 81 81 90 90 190 90 90 7J -- 79 89 89 21
* During July, 1896, the rnin[all at Phoenix was 4.25 inches, an excess over the average for seventeen years. 0f 3,33 inches, the n1ost hu111id July iu the cit-y's.
history. Relative huinidity is indicated by the percentage of n1oisture in the at1nospbere, con1plete saturation being indicated by 100,
T;\BLE \ll.-8 P. l\'I., TEl\fPERA TURE (DRY-BlTLB TI-IER l\lIOMETER) FOR JTJL Y, 1896.
-
Date _______________ l 2
- -
Phoenix, Ariz._ ____ !02 I02
Boston, ,;\la􀅐􅁳s. _____ 78 76
Ne\v York, N. y __ 75 7.J
Philadelphia, Pa. __ 76 76
Atlanta, Ga. _______ 85 79
\\·ashinglon, D. C. 79 80
Charleston, S. C. __ - - -
Jackson,·ille, Fla. _ 78 78
Atlantic Citr. , N. J - - -
Tan1pa, Fla. _______ 75 80
Mobile, Ala, ______ 8.1 82
Vicksburg, .tvliss. __ 76 78
Ne,v Orleans, La. _ 79 8I
Little Rock, Ark .. 86 9.1
Gal,·eston, Tex. ___
San Antonio, Tex .. 95 94
l\1emphis, Tenn. __ 85 90
Cincinnati, Ohio __ 86 7.1
PiLtsburg, Pa.----- 83 79
Bufalo, N. Y. _____ 73 8r
Cleveland, Ohio __ . 79 72
Detroit, lvfich .• ____ 80 74
Chicago, Ill. _______
St. Paul, 􀅑􅅻{inn. ____
79 84
3
16003
76
82
74
73
--- 80
- -- 77
76
79
77
88
--- 94 90
82
77
88
738I
74
. . -
4
IOO 59
72
8I
82
79
-- - 80
-- - 73 84
s
104 , 00
7.1
78
80
79
- - - 7$
--- 77
8.1
73 73 80 88
80 8.1
--- --- 82 77
85 75
8r 73 76 75
7.1 68
78 7I
72 70
66 68
Des P.loines, lo\va - 76 85 85 74 80
St. Louis, Mo. _____ 83 79 86 76 79
I{ansas City, l\Io. __ 80 90 76 75 80
Omaha,Neb. ______ 80 93 83 72 83
Los Angeles,Cal. -- 70 7.1 70 66 65
San Diego, Cal ____ ______ ___ ___ ___
6
-
9587
72
78
7.1
7.J
76
- -
7787
74
8.1
85
83
83
8.1
79
72
74
72
62
7
-
868.1
77.13
67
7.1
74
76
78
74
82
82
. -
8806
84
69
67
70
74
68
s
--
170.r5
65 68
7.1
65
76
- - - 74
82
7I
85
79
-- - 9.1 76
72
7634
72
72
70
9
-
17084
72
78
78
78
- - - 77
74
8.1
7.1
82
79
92
79
70
68
74
6623
69
- --
10
-
9794
74 72
7I
74
80
80
76
74
79
83
78
83
80
79
7I· 77
76
83
1 1
-
9794
80
8.1
79
80
.80
82
82
75
8.1
78
74 78
84
82
72
82
82
85
J2
-
18027
83
8,1.
78
8J
8I
85
82
76
82
82
76
84
74
82 72
80
84
89
. - -
13
-
IOI 78
79
85
80
83
--- 84
. -- 82
83
77
85 9.1
80
88
86
82
72
70
73
76
-- .
14 15
- -
9792 7917
79 80
84 83
74 77
77 82
- - - - 74 84
- - - - 84 82
8476
76
88
93
84
9I
82 76
78
77 79
90
. -
77
85
83
-- 88
91 7.1
68
69
69
66
6r
16
-
9668
70
73
75
68
84
-- 82
83
76
83
86
17
-
90 67 72
7-3 76
69
77
. - 75
72
79
86
88
-- 87 88
79 82
7,.1 73
66 7I
65 7.1
70· 68
646, 6
63 69
-- - -
18
-
8966
67
7.1 68
75
78
76
77
79
78
91
84
86
8.1
77
77
77
72
65
19
-
9659
67
72
80
75
-- 8I
- - 76 78
75
77
88
- - 89
87
79
78
72
69
69
20
-
91 72
75
82
82
82
80
84
82
7843
90
86
86
74
75
7I
78
76
83
21 22
- -
8805 7954
77 73
79 83
83 74
76 78
- . - - 8.1 82
-- - - 80 79
82 8.3 77
84
91
79
83
88
- -
23 24
- -
97.19 76.18
72 66
76 73
86 86 75 7.J
- 􀀁􀄠 - - 79 84
- - - - 83 83 85 84 78
85
90
--
78
85
96
88 89 92 90
86
79 79
72
75 78
77
88 86
82 76
73 72
73 67
74 65
79 65
89 60
- - - -
9722
72
62
65
65
66
25
-
974.1
72
77
87
74
85
80
'c?5 78
83
92
90
86
77
71
69 7z
72
66
-
26
-
98 74
7737
86
77
- - 80
82
85
79
85
93
27
-
99 74
77 7.J 84
8:o
82
8I 84
78
85
96
9.1 92
92 92
87 89
77 79
72 73 76 75
73 78
87 82
-- - -
23
IOO 77
72
84
90
80
- -- 84
--- 75
85
79
82
94
.- -
92 9.J
89 8.1
74
78
80
73
29 30
IOI 106 73 7.r
78 80
86 86
90 92
78 8I
--- --- 87 79
--- --- 85 84
86 83
7896
95
- - - 89
99.384t
73
72
84
83
80
9.1
96
- -- 92 95
8q 7I
76
75
75
70
31
IOI 68
72
74
88
7.J
- - - 76
7897
79
90
99
-- - 92
95
8£ 75
7I
72
70
72
Local
Tin1e.
5:3.z
8 :16
8 :16
8:04
8:
7 :20
7:52
7 :4o.
7:30
8:04
7 =25
7 :IO
6:50
7:
6:35
6:41
6:20
7:
7 :22
7 :4o
7:45
7 :33
7:28
7 :10 77 76 76 80 8I 84 87 87 92 77 74 75 72 79 82 68 70 60 JI 75 88 82 8I 87 85 68 6:48 72 75 78 79 82 85 81 87 90 82 74 78 73 79 79 78 73 85 69 79 90 92 92 9I 92 78 8.1 76 74 79 82 85 86 87 9z 74 75 7.1 70 75 83 6:50 86 83 88 67 83 89 86 88 90 89 9z 67 78 7I 78 8z 85 88 87 ()3 74 78 67 70 78 82 80 73 62 7I 76 9.I 8.1 82 9I 84 68 6 :59 6:42
􀂓􉌀􀂔􉐠 􀂕􉔀􀂖􉙉I?􀂗􉜭- ?_
4
_ 􀂘􉠀􀂙􉤠 􀂚􉨀􀂛􉬠 _
8
!_ -􀂜􉰲2- 􀀄􀐀􀀅􀕉I􀀆􀘀􀀇􀜀􀀆􀘡!􀀈􀠀􀀇􀜀􀀉􀦷·􀀊􀨀􀀋􀬀􀀌􀰀􀀍􀴀􀀎􀸀􀀏􀼀􀀐􁀀􀀑􁄀􀀇􀜀􀀒􁈀􀀇􀜀􀀋􀬀􀀓􁌀􀀇􀜀􀀄􀐀􀀔􁐀􀀕􁔀􀀏􀼀􀀖􁘠 ?_
I
_ ?! ?!_ ?! 􀂝􉴺:09
J
TABLE VII.-8 P. M., SENSIBLE (OR WET-BULB) TE1\1PERA 1'URE FOR JULY, 1896.
>ate ______________
'ho en1· x, Ar 1· z. _____
:oston, Mass. _____
few York, N. Y, __
'hiladelphia, Pa. __
1.tlanta, Ga, _______
Vashington, D. C.
;harleston, S. C. --
acksonville, Fla. _
1.tlantic City, N. J
.'arnpa, Fla. _______
llobile, Ala, ______
Ticksburg, J\1iss. __
iTev,r Orleans, La ...
.-ittle Rock, Ark .• _
;.a!veston, 'fex. ___
;an Antoni0, Tex._
'1emphis, Tenn, __
'.:-incinnati. Ohio ___
>ittsburg, Pa. _____
􀄅􀕵ufalo, N. Y. _____
:1eveland1 Ohio ___
)etroit, Mich .• ____
:hicago, Ii i . _______
,t. Paul, Minn. ____
)es Moines, Io\va _
,t. Louis, I\1o. _____
(ans-as City, lVIo ...
')maha, Neb. ______
:.0s Angele_s, Cal.._
San Diego, CaJ. ____
-I
65
67
68
67
7I
69
74
73
76
69
74
7-0-
72
JI
70
69
64
6$
69
66
2
-
65
7I
70
69
72
69
-75-
75
75
73
76
73
--
-3
68
56
75
7.J
69
-7-0
74
74
75
74
75
74
72 72
75 75
66 70
70 7I
64 69
70 73
JI 74
72 JI
- - - -
68 78 75
69 74 78
73, 77 70
73 75 73
63 64
- - I - -
63
-4
73
58
69
74
73
7-4 -
7-5-
71
74
71
75
71
76
78
75
73
69
72
70
64
64
74
69
63
62
-s
7I
57
69
73
72
74
72
74
75
72
73
74
- -
-6
70
58
7I
74
70
7I
-7-3
74
75
JI
73
75
71 73
JI 74
7068
69 68
6464
6465
6968
62 57
-- --
-7
72
60
6$
68
65
66
72
- -
73
70
70
75
72
- -
72
69
60
59
63
61
69
56
8
-
72
65
62
62
64
64
72
73
72
66
69
64
74
68
61
61
59
62
60
5--8
-9
72
74
71
74
69
-71-
71
- -
-IO
74
7I
72
71
66
-7-1
75
- -
-II
71
67
72
70
73
72 --
74
73 751
75
74 73 77
61 68 72
73 74 7¢
65 -6974 - --
77 73
6670
59
j
:66
59 67
6461 4
596, 5
62
,
74
66 63
-- --
72
73
72
69
65
66
69
-6-5
12
-
71
72
70
70
74
73
72
74
76
73 76
76
. .
72
73
69
73
6.8
68
70
71
-13
73
70
72
73
74
73
- -
74
72
73
73
74
74
-r4
74
68
71
72
71
74
72
74
76
73
75
74
74 75
76 76
74 76
74 73
73 69
69 72
7o73
6874
- - - -
66 6260 59 61 65 68 72 72 74
68
68
67
-61-
7.i- 63,62 63 68 69 7.5 72 79
7P 64
!
62 65165 70 72 72 75
6162616266 717272 75
64 631 66 66 67 ·68 68 70 70 --__ ] _ -- -- --1-- --
-15
75
70
79
74
72
80
- -
77
73
74
73
76
77
- -
-16
75
64
65
61
72
65
74 --
75
77
72
76
76
7073
76 74
7060
6858
59 54
62 52
$955
55 50
- - - -
65 59
74 62
70 65
64
66
67
63
-17 -18
72 71
61 60
62 64
60 64
7367
61 63
- - - -
74
74
72
74
77
74
-73-
73
74
74·
76
76
74 76
7376
5966
5965
58:62
58f66
56􀀮􂸶63
-6061 - --
6370
67
,
76
70
,
70
66,68
􀀈􀠀􀀉􀥉I􀀈􀠀􀀈􀠠
-19
72
61
64
64
73
68
7--6
74
76
73
75
76
75
76
72
70
68
68
66
-68-
71
74
74- 70
64
. -
-20
75
70
73
74
74
75
75 --
74
76
72
75
75
74
76
70
73
67
72
70
71 --
70
77
74
72
6--6
-21
75
74
73
74
74
-74 -
75
--
73
75
73
76
74
74
75
74
74
70
70
72
68
66
75
78
73
-6-7
-22 -23 -24
7I 69 71
71 57 61
72 63 66
75 64 7I
72 77 76
7--4 -6-4 7I
75
74
76
75
78
76
75
78
74
71
71
72
69
-6-1
6I
72
78
62
-7-0
74 76
?6 76
77 76
78 75
77 77
77 74
72 73
75 76
72 67
61 69
59 57
61 61
59 60
-58 6r - - - 58 61
79 65
78' 61
60 63
66 65
-25
72
63
63
62
78
-6-6
-76-
78
74
75
76
74
75
79
67
64
62
64
66
62
68
73
77
69
63
-26
72
64
66
65
77
-6-9
73
- 􀀁􀄷
76
75
75
76
76
72
77
79
68
66
70
69
77
77
􀀂􀉩i
78
6I
-27 28 29 - -
69 72 72
70 70 70
70 72 73
7I 74 77
7875 76
80 76 75
- - -- --
76
75
76
74
76
73
- -
7I
75
76
7I
66
7,J
JI
7-
3
- -
72
80
76
69
62
-75-
73
77
74
75
74
78
78
76
74
77
75
76 73
74 74
79 79
75 79
67 70
74 74
75 74
7--I -7-7
68 77
77 78
78 78
73 78
􀀙􁤀􀀚􁩉I􀀛􁬀􀀜􁰠
-30
68
68
78
77
77
70
74
8b
78
74
77
74
73
75
72
70
66
70
66
-6-4
7.3,
80
79
75
-6-3
-31
7I
53
62
60
74
6i
72
76
77
73
80
-7-4
73
77
70
66
56
62
62
64 - -
66
75
7S
67
64
Day!' as h0t
or t10tter than
at Phoenix.
6
I I
13
19
17
---------􀄄􀒷·
-----2-4 ----
24
24
20
29
-----23- ----
23
26
r4
9
l
8
6
----------
8
18
16
10
0 ----------
J
)ate _______________
)ho en.1 x, A r1. z._ ____
3oston, .:'\lass. _____
\e,v York, N'. Y. __
)biladelphia, Pa. __
\Llanta, G·a. ___ ----
\'ashington, D. C.
:harle::.ton, S. C. __
ac k son,. i II e, l;,l a. _
\.tlantic City, N. J
􀋮􎹡an1pa, Fla. _______
,fobile, Ala, ______
􀋰􏁩icksburg, l\liss. __
\e,v Orlean:-, La. _
.,ittle Rock, Ark. _
;alveston, Tex. ____
;an Antonio, Tex._
,Iemphis, 'l'enn. __
:incinnati, Ohio __
)itt􀋱􏅢burg, Pa. _____ 􀀁􀄠 􀋲􏉵ufalo. N. Y. _____
:1eveland, Ohio ___
)etroit, lvlich. ____
:hicago, 111. ______
>t. Paul, IYiinn. ____
)es i\Ioine$, Io,va _
;t. Loub,, l\lo. _____
Cansas Cit)', ).fo. __
)n1aha, 1\ eb. ______
.,os Angeles, Cal. _
ian Diego, Cal _____
I
-
II
5b
70
6I
50
60
8.3
(JI
79
70
79
4-/.
--
32 .- :;,
.)- 46
47
60
47
56
48
.,
--
II
78
J'.;.
72
7.1
56
c'J'.f
79
73
So
J'o
42
3./-
50
79
6.;. 38
9.1
ll6
54
--
67 73
98 77 73 56 72,' 44
68 70
- - I --
TABLE VIII.-8 P. M., RELATIVE HUMIDirry FOR JULY, 1896.
3 4
--
I5 9
78 99
,S6 90
67 72
So 65
8S 81
- - 75 78
-- - -
85 9.1
941 60
79 9 1
89 79
52 66
-- --
3./