Range Investigations in Arizona: Grass and Forage Plant Investigations

              Bvl. ·£7. Bvce􀀷􃝵u of P!ant lndvstzy, U.S. Dept. of A􀀸􃡲riculture. PLATE I.
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U. S. DEPAI{Tl\1EN'l􀀡􂄠 OF' AGitlCUL TURE.
BUREAU OF P1ANT INDUSTRY-BULLETIN NO, 67.
J3. T. GALLO.\\';\. Y. Cliief <Ji Burea.1􀀟􁼮.
RANGE INVl􀀞􁹓S'11 - IGATIO'' N. S IN ARIZONA.
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l!Y
DA VJD GRI􀀛􁬢"'FITHS,
Assrs'.rANT IN CHARGE OF RANGJ!; INVIi:S'.rIGA'rroNs.
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GRAs·s ANO, F"ORAGE PLANT INVESTIGATIONS.
lSSliJsJ) ()(IfOBER fi, 1904.
'\V' ASHINGTON:
G.QVBRNl\-1 EN1' P llIN '.I' ING O !' .E' I-CE,
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BUR.EA·u 0}' PLAN'!'. lNDUS'l'R,Y.
J. E. l{.oc1<:.,v EkL, ]i,'rlitor.
GR1\.8S .A.ND .1':01:Z.Al+l•􀇰􏀠 PL.A.N1' INV}:STIG-ATIONS.
,􀀃􀍲r. J. SPILL1IAN, .lgro.􀇱􏅴tolo[JiSt .
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A. S. HrrcncocK, As1ista:nt .11,qrostologis/. in Charge of' .11􀇲􏈯/alf(i and Glove,· .Tnvestrig.ations,
c .. ,·. PrPEn, Ssytematic .Agrostologi.st i,i cia:irge of J-ferba1·i.u111· .
DAYfD GUIFFT''lFTS, .4s,􀇳􏍩ista11.1 .1lg1·01Jtologist i:n (/. ha1·g􀇴􏐠 o;· J?ange Fn.1;estigations,.
O. R. BALL, /1S3i!:tant Agrostolqgi!$t in Charge of r,rrork on. A.rlingto.n Pq,1•m.
S. l\I. 'l'R.\GY, /:>J)eeial Agent i n Cl!,a1·ge oj Gulf Coast Investigat-i.ons.
D. A. Bnon11t, .'1$sistant .1gro.stologist i1i (}hco·ge of .Coopera(ive 'J)Jrm-lc.
P. L. lt1crt:Jin, .,Js,sista,nt in I-fe1·bar'i'1.i-ni.
J. 1\1'. v,rEsTGATE, Assistant i1i 􀇵􏖷·and-Binding 11ro.rk.
BYRON }loN'lER, A-5si􀇶􏘱1a1it in Cha1·ge ,of Pa.cf,fic Onas. t I':nve'Stigations.
R. A. OAKLEY, .Assistcint in .l)orn,est'i
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cat1.on o.f 1'Vil<l (;rasse.􀇷􏜮.
C. i\T. vVARBUR'.l'ON, 1-lssistant ·in J?od􀀔􁑲r Plant (l.ncl 1lfJllel, 1:nvesqiga.ti/>ris.
1\1. it. C1{DSEY, r ssistant in, Soiit71er11, Forage Plcint lnivestigations.
J. S. COTTON, .4ssi.s.tcint in. Range Investigations.
LEsun􀇸􏠠 F. PA ur,1,, j(ssista11t in Investigations a t .111·li1igton Fa1·ni.
IiAROLD 1'. NIELSEN, Ass'ista.nt in Alfalfa ancl Clover Investigations.
A.GNES CJ-iASE, _{grostologioal A1·tist.
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U . ..;. DEPAI{T􀁊􄩉IEN'l: OF AGRICULTURE,
BuREAU OF PLANT I·NDUB'rRY,
OFFICE oF· ·rIIE c·rIIEF,
"T!T1'ctsl11i1igton., _/). C?., ,July l, 1,90-4.
81R.: I have tl1e horior to tra11s.mit l1erewitl1 tl1e n1ant1script of a. 1)a1)er
on lt.ang·e. ln,restig·.ations jn 1\r-jz01ia, ,vhicb en1hodi<"s a reJ)ort upc>n
i l'l vestig·ation􀃰􏀠 cond ucte.d in. <􀃱􏅯oor>ern.t.ion ,vith. the experi111en t stn,tion of
the Universitv of Arizona. u •
The pap:ir· is a valuable cont1:ibution to our lrno􀃲􏈀􀃳􏍊Je.c,lg·e of im1)rQve-me!
1t of ·range lands, and 1 respee.tfull31 recomme11cl tl1at jt be issued as
B11]Jetin No; 67 o"f ti1e reg·ular Bt1reau series.
Respee.trullJ
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Hon. JA.1\1ES WILSON,
Se&J'eta1•y rJ.f Aq1·ienltu1·e.
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B. '1􀀆􀘠 G.ALLOW,AY,
O!iief of Bi(l'ea1,1,.
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PREFACE.
The main features of tho rang·e prolJlem have been reduced to two:
The carr)ring capacity of tl1e rang·e, ancl the best n1etl1ods of 1nanag·ing
tl1e raug·e so as to secure tl1e largest amount of feed from it without
permanent inj.ury to the food plants that furnisl1 the covering of the
soil. The 1)ri11ciples of manag·eme11t rna:y be reclt1ced to the follo1,ving·:
A proJYer cbr1trol of the an1ount of stock: Llp.011 a given rang:e and the
tin)e of the 31ear at ·vv hicl1 tl1e}' are.allowed 11110n the variot1R s11bdi viRions
of jt; the pi'otection of such native l)lants a,s are of ,ral'l1e, and, par­ticularl'.i
􀇼􏰬, the saving· of seeds of sncl1 pla11t􀇽􏴠 a11cl scattei·ing· ther11 \lpon
the rang·e; lastl)􀇾􏸬, tho introdt1ction t11>011 the ritnge of :ittcl1 new forag·e
plants as expeTience ha.s shovvn can lJe thus introdt1ced.
A lrnowledge of tl1e @arrying· capftcitJ' of the rang·es is of the utmost
i1111Jorta1H.:e; for it 111ust. form the l)a:;is of any in t􀇿􏽬ll ig·en t legislation
relatiug· to the ra.ngc question. rr11is ltno\vledge cletermines the rental
and sale value of ra11g·e lauds a11d s.hoL1lcl also detern1iue tb.e sJze of the
minimt1m lea,se or homestead for rang:e 1Jur11oseB in case la􀂆􈙶vs are passed
pToviding for such disposn.1 of the p11blic rang·es.
The present rei:iort in,cludes a, g·􀂇􈝮neral .stucly o,f ra11ge pr.oblen1s in
sot1thern Arizon,a, but is devoted n1ore particl1larly to tl1e i11v· es'tig·a­ti0ns
co11ducted irr cooperation betweer:i. the Unitecl States Department
of Agricult11re and the Ariz.or1a Experiment· Statjon on two trac.ts of
Janel situatecl on the Santa Rita Forest Reserve i11 the r..territory of
.Arizona. Tl1e wor1r upon on·e of these tracts, consisting· of a fenced
a1·ea of 58 sq nare n1i]es􀈀􀀠 has been condt1cted 11nder the immediate st1per­,,
ision of Dr. Da,tid Griffiths, of this Ofice. Tl1e work t1pon the other
a.rea, w l1ich is also fenced and consists of so111e 240 acres of l􀈁􀅮nd, has
been conductecl uncler the Slll)ervision of Prof. I{. H. Forbes, Director
of the Arizona E:xperin1ent Station, h:y- Prof. J. J. Thornbl1l' of tl1at
station, sin.ce Aug·ust, 1901. Previot1s to that ti1ne Doctor (iriftitl;i.s
,􀂈􈡡as a m.en1ber of the statior1 staf at Tucson, and conducted the worlt
on tl1e s1nall tract also. Once each .rear tl1e De1)artment bas furnisbe(l
tl1e Arizona Experiment Station ,-vitl1 a report of the work done by
its oficers t1pon the larg·e tract, white the oficers of the statio11 have
furnished to the Department a sirnilar report of the vvorlt 01 the small
tract. Pa,lticular attenfior1 is ca.llecl to the 8t11cl,· of tl1e a1uon·nt of . .
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PRE l<'A < 'l<;.
veg·etation prodt1cecl upon the larg·e tract since it ,:vas fe11eed 11early
two years ago. It ,vi11 }Je 11oted that dedt1ctions c011Gerning the ca.r­rying
· capacity of this rang·e 111ade from tl1is study a.gr·ee i11 a most
satisfactor3' manner ,vitl1 actt1a l practiee. It is proJ)osed i􀄂􀈠 the ,near
futt1r􀄃􀌠 to detern1i11e lJ.)- actual trial the a1nount -0£ sto.ok this fenced
area ,rill carr5· "ithout deteriorating·. ·. ·
.. -\cknowleclg·ruentsa re clt1e to 11r. I-I0,-vell Jones, of the Santa Fe
rail ,\·a:y ,􀄄􀐳3rste111, for 111uch assista1, 1ce in 1)rosect1ti11g· the investjgations
reportecl in tb:is l)lllletin.
v,r . J . SPILLl\11\.N' .Ag1·ostolo-r; ist.
0FE'ICE OF GRAS:! AND FORAGE PLANT Ii,rvESTIGAT·IONS,
Wasliington., .D. (J., Ji1,rw f9, 1[}04 .
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(.􀀌􀰠 0 N 'f 1􀀍􀴠 N T S .
In trod uctio11 ............................................................ .
The sn1a.ll inclosur-e ...................................................... .
The'large 1nclosure ............................... .... ................... . .
'r0pography ......................................................... .
Soil ........................................... ....... :. .............
Brusl1 and t.im ber' .................................. . . ....... ......... .
􀄮􂹩i'orage plants ....................................................... .
Amount of fe·ed pr0dur.ed . . . . . . . • . . . . . .............................. .
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varry1n g c.apa.c1·t y ........................................................ .
YV a.ter for stoc􀄯􂽫k ......................................................... .
Tb·.e seasons .................. : ................. .......................... .
E1􀀡􂅯osio n ......... _ . ............ _ .. . .. ___ ... _ ...... .... _ ... _ ...................... _ ..... _ ... _ . _
The prairie <log ......................................·. ....................
Range feed . . ................................... .......................... .
Th.e grasses ......................................................... .
Pig,.veed family ............................................. _ ......... _
The clovers ................· . ....................... -................ .
Alnlerilla ............................................ - .............. .
.Th'.I iscellaneous '"inter and ispriug annuals .............................. .
Il1iscella11e·o.us bro,vse plants ......................................... .
Hay crops ......................................· . .•......................
Weeds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....... .
Plants injurious to stock ............................. ................... .
Sum1uary .................... _. ....................... _ . _ .. _. _ ... ... .......
De. .scription ot plates ..................... ...................................
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I L L U S 'f .R /,. T I O N S .
PLATES.
Page.
!>LATE I. Laosa, a ty-pica-l southern Arizona r.anch. ............ __. ... Frontispiece.
II. C.o.ntrast bet􀋑􍄬,-eer1 dry and "'et seasons in foothills range: Fig. 1.­LiYe
oa,k belt, upper foothills, eastern slope of Huac. l1uca ivloun­tains,
before the rainy se.ason bega11. Fig. 2.-Upper foothills,
northern slope, Santa Rita l\1ountains, at the clo.se of tl1e rainy
'feaso n. .... ,. . .. .. . . . . .. .. . .. . .. .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. .. . .. . . . . . .....
III. Tbe large in<'losure: Fig. I.-P􀋒􍈺:rau1icl Hill; horses diggi.ug foT water
in the sa.nd. s of an arroyo. Fig. 2 .L- ooking south from the top
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of Pyramid I-Till, sho·1vin-g genel'ai character of fenced area._. . __. 62
IV. Sa,ltbnshes: Fig. 1.-.Alriple;c lent(for1nix, the lal;gest of our native
saltbushes, Ten1pe, .iriz. Fig, 2.-.. Ltri11le:r eler;ans; large inclo-sure,
northern foothills, Santa Rita :\1ountai.ns ................. _ 62
\T. J'ig . 1.-lfay 1nea.c. lo"·, Salt Ri,.ei· · \'aJley. Fig. 2.-Erosion alo.ng
Pantano ,vash, east of San.ta Rita :\1ounta.inE .... _..... . . . . . . . . . . ('l2
,-1. ,\lfilerilla. ra11ge: Fig·. 1.-.A.lfileriJla a11d Indian ,rheat near Dudley-ville.
Fig. 2.-.Affilerilla aJ1d India.n "·beat near Oracle . . . . . . . . . o2
,'TL 'I'􀋓􍍲ro pl1ases of the raJ1ge question: l<'ig. 1.-Go,ats and th.e oak brush
Llpon ,rliich they live. Fig. 2.-1 L'he ren1ains of thirteen head of
cattle in a sp􀋔􍑣ce of 30 feet al0ug a Elllilll arroyo near -􀋕􍕩ii Vaca .. _.. 6'2
\TifI. 1-Tay. ing scenes in southern _,lrizoua.: Fig. 1.-:\Iexicans at Sopori
stacking "celite" (.4ina:ranllius palrneri). Fig. 2.-A ?-lez.ican
packing l1a? fron1 the ruountains- . ........ :..................... 62
IX. Na.ti\·e pasture lands i11 sontheru .A,rizona: Fig. 1.-Galleta (Jlilaria
·;nut·iea) in a s,va.le south of "\'ail Station. :Fig. 2.-.cl. round-up in
the northern foothills of the San ta l{i t a :\Iolu1 ta.ins ..... _ . . . . . . . . 62
X. Fig. 1.-A.n ocoti!la forest about 4 1niles nort.hea􀋖􍙴t of the larg:e inclo-snre.
Fig. 2.-'fhe ,York of prairie dogs upon the neirthern slope
of the Y'i'hite iV[ounta,ir1s ..._ . . . .. . . . .. .. . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . .. . .. .. . 62
T.EX:T FIGURE.
FIG. 1. Diagram of the large inclosure in tl1e nortbe1·n foothills oithg Sant.a
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Rita 1Iount a ins . .. . . __. ......................._ . _ ...._ . _. ..... _ 17
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B. P. I.-U7. G. F. P .. 1.􀀋􀬱10(1.
RANGE INVESTIGATIONS IN ARIZONA.
INTRODUCTION.
Tl1e tlisct1ssions of the fo'llo,ving· pag·es a1·e basecl upon experi111ental
work a,nd obse,r vationi:; made in the Territorv of Arizona lJetween the . .
rr1011tbs of Aug·ust, 1900, an·d November, 1903, in cooperatio11 with the
Arizona Experin1e11t Station. The experi1ne11tal ,vorlc tl1us far }1as
l:>e􀅔􅑬l'l conducted i1i1on the su1all inclost1re near Tucson, a disc:ussio11 of
,vhicb was tl1e 11rain feature of Bulleti11 4: o·r this series. Sl1eh da:ta.
reg·arr:li11g this worlt us were not il1clt1ded i11 tl1at puLlication are. dis­ct1:;
secl here. 'fhe OIJl)ortunities of the \¥riter for observatio.n of the
condittons o l)tai ni ng· throl1g'hout the 111ain g·rfL2jng· areas l1a.,·e been very
good, <3Sp.ec.iall}· during· ,a residence of an acaclen1ic year at T11cs9n in
1900-1901 _􀀔􁑴trtd during the s11ri11g, Bun1mer, 􀂰􋁮n.d autunin of 1903.
Besides Yisiti11g· th.c r<􀅕􅕧g·ion ,vithin 60 1ujles of 'Cucs<)n at all season&
of the )tear, the follo,,1ing list of trips ov<􀂱􋅲r the cl iffereut portior1B of
the range eountry ·is a:p1)ende(l f0r the l)nrpose or fixi11g· ,nore dennitel_y
tbe time at ,vbich these observations w e ,re 1nade, as ,vell as to 1nake
tl1e data ac.co1npanying· the rather larg·e collections of• forag·e. a.nd otl1er
plants secured l1po11 these several journeys and after,vards deposited
in ·various herbaria. more eorr1plete:
October 6 to 1 \); 1900. Tucsort to '"7ilcox via. 8ensor1, and 1􀆎􈹥etntn ·vi a Pearce and
'rorn bst0ne .
Deaeinber 6 to 23, 1900. Maricopa. to 'fen1pe, and r-etnTn to Picacho -via. lVIesa a.11rl
Florence.
i\'[a.rGh 17 !o 22, 1903. Tucson to J􀆏􈽡aosa. via. Sopori and Arivaca, an:d return Yia
Ba.buquiva-ri 1.\Jionntains and Robles .
.o1a.rch 24: t6 30, 1903. Tucso1i to. D·udl􀆐􉁹yville via 1\ii lJo\v Spring 1\i[onntains, and
return via San Pedro a.nd across the I{inco11 l\Iountains to Tanque ,rercte.
April 7 to 15., J,903.. Tutson to .Nogales, and return to Phoenix. viaArivtica, Coyote,
San:
ta Rosa, and C,1sagrand􀆑􉄭-
.01a,y 15.t.o 1$, 190,3. Vi'illian1s to Bright A.ngel and return.
,Tune 29 to July 8; 1903.. Huachuca i.\'lountaint:; to Cannanea, Sonora, lVf.exico.
July ltJ t.0 17, 1903. Pre,<;cott t6 ofayer.
July 18 to 19, 1903. .Ash F@rk and \.Villiams.
Ji.1ly 20 to 23, 19Q3. Flagstaff·aad soutl1 to 􀆒􉈧'ldgollc;n1 i\1ounta.ins.
July· 25 to 26, 190'3. VVinslo-.v and Holbrook.
August 8 to 17, 1903. Adama1ia to Fort. Apache via Long H ranch and St. Johns,
retqrning via Sho,vh:nY.
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10 RAN(+ E lN\'J􀀠􂁓S'l'lG ;\.'rl()NK JN .A RIZQN J.\.
September 12 to 22, 1903.. 1-i.dau1al1-a to Chin Lee, a.n<1 return. via Na,;-ajq.
Sept.ember 24 to 25, 19QS. :i?reseott to )'.Iayer.
October 6 to 11, 1903. Tues.on to Pa.tagonia via Greaterville and Cottonwood, !\lld
return via. Sopori, A.rivaca, .Babuquivari 11ountains, a.nd Rob1$s.
Tl1is rather fortnal list tfi,k:
es no cognizance of tl1e ,vork do11e 1Jetween
train:3 a11d 011 sl1ort s.tops at ,·arions places a.long· the li11e.s of ra.ilroacl,
especially on the main li11e of the Sa,nta. Fe systen1, the Santa Fe, Pres­c0tt
and Pl1oenix, and tl1e S.anta ]'e, Ptescott a11cl Eastern rail"ra3's,
betV1,ee11 Neeclles and Gall111J a.nd lJetween Pl1oenix and Ash Fork.
Arizona has a total area of 72,332;800 acres, of ,vhich only 254,521
acres are impro,e.d; b11t there are reserv-e,l 19,724;71·7 a.cres, aceo1·d­ing
· to Go,·ernor Brodie's re1)ort to the SecTetary of tl1e Interior j11
1902. 􀈪􂨂􀈫􂬠 IJart of this reser,e la11d ii'I a vai1a: ble £or g·razing· purposes
ttnder certain restrictio11s, grazing being allo􀈬􂱶ved l1pon all the fGrest
reser,Tes excepting· tl1e Grand Can.ron1 and of course the I11di.ans raise
a gre:stt cleal of stoclt ur>on tl1eir res.ervations. Talring· e\rer:ything· into ·
conside-ration, there are probab1)7 t1pward of 65,000,000 a.cre.s a.vailalJ}e
fo·r stock raising·.
According· to the Twelfth Census (1900)􀄃􀌠 thexe vvere in tbE\ Territory
1􀀗􁜰033-:63-4: 11niti:; of stoclt, sheep and goats l)eing ea1culated at tl1e rate
of 6 to 1 bo,·ine a11in1al i11 relation to pn.stl1re co11su111ption. U11fbr­tunately
no clistinct,io11 was ma.cle: in these Cens1:1s reports l:ietweeJ1
range and far. 111 stock, so that it. is im1Jossible to, de. termine fro111 the
lists. the 11t1mber of stouk s11p1Jortecl on 11ati,re pastuxes. 􀄄􀐭-lll tha.t,can
l)e said i);i that there ,-vas in th(} l'errito:ry i111900 one ani1nal unit to
ap1)roxi111ately every 65 acres of la.nd a,-􀄅􀕬lilable for stock 1Jurpose.$.
ThiB inclL1des farm. anin1als as ,vell as ra.ng'e Btock. It is i11teresti11g·
to (rornpar􀈭􂴠 tl1ese fig·ures witl1 tl1ose given b:r 1\ir. C. '\i\7
• G0Tdor1 in
the statistics of the T·enth Ce11s1ls. Here .:;v[r. Gordon, ,vho- made an '
e,labora,te re1Jort upon the co11ditions, as ,ve]l as the nt1nlb'er of ani1na-ls,
estimated that in1 880 there were 229,062 ltnit$ of stocJc, occnpy· ing
43,750 square miles of range lands, or 1 unit, to 122{24: a.ci-es. ·
THE SMALL INCLOSURE.
A full de,acri1)tio11 of the-small inclosul'e ,,a.s g·i,·en in Bulletin No. 4
of this series. after the -first })lantin·g· vra􀈮􂸠 1na.de in the ,􀈯􂽩inter .of 1901.
It will not he necessary. therefore. to enter into tl1e detailR of tl1e . . .
,vork. on thjs area. anv ft1rtl1er tl1ail to diBct1.ss l>riefl, the re. :;ults whic-h • •
ha,e l)eeu sect1Tecl 1)). the e-xi)eriments ,\·bich ,T"ere 􀈰􃁵ug·g·ested at that
time. a.uc1 which have bee11 ea.rriecl on 􀄆􀙩i.nce ,vitl1 s11cl1 111oditieatioos and ,
clia11ge· :; as further light and e.:>rperie11ce l1a\re cho,Tn to be uece.ssar3·.
As stated i11 Bulleti11 No. !-, Bon1e si->: .'t.,,. -s1Jecie4. of forag·e plant:;;
,,􀄇􀝥e1'e sown1 the ,vorl-: being 1Jeg·un on tl1e 10th and finished on the 23d
of ,Ja11t1ary. 1001. ;I'hese plants were gi,·en Ya.riou:-{ foi·1n,s of treat­n1ent,
the seed_ of some bei11g· co,ere.d b:f' a di:Sk h,1.rrow a.nd of others
'l'HE Si\'f.ALL INCLOSDRI:;. 11
by a smoothing harro,·y; i11 some cases the grot1nd 1vas l1arrowecl or
disk:ed befo.re planting', and in ot,l1ets tl1e seecl ,va.s SOW11 011 the Ul1Ctll­tivated
mesa. Beside$ the seed 80.wn, LipJJia 1'eJ.)e1is, recorn1nendecl as
ti soil binder for arie:l. situations. wa.s plantecl on one of the embank:­n1ents.
This plant is i:itill living· and has co,•er􀌈􀡤d the spaces bet,ve0n
the l1ills in a fe,:v place1': l)Llt it cnn batdI:r l)e. 0onsidered 11ron1isirrg
for sit1-1ation.s which do 11ot recei,re 1nore rainfall tha11 these n1esas.
Planting·s of this species snl1sequentl_y 111ad.e have failed entirel_y.
'I'he ,rast majority of the planti 1)g·c' of g·r't4sses 111ade. the fiTst 3rear
,vere a fail11re fron1 the stftrt; tl1at is, the seed clicl riot g·erminate a.t
all. There ,,,ere so1ne g·ood rain-1; follo,v· ing· closely· up.o11 tl1e co1nple·­tion
of the seeding, furnishing· icleal conditions for tbe g·er1ninatiop of
snc.11 g·rasses and otJ1er forag·e plants as aTe a.dapted to the prevajli11g
conditions at tbnt season. '[he followi11g· are 'tl1e n1ean, temperatute.s
for tl1e early' months of 1901 at tl1e trniversit)·, 5 n1iles dista11t: Jan11-
ary·, 51° ]'.; FebTLlttr)r, 52° F.; lVIaroh, 55.6° F.; AJ)ril, 61.7:i ]?.
As . ,vill be seen £ro1u an. exa1nination of the lists J)ublishecl in 13111-
letin N·o. 4 of the Buteau of Plant Ind11stry, son1e of the seed J)lanted
vvas fron1 the Nortbv·vester11 8tates, }:>,11t the g·roater r)art of it was
native see. d gat,berecl the pre,,io11s autn1nn. A considerable gt1antit3r
,vhic11 n1ig·ht b.e consic1erec1 nati,,e ,vas nevertheless f r.0111 ft '\fery differ­ent
situation f1 ·onJ tbat in ,,,bich it. \vas fJlantecl t11'.>on the. 111esas sur­ro11nding
· Tucson. A.· exan1J>le.s i11a.v be 1uentio11ed the see.cl sectired
in 8nlpht1r 81)ring· Valle:f, Ari􀂇􈝯ona, and i11 Silver City, N. 1\1ex., a11 of
,vl1ich g·rew at high ele,ratio,11s. A eon11:>.ari:;;;on of the northern and
southern seed during· the two following· n1onth8 ,¥"a$ ,,er:y· inte1·esting·
indeed. It ·,vas tl1e s.eecl fro.111 tl1e 11ortb,vest wbicl1 g·a,re pr-Otnise of
success during· February and earl)r March. Severa.l specie8 fron1 the
n.ortb gern1in􀌉􀥴ted rernarl{'abl3r. well, while the vast 1najorit3r o.f the
native s1)ecies did nothing, a::; ,vas to 1Je expected, for the3r n1ak:e their
g·ro,vth clL1ri11g· the hot, 1noist weathor froo'l Jul3· to Septen1l>er. To
this g·e11:eral i-ule, l1owever, tl1ere ,vere :;0111e n1axk:􀌊􀩤d exceptions.
Boittel61ta oliqostacliytt, for instance, gern1inated ·"vell and there was a
g·ood sta.nd of i t on pl0ts 4.3 n,nd 69 ir1 JYlarcl1. LTpo11 tl1e:-se plots native
seed ,va􀌋􀬠 soxvn, but it ,va,s see·ured frorn an aJtitt1de of a})out 5,000 feet.
Seed of this si:ieoi@S. r􀌌􀱣ceived :fron1 tl1e north did. not g·er1t1inate, pos­:s
il1l3· owi11g· to its 1Jejng· old or poorJ)r 111atured·. Niany of the native
speGie1'> ,·vbich did n.othi1􀌍􀵧g u1)011 the rang·e g·crulinate<l in the g·rass
g·ftrden· a few days later in the jteason, as discus,Sec1 in tl1e text a,nd
tal;,l􀌎􀹳s g·i,,e11 belo,v. Reset1e g·rnss (Brort1l1ts 1t.11;i.olQ£rle:s) pt1rchasec.l
from :;eed1;rr1en and, of t1nk:no,,rn orig-in geru1inate.d ,veil enoug·h to
m:.ake a g·ood stancl bad it 1Jeen al)le to con1ba.t the droug·ht of spring·
and early su11ltner. It ,vould ha,'e s11caeetled n1uch better, 110 do11bt. '
if it had, beeri phtnted in .earl)· autq111n.
The following tabular statement i11 con11ection 􀌏􀼬,ith Bulletin No. 4
1􀀂􀈠 RANGE IN,TES'l'IGA'.l'IONS IN 􀀠􂁊J\.RlZONA.
will ser,ro to em1Jhasize tl1e f􀅠􆁣ct that i t ,vas the n0Tthern-g·row11 􀅡􆅥eed
,y}1ich germinated to bei:;t ad,,antag·e upon the- range plots during the
cool weather of spring·:
Reeo·rel o.f gei'1nination tipon 1·ange plots, spring o.f 19.01.
Xa1ue of plant-,
A.g.re>pyron spicatum ........ .
A.gr<>,pyron 9cciden tale ...... .
A.triplex ·canescens .......... .
Ati:iple;\: ha.Jilnoidcs .......... .
Atriplex semiba<;ca.t.a ....... .
1 􀇋􌭵uu1ber 1 of plot.a Ortgiu of the seed. I Date of •germina­ti,
on. Condiiton.
6 ,􀁷􇞷·ana \Va.JJa, \\',tsll ......... Feb. 9 Good stand.
7 a.nd 68 .....d o ........... : .......... ....d o ... Thin stand.
33 'l'uco n, Ariz................ \lJ.ar.- 4 Good snind.
-.10 C,aJ iforn.ill. . . .. . . . .. .. ... . . .. Ma.r. S Verv tbi n stand-. 43 ..... do .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . Feb. 9 Good .sta.nd.
Bonteloua oligostachy,t . . . . . . 43 and 69 Cochise-, .a.r.iz- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l\Iar. ' Do.
Elymus canadcnsi .. .. . .. .. .. 61 Sil,·er Ciry, K. l\Iex ......... .... do ... Thin stand .
.Elymus anibignus ·/ ......... .
Elymus co.Qdensatus' ........ . • Elyruus ,·irginicus submuti-c,
11,.
Agropyrou tenerum ......... .
-.1g-ropyro)..l s,iici.tum .........
nro1nus polyanthus panioula-t
·us..
Pbleum asp·erum ............ .
63 \\'alla \Valla., ,vash . . . . . . . . Feb. 21 Very thin s.tand.
6<t 􀁷􇝙Yashingt.o.n ................ 'i\tar. $ Thin shind.
65 \\'alla \\'alla, \\'ash ......... : ... do ... Very-thin st-.1nd.
\ 66 .....d o ...........................d o ... Thin stand.
67 ..... do....................... Feb. 9 Good 􀇌􌱴t.a.nd .
i-i -Silver City.􀇍􌴭- Mex ....·. .... )Ja- r. 8 Do.
i5 ,,1·a11a ,􀇎􌺷·alla,. ,,vash . . . . . .. . . ...d o ... Do.
t(Fbr information as to the location of the plots ai1d lietllocls of oulf.ure, tee .Bul. No. 4, Bureau.of
Plant Industry, 1901.
Shortly after con11)letiug the seeding· on the rang'e plots, a small
g·ra:qs gard,en ,,i,as estal)lisl1ed on the university eamr)ns in rath.er a pro­tected
place behi ncl the n1air1 l)uilding·. This was c1esig·ned for pt1rely
::ieielltific stt1d->·, l)nt it ser,;·ecl ue,Tertheless as a ,-er}' instructiv· e checlt
upon the species plantecl ou the rang·e. The pla,nting· ,va,s done l1ere
on the 13tl1 anc1 14:tl:i of Fe1)ruary aocl the ploh􀅢􆈠 ,vere irtig·ated by
well \vater when they needed it. 'fhe saltbushes \',-ere l)lantecl in a
plot b.)' tl1e111selves at so111e dista11ce frorn tl1e building·, and corse­quentl.
Y in a more exposed place.
Tl1e following tabular statement list-s all the plants sown upon the
range ,,rbieh g·,erminated under irrig·atio11 and did not du so under the
natural rnesa conclition;:;. Tl1e t,·,..,-o tal)les, therefore, include all species,
the iseed of ,vhic]1 wa􀅣􆌠 of k:no\'vn origin, l)1anted 011 the n1esa, whic,h
g·ermin,.tteL1 in tl1e s1)ri11g·; bnt tl1e last table cloes not gi,•e a complete
recorcl of tl1e gras;:;-garclen g·errni11atioui:;, for t,herc ,-vere mau3, tbi11gs
pla.nted i.i1 the graBs g·arde11 that ,1;,ere not at hai1d in suficient qt1an-tit3r
to l)e sown lll)Oil the n1esa:
'
•
''l'HE S􀀚􁩉I1\.LL INCLOSU&E. 13
R.ecord o,f r;erinination UJ>On ·irrigate.cl gru,ss garden, S)Jr·ing o,f 19CJ.l.
Nun1ber Date of
Name. of plot.a germina- Source of se ed. Con cl i ti on.
1 tion. •
-
Sporobolus cr_ypt.1J1dn1s ...... 6 Nov .. J;f Tticson. Ari% . ... - ..- - - - -.... 'J'hin 1<ta.nd.
Sporob􀅽􇵬lll􀅾􇸠 ,vright ii • + • + + • • •- • 7 l\fa.r. 4 . . . . cl o ....................... aoocl sland .
Ch loris elegans ............... 1 1 lYiar. 22 .. ... (10 ...................... ·1 Ver:,· t l.i in ;􀁧􆝴tt,nd.
􀅿􇽲ru h lenbergi:1. gn,cil is ........ 13 l!ft)·. ·l Cochise, Ariz ............... · Thin st,1.nd.
liili,ria cenchroidc·, .......... 17 􀀄􀑊Jar 2􀀄􀐠 Ne,v hlexico .... .. ........... ·ver,. tl1iu stand.
Poa ie:ndleria1u1. .............. 31 j)l,11·. 1:.> Sl;lver City. N'. Dfex .......... Go<>d stJ1.nd.
I'haseolus relusns ............ 38 1"1ar. 22 Ne.iv l\Iexico ................ Do.
.
Andropogon sacchai:oilies .... 39 ;\far. 6 Cochise, Ariz ................ Thin stand.
Eoutel-oua rothrockii b_ ....... 40 Apr. 13 ...•. do ....................... Very thin 1,til.nd .
A triplex lent.iformi􀆀􈀠 .........• 62 lYiar. 15 Tempe, Ariz ................. Thin stancl.
At.riplex polyca.rpa ........•.. 69 .•.. do ... .....d -0. .......· ··-····-······ Do
«These are nu-mbcr􀁧􆜠 of plots i n the grass garde11 ttnd ha,•e no reference to previously published
numbers.
!>This ,vas incorrect]􀆁􈄬, call.ed B. votystachya in Bul. No. 1 of t.he Bureau oi Plaut Industry in referring
to plots 26,31, a.ocl 70. Throughout that plblicIT.tion these t,vo species ,ve.re uot segregated.
BJ' the n1iddle of l\!Iay there was nothing· which had been. plantecl
lll)On tJie range plotr: alive, ex·cept a little LiJ.2pict re21e1is, ,v-bich had
been placed. Hp"G>n one 0£ the e1nbartl{rnents throwu up across an old
:roadnTa:y, and a few scattered plants of ,shad scale (Af7r£JJlex oaneste?is)
on area F. Everything· 􀁢􆉥else had succun1tJed to the droug·ht ,vhicb
invariably prevt1.ils in tl1is reg·ion fron11\tlarcl1 to .Ttlne.
Dt1riug the rain:r season of the following· Attg·nst se,,eral plants
wl1ich were 􀈈􀡯own i n the \Yinter gern1inatecl and. made s0n1e g·ro·,vth.
The 1n<;>st c.onspicLlOus 0£ these was l\1etcalfe's l1ear1 (Pl1.ctseoltt8 ?'etilsus),
which ger1hinated and gre,v beautiftdlj' throu,gh Aug·ust, bt1t died OLlt
co111pletely O.)' the 1niddle of Septerr1 ber. Antlro;;o9011 sacclicl'ro£des and
Oli.lo1·is elega1is n1a.cle a ,,er3T s1nall g·ro,vth, hut nothing· c.om111ensttrate
witl1 tbe qua11tity of seed sown and the lalJor inYolved.
During· the auttll11n of 1903 there wa􀈉􀤠 notl1ing·to show for the l)lant­ings
of 1901 except a fe\Y strny t)lants of A11,d1'0[JO(Jo1i sa,cclia,roides in
the southeastern cor11er of the field, a sin1ilar gro,vth of shad scale on
portions of are,a F, ancl a s111all stri1J of Li]Jpict 1·epens· on o.ne of the
emba11k111ents. None of these, ho\'.\7ever, g·a,·c pro111ise 0f success.
In June, 1901, the ,-vriter discontinued his conne.ction ,vith the Ari­zona
Experiment Sti1tio11 to acee1)t h.is 1)resent lJO:-ition in the U11itcd
S.tates Depart1nent of i\.g·riculture. The ,vorlt ttt)o11 the s111all tract
was IJlaced u11der the i1n111ediatt􀈊􀨠 stit)ervision of Prof. ,r. ,J. 'fhornbur,
0£ that stati.OYi. Dtlring the st1n·11ner of 1902 coo1)erative arrang·e-
1nents V11 ere enterecl int.a by tl1e Department of· Airric.ulture and the
Atizona .stntion. ,vhe.reby the investig·ations on the small tract were to
be continued n,nd tho􀈋􀭥e upQn the larg·e t1:act, clisc.:ussed later, were to
be instituted. Since tl1at ti111e Professor Tbornbur has had cl1arg·e of
the w· or:lt UfJ011 th􀈌􀰠 small tract and the writer that upon the, iarg·e ttaet.
14 RANGE Il\􀀗􁝔TESTIGATIONS IN ARTZON·.A..
The f0llowing· parag·ra·Jhs relatirrg· t@ tbe work: L1po11 the sznall tract
are based upo11 data obtained from rep.ort.s furnished this ofice by
Professor Tbornbur.
Since the 􀈏􀽲rinter of 1900-1901 considerable work has been performed
on tbis area ii1 a11 attem1)t to conserve storn1 \\1 aters by th,e erection of
embank111ents and by the introduction of forag·e plants wl1icb ,,ill
thrive u11der tl1e ad,•a.ntag·es aforded by the dams. It is believed that
t.he perennial plants wl1ic.l1 ha-r e beel1 sown tht1s far can 11ot be success­full3-
establishecl upon these 1uesas witbo.ut caTetL1l attention to the soil
a11d con:-Jervation .of the waters, l)oth of ,,bicb entail c;onsiderable
expense.
The dams built 􀈐􁀭-ere thrown t1p across the water course.s as in the
winter of 1901. but their forn1:s ha,-e been sligl1tl31 cha.nged hecause it
was fol1nd tl1at the di version of the water did not Sltfice to :;pread it
Ol1t , -er:5, mL1ch nor to chec.k its flo,r sufieientl_y to allo,'"r it to J)enetrate
the g·round as 111uch as necessary. This is especially ti:ue with refer­ence
to the summer rains. The })recir>itation during the winter n1onths,
although cansir1g· consideral)le run-of, is much more gentle a11d pene­trates
the g·round more readil .f.
The ,vo1'k: done thu$ far seen1s to indicate that tbe most efi.ci􀈑􁅮nt dam
for a g·entl:r sloping n1esa is ooP ':\" h ich is so ronstrt1cted that it will spill
arou.nd tl1e ends n􀀬􂱨he!' <:be 􀈒􁈭-vater has rea.checl a . b('ig·l1t of 11ot more than 12
inches. Tl1is reqt1ire111ent den1a11ds that the dain be constrt1cted nea.rly
on contot1r lines, a. exce1:it at the ends, which are turned so as to retain
,vater Ul) to the desired depth anGl si1read it over as 1J1uch grot1nd as
p,ossiblE>. Besides tl1e two da1ns n1entioned in Bulletin No. . -4, sev·en
additional ones were bt1ilt in ,January, 1902. 'rh·ese v-ar.r i11 1eng·tb:
from 270 to 600 feet and in height from 12 to 24 inches, and are built 􀀃􀌠
at an average cost of a. little 1nore than $13.
In Januar3', 1902, some seeding '"as done, bL1t only i n favored places,
1nostly above thB en1ba.nkme11ts. Fewer SJ)ecies were planted than the
previou:; 5·ear, and only t,vo n1ade an3r growth at all. Egy1)tian clo,,er
('Jr, -2:folii,rn, alexa1iclrin.irrn) and Paniczt1n texct1iurn were sown in the
sa.me dam, tl1e first in th.e lo\,er situation. The Eg_yptia11 clover ger­n1inated
beautift1lly earl5· in Aug11st, but all c.lied i11 a ver5- short titne.
Panicu ,n te:ta.1i1.tm, 11rod t1ced onl_\7 a few plants, ,v hicb n1ade no seed.
Besides the abo,·e, seeds of the following species we.re pla11ted:
lilai·ia, 1nutica,. Bouteloua rotl1-1·ockii, At1·i1Jlex c01·01iata, 􀁅􄔭-1. ele9a1is,
􀀃􀌭-1:. riuttallii. A. ca1, iesce1is, A. b7'acteosa, 􀈓􁌴4.. polycarpct, A. nurn,1iiula1·ia,
Li. l1alill1oides, .rl. lc>ptocet/l'po.,., A. seo2ibaccata, A. ereniicola.􀁁􄄠 .Rhagodia
t·nerrni, s, ancl R. liriifolia. No seedling·s of any of these species were
observed.
During tl1e last '"'􀈔􁑥eelt in June, 1903, a third seeding· ,vasi tione. As
i11 the second operation. the seed ,vas so"n in the ,-icinit􀈕􁔬, of the da.ms
<tThis for111 of dam "·as- first soggest.ed by Prof. 8 . .!):L 1.'Vood,Yard.
THE SMALI, INCLO.SURE. 15
and the groun9- was prc1)ared to 1'ecei,1e it. ln son1e cases, however,
seed ,vas so1v11 belo\v the da1ns, as ,veil as above them. The f0llGr􀍜􅱶ving·
species were planted: l0)a11 i<:tt1.11 tewanttni, Aricl1·01Jogo11. saecliaroides.,
Boutelo1-ia ciirt·i,yJen,diila., B. 1'otliroclcii, B. otigostacliya, B. liirs·uta,.
E. cr,ristidoides, .Er iocliloa JJit11 "CJtata,, SjJorob.olits ·w1'ig J,,tii, S. s.t?·icta,,
S. cryptcmclr1is, ]>/1.aseolu.s ret1usus, Jl.stra,gcilits 11:uttcilllctn:us, Climt0cliloc1;.
crnnpositct, Pctpp0JJlro1·ii1n aper't'u1n, Olilo1·'is eleqct1is., .E'lyrn/1-ts qlcib1·ifolvus,
E7Jicct-1nJJes rifJl3'li.s, and L(!JJtocliloa,, d·ubici.
In all cases tl1e seed 􀃅􌕶vas sown very thitJc. 1-lad Itll .g·ro,vi1, the
Illa11ts 'IYOt1ld l1a·ve l:>eet1 entirely too nt1n1erous upon the g·rouncl. I11
n1a11.)1 case.s four times as 1nL1ch seed was s0􀍝􅴱1n as woulcl 1Jroduoe a
g·ood stand if it all g·Tow. Experience has sho,-:v11 that a g'.00cl deal of
t· he native seed is of very lovv g·er1ninating quality, and n1t1st often be
so,v1f excessi,􀍞􅹊J:v thiclt in otder to even appToximate a sta,nd.
:Wfan_y of the seeds of plants sown this tin1e 111ad.e consicleral>le g·rowth, . ,.
but only in tw.o or thrae cases ,vas there a.n)1thing· lik:e a stan. clsect1red.
A1ili1'opogon, saccl1-ct1·oille$, .BoitteZoitct cu1'tiz:;en.dittct, B. olir;ostachyci, .B.
liirs·uta, and LeJJtochl1Jct d1.tuict all n1acle thin stancls. Bo1.iteloiic1, rotli.-
1·ool:£i n1ade a scattering g:ro,,;rth in 011e situatio11 aud 􀀆􀙌L1i.tc a. £air stand
i11 a11qther, but nowhere ,vas tl1ero a better stand 􀃅􌕶vl10re it Vi'aS so,vn
than on favora'l)le 1:>itt1a:tio11s u1)or1 tl)􀀅􀔠 __ unc1.1ltirated and uncli$turbecl
1ne.s.a in the i1nn1ediate vicil1ity·. The best sta11􀍟1􀍠􆀮. a.ilcl the l)est gro,vtl1
w.ere secL1red witJ1 ]3a1iicu111, texa11.it1n. and Clilo1·is r:leqct1is, Tl1e forn1er
\tras especially g·ood in })laces, b1it very 11neve11 011 a.cc0u11t of having:
been so,vn partial 15, in the cle1)ressi011s i11 the dau1s ,vb ere tl1e s1.,1rfaG_e,
soil l1ncl been 1·en1ovecl :for the coustractiorr of the en1bank1ue11t$ and
pnrtiall_y 111Jon ordinary "'eathered soil. The lo􀍡􆅶ver clepressions clot1bt­]
ess l1e1d water ii little to.Q Jong tifter the st1n11ner rains for tJ1e b.e,·t
developn1ent of th,e g·r􀍢􆉳s. Ir1 @110 of the clan1s there ,-\'t.t.;:; consicleral:>ly
les.s t .
han one􀍣􆍨h.alf acre ,vl1icl1 ,voul<l c11t at the rate of 1 tort of dry
feetl 1)er 'ftcre. 'l'l1ere \Yas abo11t a qun.rter of an acre of Clilo1·is e.l.egc61is
in 011e of tl1e dan1s ,vl1ich ,voulcl :rield at the rate of one-fourth to11. of
dry feed per acre. Pct11,ic1i111, texct1i u11i hat. }'ie.lde.cl by far the 111ost
protnising Tesults of anything triefl thus· far. lt is :rn annual, ho􀍤􆐧'­ever,
anr.l can not be used except i11 so1x1e sucJ1 wa5, as tl1e com1no11 cul­ti,
rated 111illets. There is little <.loubt that this.g·rass is capabl'e qf con­siderable
a1Jplic􀍥􆕴tion in forage-plant ct1lt.ure in this te,g:ion. lf the
seed cot1ld l)e sect1Tecl at 1:easonable price;') it 1r,ig·ht be sow11 upo.n
barleJ7 fields for tl1e prodL1ctioh of st1m111er and fall g·razing· and possi­l>
ly fox a s1nall cro1J of ha5r in Oct,o)J,er. It mat1.1,r.ed this year in about
11inety da31s after bei11g so,vn.
The beha,,io1· of some .9.f the r1ative g·rasses was ver)' interestiug
this year, especiall5r when coosiderecl fForn the stanclp.oint of seed
habits. Usually perennial g·rasses <.lo 11ot 1nature mt1ch seed the
:fear they ar, e l)lant.ed. The case is very .different witl1 species from
thi:.:; regi0n. Some of t.he111, althoug·h <.listinctl)' peren11ial ifl habit,
4416-No. 67-01 2
16
.
RANGE INVE$T.1GATIONS lN ARIZON,A.
r11-at1re seed i n abunclance in thr􀋆􌙥e months aftel.' being s,own. This
was especially the case ,v-ith A1itl/ropogori scicclicr,.r.o-ides, Boutel.oi.ta
ltirsitta, and B. o-Cir;ostaoliyr.i, a11d less conspicuously true of B.
.cu1·tipendu la-. B0 1J. telo1tc,1 1·otl i1·oo.lr:i- i and L􀋇􌝊Jt ocliloa, ditbia p rodi1 ced
mature heads _from 1Jracti9alljr every plant which grew. Bo-utelouc1,
rotlvroolcii produced fi11e, la,rg·e bunches, ,􀋈􌡩itl1 a11 abu11dance of mature
seed. It should be noted that, the latter i$ but: a short-live,d pe-rennial
at lJest. It is the1'cfore 11ot so surprising· tl1at it $hould prod,,uee an
ab11nd-ance of seed tl1e fii·st season. Triclilo1·1'.s fuso/,cttlcita, oft-en pro­d11ces
t,vo crops of seed-one it1 :01ay a11d tJ1e other i n September-in
neglectecl spots a11d £en.Ce corners in the Salt R.iver Valley.
THE LARGE INCLOSURE.
Dtlring··the s1)ri11g· of 190-3 arra11g:e.me11ts wer􀂠􊀠 11:iade for e11larg·ing
the WOI'k: bc:g·u11 lll)011 tl1e. mesas near TtlCSOll in 1900. Per111ission
having· 1Jee11 g-rante(l by the, De1,artment of the Int:e.rior, an irreg_ :nlar
tract of la11cl t11)on tl'ie Santa.Rita,Forest Reserve, .co11ta.inir1g· 49.2 square
1uiles, or 31,488 acres, in the :four tYe\vnshi1Js Nos. 18.ati.d . 19, in ranges
14 n.n,d 15 ea13t, Gila an(l Salt l{i,rer 111eridia11, was inclos.ed b.jr a fo.t1r­
􀋉􌤬,-rire fence, co1npleted early in ,J t1ne (fig·. 1). :practically all stock, Vi•as
exclt1de<l fron.1 the tract b3r tbe 10th of J 1-.1ne. This ar􀂠􊁡a diffe-Ts ver.)r
n1aterially fro.111 the cle:;ert 111esas 11po11 V11hich the s111all i11closure is
si tuate(1, as will l)e seeri from the descTiJ>tions gi,ren belo\v. 1\111ch of
it is situatecl ,vi th.in tl1e altitucle ,\1here 1Jere11nial .g·rf1sses are IJroduced,
ancl i t is tl1erefore capaole of sustaining· m ucl1 more stock tnan tl1e
small inclosl1rc llI)On the h1esa.
TOI:'Q,GRAPilY.
1'he l)ortion of t}te Santa Rita Forest 1-teser,re which, after a p1·􀋊􌩬limi­narjr
st1r,􀋋􌭥e;r, it was decicled to fence js located in tl1e r1orthern fo0t­l1ills
of the Sa-nta Rita l\1ou11tains. It has a genera.l northwe.stexly
slo1'.le to,vard the Sa.nt!t Cruz Ri,rer (Pl. III, fig·. 2). All of th:e reg·ion
is ,-vell draii1ecl a11cl the.re is co11seqt1entljr 110 accu111.u latiot1 of allz.ali at
any point. Cor1sidera,ble qt1a11tities of 􀋌􌰬,ater flow o·ver portions oi the
are:a at certain seasons of the year. The 1)reseoce of At1·ipl&J:J cct1iescens
ir1 the nortl1wester11 portio11 does not necessarily ir1dicate that ther-e are
aecur11.ulations of solt1ble salts in the soil at this point.
'I'he field, as a ,vbole, contains t31pical foothill pastt1re lands of tl1e
reg·io11 at this altitude. Alo11g the eastern side there are rock:)', steep
blufs risi11.g 500 to 800 feet above the _g;eneral level of the· area. To
the west arid south. of this p0int tl1ere are g·entl_y sloping· area:s free
from brush. On tl1e west half of the north sicle there occurs a co11-
sidera.ble area of '' washecl c0u11try,)) wl1ile the east half of this sid.e is
a typical arid, cre.psote-l:>i1$l1 area wl1ere no g·rass of any conseg_J1e11ce
ever g·ro\·vs. No11e of the higl1er mou11ta.ir1 areas bas beer1 included on
,
THE LARGE INbLOBUl'tE. 17
􀃖􍙣ceot1nt of the difict1lty a11d expe.nse of fencing. Neither ,are any
botton:i lands included, fot none of the typicu.l river bottoms lies within·
the reserve. 'I'he blufs spok:en of a. J;>ove, however, a,ns,ver ver:r well
for the mot111tajn area, for they ba·ve upo11 them son1e or the n1ore
val, r1able mount.a.in g·rass.es; but tl1ey possess the disadvantage of not
J
􀀃􀍩i
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ROADS
ARROYOS - - - -
SLOPES < 4?/P/q
SCALE 150 MM
I Ml LE
2
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,-
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19
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-:G􀀅􀕉I;􀀆􀘬,
-F'IG". 1.-Diagt'n)ll of the large incl·osure in th.e 1lortl:lern footlrllls of tbb Santi􀁐􅀠 Rita-􀁑􅅲rounini1i1,.
g·ettin,g tl1e rainfall of the l1ig·l1.,er n1otmtaius. It is to be r(?g·retted
tba:t no bottorrt land cot1ld have been fencetl; l)Ltt after all, in son1e
resJ?ects􀃗􍜠 this would not be ve:r_y n1uch of an 􀃘􍡤dvautage, beoa11se the
vacant l'iver bbttom lar1d,s i11 this ,ricinity are not, as n. rt1le, prodt1ctive,
and do not fig·ure 􀃙􍥴t all conspicuously in the rang·e feed st1pply.
18 RANGE INVESTIGATIONS IN .ARIZONA.
The entire tract is more or less cut llp by arroyos. These 􀊗􉜺:re
ttst1all}' steep, rug·ged, an(l rock. )' cl0se to the mountai. ns, Jll1t 1Jecorue
wider a.11d n1ore sballo,y northwarc1. 'The ,-va.ter which tbe1, carr)'
d11ring flood ti1ne is conscq1.1e11tly spread over 1aTg·er are􀊘􉠂􀊙􉥳s on the noTth
side of the fielcl. The surface water ,vhich g0cs down to the north
side, ho,vever, is small in qt1antity and of shoTt duration, but the &andB
of the arro5ros carry an underg·round supply of ,-vater for se,,era,l day􀊚􉨠
after }l/ rain. This suppl:f of 111oistl1re to the sbrTlbbJ,. 1t ege.ta.tion.. is
,·erJ' considerable along· these te1nporary wate1· co11. rses1 lJut the ar, eas
betwee11 them recei,,.e onJ:r s11ch u1oistt1Te as happe11s to fall at those.
points. During· the violent snrn1ner sho"ers n11ich of tl1is runs of.
-􀊛􉬠 stated abo,e, the so11thern portion of the a1;ea is a co1npa:rati,-ely
01Jen region, being cut 1Jy freqt1ent arroyos, as i11dicatec1 on fig. 1
between points Land G. The larg·est of these is tl1e one "hich runi-.;
close ta Pr0ct0r. .Li\t this point it. is from 150 to 200 feet clee-p ancl 800
- feet ,Yide fron1 ba.nk to bauk. Here tl1e botto1n of _the arro.)􀊜􉱯o is 011
solid ro,ck􀊝􉴠 which accounts for the appea.rance of watel' at the 􀊞􉹴ttrface.
lt1 general, howe,er, it, like the others, is of ooar:i<e sa11d aJ1d like them
widens ot1t to the t1orthward, its lJauks lJecon1ing· 1oweT and less rocky.
Between the points L and B on fig. 1 on the fence li11e there are u.
11u1u.ber of small stee1J arroyos, a11d the sa111e co11dition exi􀊟􉽴ts on the
so11thern half of the west line, bt1t the hitter are less }JTonot111ced tba11
the former. All of the a.rroyos are more rocl􀊠􊁹y close to the mouutaius,
a.nd gradually spreacl 011t to the nortl11'􀊡􊅳st, 1uak:ing· the v1Thole area 􀊢􊉳
sloping· plain} ct1t nt frec111e11t i11ter·vals by t1st1ally sha.llo,,· wasl1es to
tl1e n0rtl1n-ar<.l ancl l)y dee1)er aTroyos and ca11yons to the so11tl1.
Besicles the aboYo water courses there a.re 11umero11s g1.1llies ct1t l):r tl1.e
floocl ,vatcrs. These llSl1ally occur a;:; laterals to the n1ain arroJro,:,;, ancl
ex.tend i11to tl1e 1)road gentle slopes wl1jch oxJst 1)et􀂟􉾷·{een the 1uai11 ,,-ater
co11rses. The co11dition is a c1ifilc1tlt 011e to portra.}T, for the c1.1ts are
n1ac1e by· the .flood waters, 'T'hose action is exr>lai.ned only when con­sidered
in con11ection ,,1ith a st1r,-e,-o.r's le,-e1 and ,-v ith t11e cliemical and . . . . .
.
.
pb.)rsical c61􀊣􊍤ditio11s of tl1e soi1- One ra.u dri,.,.e ,􀂟􉼱1.tl1 a. lig·ht rig· over the
entire field by picking: l1is ,-ra.y slowl:y, bl1t in 111an:r pla.ces he is 0blig·ed
to tra,-el consiclera.ble di.stances j n order to get arou11d the arroyos.
Tl1is is especially tr11e of the sol1thern half of the field.
SOIL.
B1it little clisc1.1ssion of tl1e subject of s.0i.l ca11 or rieed be entered
j11to. 111 geneTal it may be said tha.t the soil is of a Jig·bt-b1·own co1ot
and c. omposec1 of ,,er)' fu1c l)ar, ticles i11ter111ixed ,-rith a la.rg·e amot111t of
coarse sand ancl g·ra,,e). 011 t11e ,-3outl1 side it is m1.1ch looser iu text.ure,
has more g·razel it1 its composition, and packs less :firmly nr>on drying·
than ou the north &ide. On this accot1nt the sloping· area' between
the arroyos are not so badl)
T 11ashed, 1yhich condition, tog·ether with a
'
TEE L1\.RG.E INOLOSU􀁣􆍅E- 19
mor<􀌥􂔠 a1)t1ndant sui;1ply of moisttll'e, H.ceounts for the n1ore lt1x11riant ·
·,,eg·etli-tion ancl evenly (list1·ilJnted g·1·ass)r co,·ering·. On the 􀌦􂙶vl101e the
soil does not differ fro111 tl1at ,.vl1ich obtains throughout the entire
reg·iori. in 􀌧􂝩iu1ilar Bituations. Tb.e i􀁪􆩲re.a is ,-vell clrai11ed, bt1t tb.e soil
softens ver_y n1uch n1ore lrpr)n ·being n1oistenea tl1al1 woulcl l}o ex1,ect0(l.
It is tru:e, bo,ve-ver, that it js . ,ery seldon1 th.at tbe nJoist,ure lJenetrate􀌨􂠠
to g·reat dei:>tl1s. 111 October, 1902, it was ,vjth g;reat diffic,1lt;r that
l-ir1cl'1 stak:es. of red,voocl dr Oreg·on l)jne COl1ld l)e, dri,ren into the
gr@und to a de1Jth of 6. it1cb.es ,vitl1 an ax, )'et, 􀌩􂤺:hen the heav31 rains of
Noveml,er came, these fe11 <.loYvn of their -0,Yn ,yeig·b.t a.ncl t:OtLlcl. be
dr.i,·en into tho g·round t,beir entire length lJ_y the pressure of tlre hancl.
"\iVhen tho fence was l)nilt a 11cculiar contlition of soil ,vas obser,-red
along· the 111iddle of the T1ortl1ern re110e l irle. The J)ost-hQ}e work: was
purr>osel.)- .done u.t a tin1e ,vl:i􀌪􂩮n the ground 'iV:a1:> wet, a11cl conseqtlently,
easily d1lg· 0\701' tho greater J)ottion of the tract.. In the abo,r0 localit3r;
l1oweYor; to our astonishn1ent, a hca,r,:ir rainfall bad not })er)etratc(l
1rro1·e than 2 or 3 incl1es, althoug·h the soil re(;ei-ved tl1e dra.inag·e of the
entire Bbx Can.vo11 region. 011 tl1e greate1; J)art of the fence line,
l1owever, tl1e ,vinter ::tncl spring rai11s bad penetrated to a de1)tb of 2
feet or i11ore. 1'hir, area is l.tno,v11 here u.s '' 1\•asbc<.l c0u11t1')r," ,;vhich
si1TI1)l_y sig11ifies that tl1e 11pper strat:L of sancl:y loan1 has ·neen i·c,noved,.
leaYi11.g· the ver5· clot:!ely pa.eked, 11onabsorl:>ent snl>soil exposecl.
U nder1 ying: portions of the g·re>up(.t is a, cleposit of caliche, a calcal'e­ous
l1rrdpan, of variable tl1ich:ncss. All tl10 arroyoR, ranyo11s, a11d
,vusbes are co,·ercd with. a clean, co.arse sa11d, ,vhile the steeper areas
are coarse g·ravel and rock:s: 1'he soil parti.cl,0s al'e onl)r s1ig11tl;r
,v, aslted, a):; would be ex1)ectecl. Prof. ,,r. P. J􀌫􂭬la]:;e .<1· consiclws tl1e
calicbe to be cleri ved fro111 long·-continl1ecl evaJ)@rations of sulJterl'aneat1
water;:; raisecl b_;· cai;>iLlar;i action.
rrhe soil of the g·erier-al area is tleri,·ed for the rnost 11art frotn the
clisinteg·ratio11 of the g·ranitic rogl-:s of the Santa Rita, J\1ountain
lll'.>11 ea, val.
BRUST[ A1-."1) TJi)lTIER.
The greatel' part of the a.rea. js co vered ,vith a, scattering g·rowtlt of
,rarioilS sbt-i;1bs a11cl s111all trees. The 11orthern .and western portions
contain n1nch. 1T1ore shrn.:l)ber3' than the sot1tber11 and eastern par, ts. A
line drawn fr-om corner I􀌬􂰠 to corner I, 6g·ure 1, re1)resents approxi-
111H:tel.r the dividing· li11e lJet,v-ee11 tl1e hen.vier and ligl1ter l)rt1sl1. U1)011
the southern hnJf there ate lRrg·e stretches ,,,hi9l1 ha,·e practically 110
l>rush at all. 1\Jong the ,vashes ancl arroyos, 110,ve·ver, there are
· in,,arii1b1y fotlncl nl11nerol1s sbrttbs, .:;omc of which attain. to th􀌭􂴠 dig·nity
of trees, although ,·er)' sc:ragg·,y. A cl0􀌮􂹥e exan1iuati0n of the broad,
ciTranl"actioni, A.n1erican Institute of l\'fining: Engi11eers, Rich1n0nd u1eeting, F:eb­rna.
ry, 1901.
20 R_I\NGE INVESTIGATIONS I N ARIZONA.
g·entle, g·ra-ssy slopes bet,vee11 th:e arroyos in thi.<:: ,·icinit:yr reveals a
,,err scattering g·ro,vth of mesql1ite (J->r0.soJJis 1.:ell4tina), which is ii1
the forn1 of twig·s 2 to. 3 feet l1ig·h! witl1 a11 oecasiona,l larger sl1rJ-1b
in some of the u101·e fa:roral)le localities. \\
T
ithOllt mo"re critical cla.ta
reg·arding the 1Jre,i0ns l1istorj· of tl1e reg·ion th.an. it is -possilJ]e to
sec-ure at the present time, one ca.n not tell ,-vl1ether this g·rowth i11di­eates
thnt this sl1rl1b is s1)readi11g· or 11ot. The present condition
rather sl1gge t tlu' l)ossibility. It wot1ld not be n.t all surprising, for
tl1ere ap1)ears to l)e abl111dant e,-ridenc(j- that such is tl1e ca.se under the
i11t!.t1ence of stoclr g·razing in JJorti0ns of Texas, where ·a. closely related
mesq11ite gr.ows in ab. unclance.
By far the 1110" t important shrulJ is the n1esqtlite􀎢􊈠 which, like the
n1ajoritr of the other hrtlbs, is e8pecia1l:r a.t hon1e from the Jine LI,
fig·t1re 1 > north,vard ancl along· the arro}TOS iii the sol1thei·n half of the
i11clostll'e. In many- localitie· in the soL1thern half cat-cla􀎣􊌧' (Acacici
g1·eggi i) is nearl.r as ab11ndant a.:l the mesc1 uite fft tlie present time.
This; howe,rer is l)etter })rotected tha11 tl1e 1nesqt1ite, a.nd the wood
ch0p1)ers ha,·e g·e11erally a,Tojded it on thi":i accot1ut. The otlier smaller
s1Jecies of acacia (.d. coristricta) is less al)uu.daut, l>l1t is also co11-finecl
to the JLrro1·os, The bl11e palo ,exde (Pct;·k·i1iso1i-icr, tor,·eyct11.ct), wbic11
ri,rals the mesc111ite in siz.e, gro,-vs in similar localities. The desert.
􀎤􊒷·illo\y ( 0/iilopsis li1iearis), cottonwoocl (PoJJ?tlus f,·e;nontii), hac]-betr.t'
( Oeltis. 1·eticulcita), soapl)erry (S(tJ,iindus ·7nargi12at1ls), a1.u:l walnut
(Juglans cctliforriicct) gron.,. SJ)aring·l.v 111 s01ne of the 11pper cn.11yons.
A larg:e l)art of the nortb,vestern portio11 of the fielcl is baclly infested
"'􀎥􊕩ith hoco1ita co1'cr1..0JJifolirt. The lir1:e LI, fignre 1, passes tl1rough a
,·ex:i.,. co11spicuot1s g·rowtb of la1·ge bt1uches of Zizipl1-us iycioides, which
is of as little·1alt1e tts. the creosote lJush ( Covill-ea trideritata), ,vhich
occ1:i1)ies son1e of the sot1theastern portion of the .field. The g·reftter
pa1·t of the latter was a,-oitled, ho"e,-er. in tl1e final fencing·> a ,err
large area being f0t1nd in1n1eclin.tely 11orth of the eastern portion of
the inclostu·e. The upper eclg·es of it are incll1ded in the 110rtheastern
p0rti·on of the fielcl and in pla,ces a.long· tlie northern po1·tiou 0f the
J.\1cCle􀎦􊙲r.).,. road to Tucson. The Jiue LI also represeuts the roost pro­ft1se
g17o,vth of tl1e Cacta.cere, the n1ait1 species of ,v-hich_ are prickly
J)ear ( 0J)l􀀊􀩮n,tia e,1gelnzann,c). cholla ( Opunti·a, .fu.lqida)􀎧􊜠 au.d 0J?Ulntia
8]Ji1iosio.r. Tl1ese, together ,,'ith tl1e sewara.h ( Oere,u.<J giga1iteus), ?re
the 111ost co11. J.liCllOu of the cacti within the i nclo t1re. Tl1e biznaga
(Eeh.i,1ioeact1is 1oislizen i) occ1,1rs in scatteTing individl1a,ls ovex tl1e
entire tract. .
Of tl1e otheT ca.cti little need l)e Ba.id. OzJ1t1,t1'.a, arbitsJtula, g·ro,,,s
sc. atteringly 011 the _nortl1ern portio11, ,,· l1ile Oe1'e1ts fendlei'iana aud
0. g1·eggii are occasionally fon11d in. the sa111e region. On_ the 1·ooky
l)anh:s and higher bl11ffs are n1..1merol1" other u1cons1)icuous .species,
sl1ch a.s ;Jia,n:inilla;,£a graha1ni, iJf. ari:zonica} Oe1°&1.ts riqidiss-imus􀎨􊠠 and
'
THE LAR,GE INOLOSURE. 21
O. eaespitosits. Upon tl1G l1ig·her elevations ther@ a.re scattereq plants
of ]T:i,t,ecct bctacata, .Jlga-ve ap1.>lct1icttct, n,nc1 A. schottii, ,􀌦􂘠 l1ile Yucca 1•adi­osa
is scattered along the northeastern fence line in rather li1nited
nu tn l)ers. .Z\Toli1ic1, 1rlie1·occ1,1·zJct a.n.d .Dctsyli-rion, iolieeleri are cons1,ict1-
ous, especia.lly on the 110Ttl1ern slopes of the l1ills, ,vl11le thiclrets of
ocotilla (.Fo.􀌧􂝩iq1.tierct splerid.ens) a.re freq.uent on the sou.tbern slopes.
Se{i,tterecl fl,t ratheT fTequent inter,􀌨􂡩i:-1,ls a:11 o,rer the b-rusby a1·e a are to
be founcl clu1ni;>s of I􀌩􂥲rig·ba.111's toa (EjJlteclra, trifu.rca). Besi.cles the,se.
tl1ere a,re a g·reat n1.a,n}' othee 11sun.1!}7 sn1aller shrubs scattered over
various 1)ortions of the inc1osure, son1e of thent of considera,ble ec0-
no1nic i1nportance.. The:? will be discussed undor another l1ead.
Tl1e area eontn,111s ty1)ical foothills, ancl cloes not differ materially
fron1 sin1ila.r xeg·ions i.n the footl1ills of the Hu􀌪􂨱1,cl1uca, Santa Catali11:a,
a.nd J3ab1.Jquiva.ri 1n.ountains in this sarne g·eneraJ re.gion. i\s. a rule,
tliere are lnl. '_g'e,. gently sloping, g·rass3r areas com1_').a.ratively free from
l)rusb between the brusl1y 1nesas ancl tl1.e s1)ar&ely· timberecl 1.u0.untains,
not or1ly i n southern Arizona, but in Ne,v Mexico as well.
FORAGE PLANTS.
This inclbsed area. contains tl1tee t_ypical a.nd natural subdivisions of
the g·razing · lands- of this p0rtion of the South v.1est, a. nd the cattleman
,vould look: tll)Ort it as an averag·e graz.ing t)roposition, 1tot tlre best,
nor _yet b:t far the l)Oorest. The first subdivisio11 1nay be .descrilJed as
·an arid clesert mesa; the second, adjoining the first, n1a_)1 very
be designated as· open, g·ently sloJ)ing foothilLs, co.1upa,i'atively
from ro.clis; a:nd th􀌫􂬠 tl1ii:d, as rottg·h, rocl{y l)luffs and a1􀌬􂱲royo
1'11e arid mesa })Ottion of the inclostlre occL1pies ap1)roxi111n.tely half
o;£ tJ1e field, and W'e ma:y l;tccept a line drn.,v11 fron1 CQr11er J
.
.J to cornet
I, fig·ure 1, as the di vision between this reg·ion ancl tl1c open foothiJls.
Tl:1is cl},,ision lino, \VOL1ld in all probabilit:ir be n1ore accurate if it were
described as extending fro1n J.J to a point abotlt 1½ 1niles north of I on
the ,vest fe11ce line. It \Vill be seeri that the llpp'or ·edge of the heavy
br1.1sh (lie.a1Jy is tlSed in a l)urely relative seni:;e) corresponds ro.ug:l1ly
-v,7ith tl1e lower edge of the ·grassy area.. North of this lin.c there is
but little g·rass, th.e 111ai11 forage plai1ts being vario·us desert herbs and
shrubs to be described later. In a favorable season there are ureas .:., .
. . .
.
0£ consideta])le magnitude gf six ,􀌭􂵲reelrs' g:rass (l:]o·uteloiia a1·isticloides)
along· the arroy·os aBd on the higl1er levels of tl1e ,􀌮􂹥est side, as far
north lts section 9, t0w11ship 18, rang·e 14.; a1id there is usuall)r 111ore
.or less Prioclict piilolietla. and six ,veeh:s' ,g·rass t11)on the roclty ridges
in tl1e 1iortl1,'\7 est part of tl1e pasture. rrhese t,vo g·rasses, ho,veve;:,
are of little f or·age value l1e1:e. They nevet, so far a:.s ex1)etience since
1890 teaches, occur here except scatte.riug·l}'· .A.t tirnes there are tufts
of st1ah perennial grasses as Le1>toc.l1,loc1, club£a, Oli(J3tocltloa co1n,positct,, •
22 RANGE INVESTIGATIONS IN .ARIZONA.
A1idrozJoqo11, sctcolicu roides􀃮􎸠 arid Bouteloua 1•ath1􀎒􉉯ocltii, tog·ether with the
ann.ual .Bo'1ttelo:ucl/ polystaeliya.
l-33r far the greater part of the: fe􀂱􋅤d l1ere is prot1ucecl l>y the. wi􀂲􋈱1ter
and spring· a1111uals ai1d the. 1):i·o,vse. plants. Tl1e first of tliese are
rnainl3r- Indian wl1eat (Pla/1itagofctstigia ta), Peetocari.;a li:17;ea.rit􀃮􎸠 So JJliic,t
JJi1irictta,, ·s. irieisa, TltelyJJodiu11i lctsiQJ1liyllun1.􀎓􉌠 l1fdnolepis 1iuttallicm.ia,
Flieteel,;ct ccrizo1iica, Ellisia cli1,yscr,ri tlie'lii/olia, SzJlit:&ros tiq1nct cka.1nce1i­erio'
icle.s, and several species of Gil.ia and I.,inantht1s. There are. also
extensive aroa_s of .1c!tr· ipler-JJ elega1is, often growing to the exclt1sion 6.t
all else an(1 pro;<lucirig: · from 200 to 500 or more pcn1, r1ds of dry herb ag􀎔􉐠
per f1cre. Tl1is plant, althoug·l1 a11 annt1al, usually gertninates i11 the
spring• n.nd n1att1res in at1tumn, l)assing throug·h the dry .s0.as6n i11 the
veg·eta,tive state.
The li:.,;t of st1ru
.bb3r pla.11ts wl1ich occt1r here and 1vvhich are o f mo1•e
or less forag·c ,,alne is qtrite larg·e. The. 111ajority of tltexn. hav.e b:een
rr1entioned 11n<lor a11o'ther heading·. 'The- n)esc1uite js bj' far tl1e most
important. 0at-cla,v ( .Acacla r.J1'er.;gii), .11. coristrieta, J)ct?k' inso ni-a.
tor·1·eyci·ric􀎕􉔬, ancl !.J}plied1·rt tr1;fur' ca are also abundant. Bacelict1'is brcioliy­pliylla.,
B. biqelovi1:, ancl A1ii,c;acct1ttl1.,i1,s tl1,iv1be 1'i, while comrrron i11 the
shrt1b}jy mesa r􀂳􋍧g·ion., are ntucl1 r11ore abt1ndant along· th􀎖􉘠 arrO}:'OS in
the sot1tb.er11 Jialf of th.e field. Durin.g· late spring· tl1e ax1nu.al g·rouncl­sel
(Se1i,ec£0 lo1ir;ilob ·u.<i), is a very cons1)ic1.:r6tlS plar1t 11po11 por-tions of
tha lo,ver a.reas, and r>u1·slane (J>ort1ulrtcct re t1tsct), forn1.s a ·10ose eo,re:r
i11 11lan_)1 t)laces i11 the fall. 􀎗􉝬l'Jie for1ner i:j 1")rolJabl.Y of no,fotage value,
,vbile tl1e latter furrri.sbe.s g·ood feed. In places i1L ai.1tutnn t􀎘􉡶vo otlher
s1:;iecios of l)lll'i:i1anc (J :>. stell/fo1·11iis ancl }). JJilqsct) u,re Qf some value on
the east side of the fielcl.
It i􀎙􉤠 to the 0per1 foo:thilt5 that the g·reatest intetest attn,('J1e.s, roir ft is
here that_ tl1e rierei11)1al grnsses l)eoo, rne nu1nerons e11oug·h to be reclion, ed
,vjth ·in the range rati·on. rl-he six week:s' g:rarna (lJ&uteloua tt1'isti­rioides)
is by far tl1e, n1ost al>unda11t grass o,1er the g'r􀎚􉩡ate'I:' po ,rtion of
this area, beir1g· esi:>(}cia.lly abt1ndant in the Zizi7Jliits l,vcioicles arecas in
the neig·l1borhood of tl1e line LI, fig. 1. In the. 􀎛􉬧'n.n1e l('.)cali.ty ,fire also
t o be. found larg·e qLlantities of A1'istidt:t ct11·iericct1ia and its variety
liii11iboldtia1ia, the ltttter being usuall51 found s11rrounding ant hills.
Bo itteloitct 1·otllroc/r.i i mak:es a tall, thin sta1􀎜􉱤d on, the better portions af
the gentl}' slopin.g· .stretches bet,·veen the arro3ros, Vl7here ii1 fftvoral)le
years it 1nak:es a ver51 conspicuous g·r0,vth, but oa:11 n-0t be said ev'0r to
ta.k:e possessio-n, for n1ixed w_ith i t are invariably found m .uch six-,veelts'
gr· ama ancl A r·i sti(la, ani,-cr£· cct?ict. Gxovving· in sirr1ilar sittlatio11s, and 111
son1􀎝􉴠 se􀂴􋑳sons covering· latg·e areas, are to be fot1nd Boutelait.(4 bro-
11ioirles, B . eriOJJOcla, n.nd 13. lictva1'dii, whicl1, l10􀎞􉹶vever, are the rr1ai11
grasses 011 the rnajorit_y of the rock;y l)anh:􀎟􉼠 ct,n.d J:iltlft'.s along th.e arroyos.
In the latter situ,atio.n􀎠􊀠 are also tp be founcl A11i:Zrqpogo􀎡􊅩i ClJ􀎢􊉴tortus,,
either irt sol id l)H:to.bes or scattering· buncheR􀎣􊌠 ar1d A1i(ltopor7or1, s'Ctcciia-
TR.ID L.t\. l􀀔􁑇G-JJ; IN CLQSU RR. 23
i1q£de8 at slig-l1tly lo,ver le·vels. Confirt.ed liu1inl3r to the loose sands i11
the ·vicinit31 of the witsh0s, but also a:t tin1es e:x:t.endirrg· over r>ortions
of the roclty h.illsid.es, i:,; n scatteri11g g·ro,vth of Bo1,itelotta1,·estit;a, '\-V-hile
.L lf1tlil-e1iberr;ici JJOrt&.ri, the blaeh: gran1a of tbj. s reg·ion. , is invariably
Jjmitecl to the pr0tectio11 of cat-claw and othor spiny or thorl'l:)7 sl1rut)s.
1'b.e rough _g·ra111a (Bou· telo1tct li£1·s·1ita,) js us11al. ly fq.u nd 111)011 all of the
.rocl􀂨􊡹y l)anks, but it is at 11on1e in the hig·lier 'bluffs and 1no11ntains
be)rontl tb.e irtclosure. The sa,1ne may l)e saicl of the side-oat ,gr: a.1nt,
(J3o,iitelouct cu!l't',pi eri<l·i􀏭􎵴tci). Gro,ving· 1111clet tho prote.ct.:ion of bushes
alo ng; -􀏮􎹨he arroyos ir1 this section i:::i al,vrvys to l>e four1d 1Y1ore or le;s
Pct1ii-cii11,, lcteli11cin,tl,1, .t1n.,
In tl1e sprj ng· these open, g:raSS)' foothills are- a ,reritable flo,vcr
garden of 1nagnifice11t 1)ro·pc1rtions, so conspic11011s-in the neig·l1})orb;q0d
pf s.eeti.011 24, to,vr1sl1ip 18, rang"e lo, as to l,e plainly visible fro1n
T1.Lcson, a dista11ce of frorr1 t,vent3,-five -to th:irty n1iles away. 'rJre
poppie: s (Esoltscl1q, lt?" ict 1t1,(.C{}ic,cna) in this 111:ace clevelop a, little later
th.a,n upo11 the mesa near rrucson or i11 the foothills of the T1.1cson
l\'[01;1n'tains. This is expli:ined b3r the cliffel'c11ce in altit,t,1de a,:nd exi:)os­ure;
anc1 at tin1es n1a31 l)c influe11ced IY_y ,,arintio11 i11 rainfall as ,veil,
althoug·h the rainfall of the ,vj nter is 1nore evei1ly distrit>utecl than tl1at
of tl1e s11mo.1er season. Other yJlru1ts wbicl1 a.re a.l:>11nda.nt enoug·l1 to
i 1'lftuence the vernal larrdsca11>e l:>y their floral colors are. Li1-1.ctn,tl,,us
,1,u1·-ec1,, Plicccelia r;t/riza_1ii'cct, P. cren:ulatt, Ortliocct1]J'll8 pit17J1,,i1·ctsc&n,,c:
J)alnurri, Bc1,ileya 1n,1tltira.i/,1,ctta,, LiqJ:i111us lepto2Jltylli1,s, E1·1:0Jl2yllii111,
lcinosii11i, ancl 13-aerict r;·raoilis. No11e of tl1ese are altog,etl1er ,vithout
forage va.lue, aJ th. o ugh the poppies an(l one or two qf the other Sl).ecie:s
me1-1tionecl. are not eaten when there are otl1or l)la,nt:-; of g·reate1· palata­bilit)
7. Tl1e othet' vernal vegetatio11 consists of such. srna.11 plants as
'' patota" (Pcetocrt1·ya;. lir;,ectr£s), Plag1:obut/1,1·,i1s (tr izon:ieics, FJre11iocct1'yl1,
111/ic-ra?itl1,,n,, Lotit.<1 li.itrl'iistrctttt8, L. liit1r1,ilis, Ast1·ar;ctl?.tS 11.uttctllii, l ncli{lh
w l1eat ( Plctntctg.o .ftJ;stigilitct a,11d P. ig1iotct), all of \V hicl1 are of fo.rage
value. To these sh:ould also 'be adcled covena (I-J1·odima capitatr.i) Rnd
the 1n ustar(l.s (Le<'1qy,er(Jlla 901•17l(>1iii, SoJJliia pin1'1,cr,tci, S. i'.1icisct, arid
TlielyJJodiu1n lasiop,1lylt1, i11i ).
The spring g·rasses on the open foothills atn01.111t to little. i11 t.he
avera,gc. season. 'rhe perennials n1entione(l above, e:;pecially the
g;ran1a;s, l1'1il.l(e a slig·ht g·rowtl1 of root le-a,,es i11 a fa,r6rable se;ason , and
Ari.sticla a1rwrioa1icr, s0Jnetin1.es cl,evelops to the. poi1,1t of seed pt·oduc­tion.
Festuca ovto,fto1·ct is c0rrirr1on thro' ug·hout tl1e -area, but it is ne,rer
abundant en(Y1.1gh to rr1alre a11y f':l!G, d. P. oet bigelovii often f u.rnishes
quite a littl􀏯􎼠 g,-razing arou. nd tl1e lJases of busl1es· and ju other protected
areas in t}re arro31os, wl1ere Vlicetocliloa r;1·isebacliii is of son1e value in
the fal1. I n aut,u111n there is- U􀏰􏁌L1ally considerable feed pr0,duced by
la11tb's-quart.e rs ( C.lie1ropod:i1.tn':l f1·enivntii).
An enqn1eratjqp of the mai11 forage plants 11l)0n the roug·her portion
24 RAN'.GE lNVESTIGAT.(ONS IN ARIZONA.
of the inclost1re has. 11ecessarily been rnade in tl1e previous paragra1Jhs.
All of th.e pere.npial speci􀍸􇡳s 1n.e11tioned al)ove g-row here in s¢atteri11g;
cl11n1ps. Besides tl1ose nientioned, of ,:vl1icl1 t}1e g·rama.s (BouteZoitCt,
b.1·01,ioicle s, B. e?'iopoda, .B. civrtiJJendula, itnd B. hm's1.,ta), .J111.c/.r(:)zJogor1,
sa,c,cl1,a1'0,icZes and A. a,orJ,t<Yrtus are the 1nost i1:11portant, J.tfiililenpergict
vaseyr.t1ia,., Hila1·ia ce1icliroides, .iJ.J·istida, divergens, .A. scliiecleu1ia, .Erri­g1•
ostis ,Jitr;ens, Q/i.a,tocliloc6 co1nJJ0sitci, Trac, l,1ypogo11, 1n.0ntiifa1·i, .Lq>­toc/
1,loa clltbi?i, J!-.Jpicam, pe.s rigeris, together ,vitl1 R. litt'.t} H,Jlci1·ict nii&tioct
in a few l)lace.s, are of im1)ortance. Pa1iicit,1n, lccel1,11,ctr1,tl£1.t1ri usually
g·rovvs t1nc1er tl1e protection of slirulJs, as stated above, but i t s;0111e­tirnes
covers considerable areas of open la.nd,. as show11 in Pl. II, fig·, 2.
In 1902 and 1903, Pn,JJJ?OJJ!io1·uni c1;pe1·tu1n. n1ade a vel')7 ca11SfJicuous
growtl1 11pon the to11 of Pyran1icl Hill, where it and 1Yioatia1ia t1·igon,o­pli:
1Jlla were the only conspicuot1s plants.
The blt1e g·1'a1na (Bo1· itel0uc1, oliqo.stacl1.. /1 a,), altl101.1g·l1 of g·reat in1p@r­ta,
nce on tl1e- opposite side of the n1011ntn,ins, does not o0, cur here, at '
least 11ot in: suficie11t qu·antities to b e of a11.3r eonseqtlence. Th.e same
is trtte of Olito1·is e legaris.
•
A l)fLrt of the fol'age upor1 the inclosure is procluced b3r the Etiog·o­n11111s,
,vhich are not dista11t􀍹􇥹y related botanically to the doeks1 one of
,vhicl1, tl1e canaig·re (R1.in1,r3x liy11ienosepalits), is v·er:y cq1n1non along·
all of the arroyos. Tl1e most i1nportant species is Eriogo1iu11i 1n,icro­tl1,
ecu1n., 􀍺􇩶v hich g·rows to best ad vanta_ge on so1ne Qf the roug·her foot­hills
of the reg·ions 􀍻􇭯ot1tl1 ar1cl west .of Proctor. It n1R.lr.es its best
de,,elopment here upon the bigber lttncls be:roncl tl1e fence line. JYiany
of the annt1al species are als.o g·razecl by stock:, and E. tliit1·pe1"i, E. tri­clioJ)
ocliit1n,, E oe1•1i.itit11i, E. abe1·tia:1iit11i, ancl !,.l... divctiicett1t11i are abu n­da11t
enoug·l1 to infl11ence the g·eneral a;spect of portions of tl1e :fiel􀍼􇱬l' a:t
certain seasons .of the yea,1-. Besicles the above sp.ecies, E'. pr;lyolc1,doti,
E. tlio1iictsii, E. JJli a1'1iaoeoides, arid .E. 1JJatso1ii ( 1) are con11n011 in some
localities. Erioqon,i,111, t1'iclioJJodi·1t1ri is so itb11ndant at -ti111es i11 the
reg·io11 betwce11 the l1t1sl1y ri11d 01)en foothills and fartl1er 11ortl1 as to
􀍽􇴻;ive its cbaracteristic yellow color to large areas of .g:round .
..
.e.J\IOUNT OF ItEED PRODUCE!).
It seems big·}1l3r de.sirable to secure. as 2.cc111·ate an estin1a:te as pos­sible
of tl1e amo11nt of herbaceous feecl prod.uced upo11 tl1is inelo.snre
at the present time.. This is d:esiTab.le not 011lJr fot a1i estimate 0f th.e
amount. of stock that can be carried up0J1 tbese. Iar1tls, 1,11.t also. as a
basis for corr1parison a:3 to the ,,alue of protuctio11 and SJrsten1atic g·raz­ing
when obs􀍾􇸻;·,•ations sbfLll b:ave been 1nade a11d data sectlrtcl tlpon
s11ch. points. In view of this fact a.n atten1pt v,,as mn.de to sect1re at the
1l1ost opp0rtu11e times durii1g tl1e tw0 veg·etative seasons as a:cct1rate
an esti1nate R.s possible of the amo11nt of gro,;,;,th wbjch occt1rred 11pon
the i11closure dL1ring: the seasous of 1903. The estimate ,vas secured
TR'E LARGE INCI,OSURE. 25
l)y measuring· the. yield .of all ·veg·etation· excepting tl1e sl11in.bs upon
repTeSenta.tive ar0as oareft1lly seiected from t.he cliffereJ1t divis.ioris of
the trac·t. The positions of the plots 1,neast1red are indjcate(1 l)y letters
upon the diag·raril (fig·. 1). A tb Q re-preserit those areas 1neast1red
betvveen the 1st aud 20th of April, a1id A' to K' l>etwee11 the 2-9th of
September and 2d of O,ctol)e1-,. 1903.
It will lJe noticed tl1at b11t few perennials, aside £tom tl1e g·rasses
in.clad.eel i11 tbe fall reclconirig·, are listccl. It ,vas tl1e i1tte11tio:r1 to 􀋡􎅳sti-.
mate only the g·rasses ·and_ other a11ut1al plarts, lJ11t it ,vas decided -after
the ,vork \'V'as be.g·t111 tq include H, few p.eren11ia:l s1'>ecies qther tl1a11 the
g·rasses. It n)ig·bt appear lJetter to. have macle <.,1uantitative meast11,·.e­n1ents
upon those l)lants of forag·e valt1e 011ly; lJ11t it is exceeding·ly
tliflici1lt to decide ,vl1ich species axe and ,0•.rl1icl1 are 11ot f.ora,ge plants.
It often l1appens that nearly all rflarits tha:t g·ro"7 are eaterr. '\i\7hu.t is
g·tazed depericls larg·el.)r upo11 vvhat is· a,-􀋢􎈱1,ilal)le -for stock to eat witl1i11
wallring· clista11oe of water. It wab deorr1ed. lJettor, thel'efore, to meas­ure
tl1e entire _g·rowth exclt1sive of tl1e shru'bbery, ancl to estitb.ate tl1e
not1forag·e plaTtts by deducting· from the totals thus obtained st1eh a per­centage
as see1ns justifiH1Jle, bHsed u1Jo11 persona.I ol>servations as ",ell
a:s ·the testimony of stoclrme.11.
111 these Jneasn.reme.nts .a 11nit ar􀋣􎌧't 3 .feet by 7 feet ,vas n,clopted, ancl
in the n:u1j0.rity o.£ cases the areas ,,1ere 111oa8t1red l))'' a fra1ue of· the
. di11ensions stat.ecl eonstrncted for tl1is ]J11r1,ose. Ir1 a few CHs, es the
areas ,vere · 111eas11red with a tapeline. All plants within the :rran)e
vvere pt1lled up, co1111tecl, clea11etl, tbe r- oots cut o.f at th.e st11·face of
the gronnd,. ancl the 1)lants thorot1gh ly clriecl ancl sldJseq uc11tl3r weighed.
In son1e insta11ces wb.ere the nu111ber of plalits ,,v-as very latg·e .and the
distrib11tion uniforn1, 011e-l1alf of tl1e r>lot 011ly ,vas t1sed for tl1e est,i-
1nate, -although the tables g · i,,e11 belo"v are based tll)On a.reas of 3 feet
l:ly 7 fe􀋤􎑴t for thE} salte of uniformity in talJttlatiou. In fottr i11stances
plants were discarded-that is, no records of tlren1 are made i n these
tables. 'I.'be.3r ,vere so snJall and-of sueh j nsignifican.t vveight tl1at they
would a1uonnt to OIU.)' _al)ot1t l l)Ot1ncl per acre. 􀋥􎕛[he a.n11otations i11
the last coltlnln of the tables me11tion: tl1e-sct.
v\'bile mal-::in.g th:e meas11r,e1-uents in t}te ·Sf)ri11g· it was found tl1at in
so·me of tl1e plots there ,vas a nu1n·bet of ver:f srnall seedli og·s vv hicl1
it was decicled 11ot to inel11de at tlu1t tiu1e 0n 9,ccot111t of the fact that
they ,,vottld necessarily have to lJc includecl j11 tl1.e autn1una.l u1easure­ments.
Tl1is avoided counting the same plants t,vice. It ,vas decided
to include, Atriple{J} eler;ariJ in l)oth s1;irit1g· a11cl a,t1tt11nnal roef1snre­mertts,
because of tlre better g·l'0\\1th made l)y jt tha.n by tl1e others,
a11d oi1 acGou11t of the great loFis ,vhich the plant wo11lcl susta111 dt1ri11g
the long· dry season fro111 April to the first of ,July. .This loss, it is
thoug'ht, will in a la.,rg·e 111easure correet the. err@r i1curred by the
double estimate of this· plant. The r:aeasuren1er1ts \Vere 1.uade vYl1en it
2G 11ANGE 1NVESTIGATI6NR IN .ARIZONA ..
was l)elLe,,ed the maximum :yield fol' the seaso11 wou, J.q l)e secured. It
1\tas in1pos:·ible, -of course, to select· a time ,vl1en the 1na:x;i111uru for each
pla,11t coul.d l)B ol1tn.ined on aocoJ.1nt of th!$ d i:fference in tl1e elate of
matl1rity n.11'd the difference in the resistance to the dl'ought of late
spring.
􀏌􌱮n·n10 o[ p1n.nt.
Eschschol ti.ii\ niexi.ca.nA ..
Atriplex cleguns ......... .
Gilia flOC()OSa .. ,. .·.,, .. ·--.
Lotu$ lnunilis ............ .
.r􀏎􌹥ectoc.arya, Ii n ca ris .......
&pllrerost igJna. ch il:n"i.ron ei-i-oi
d c􀀃􀌮.
Lepidinn11nontau11m ..._. .
Fila.go californ ica ........ .
Ti'iodia pulchcll,i ......... .
Phacelia ,u·izo11ica ....... .
Lotus hnmJstralns •........
Cau cal i:< m icr0carpa ...... .
J'LO'l' B.
\\(c,uolepis 1hut.a􀏏􌽬liana ... .
Atriplt>.x elegan􀏐􍀠 ........ .
Onagra t.1,ichoc,1.lyx ..... ..
PJ,Ot C.
]!"ilago cali fornica ......... 1
Lotiis h u r\1 istnTtu,; ., ....... .
Sph:cro!itigm,t c:,ha-llreneri-oidcs.
Gili>i Jloccosa ............. .
J,riogonnn, abc·rthuinn, .. ,
l:'l.O'.£ D.
A risticla. americana ...... .
Lupi nus leptophyllus .... .
Lotui< hunlistratus ........ .
P1.o'I' E.
Lotul' hu n:iis􀏑􍅮n,tus ........ .
"Fec:tocar:,a lineari; ....... .
A.f-1.raga.)u-<1 n n tt,, 11 ii ...... .
Phuib:igo ignota .· ......... .
Gil hi Jloccosa ........... . Pl:igioboth rys sp ......... .
I'1.o:r P..
Plant,,go ig.not>t .......... .
Lotns hu1\1i1;tra.t.us .... , ... .
Ph1giobothxys arizon\('.ns ..
Pectocar,ya lineari􀏒􍈠 ....... .
Orthocarpns p11rpura􀏓􍍣ccns
pallncfi.
Gilia 1loccosa ............ ..
Ta bul.ar statenienl o.f JJlot measure1nents.
(Ei1ch plot con:lajns 21 square fe1,rt.J
Nu.m­berof
plants.
Ti eight
OJ
pl!l:tlf,􀏍􌴮.
Condition of
l)lan ts.
l'ncJ,es.
,1 5 In. l).lpo1n . ..... 9 3 \'ery young ... .
9 4 Under blooin .. .
1 2 In 1·ruit ........ .
1 0 2 ..... do ......... .
4 5 In 1>10011. •..•· . ..
fi 7 _____d o ...........-
1 1 ..... clo : ........ .
1 2 .. , .. clo ......... .
5 4 In fruit. ........ .
4 2 In.-blooin ...... .
9 4 ..... do ........ ..
57
6
1
2
1
1
1
.[
3.; In irui.t ........ .
5 Ver)' yo.nng ....
1 In bloou1 ...... .
l½ Jn hloon1 .......
1½ .. , .. tlo ..........
3' ,:! ..... do ..........
3 U;ider blooin ...
3 Jn b.l oon1 .......
6 -Under l>loorn .. .
; Eaxly bloom ... .
2 In bloom ...... .
183 fl to 4 In fr1iL ........
llG 2½
7 2 t.o ,1
26 4
:-1 -
:)
71 3 -to 4.
595 1 to J
1S9 1
,> 6
37,i 1 to 3
37 5
$8 2to 3½
.... .. do ....... ....
In bloo1n .......·
I£arly blpom ....
... ,.do, .........
Jn frui i ........ _
'Early b"loo,n ....
Fn n b 100111 .....
I,ate bloom .... _
1n frt:tit .........
In b1001u ........
E,1rly bloon1 ....
\Veight
G1·ains.
26
76
:20
2
104
2
80
3'
:2
2"8
21.
6
1, 63-l
94
10
1
2
Condi Uon o[ plot.
A. b.road, nea,rh' 1 (}VCl -n.ren.
fl'Olil "\l''h i(}h so1ne Sll rface
soil .Jiit1< 1:>eeJ1 .relll(!Y\􀏔􍑥ea by
,e.tp,;io11: Sparsely cov·ei-e,cl
,vith shrubbery.
A broad, l'hnllQw depre$$ion.
fro11J\Vhich neaTlva11 brush
has been cut and the sur­fac.
e ·soil rcmovc<'l by crp- ·
sion.
'1. Oucu at s,tYointlvy srt,eidegpe, sihna l·ltllto, va ur. ea.w-.
2
I
] vine,;.
•
10
·?9- - I
'56
GS
55b
611
ll
:l3
ll
4G9
.
245
126
1,1;
318
98
56
On tl1e southern exJ?osnrc of
a sto11y knoll c·0nt.aining a11s
1u1 nsu􀏕􍕬lly goocl gro\·th of
1\ristid,\. Be!Sides- th.e lt􀏖􍙴t
the􀏗􍝥e a.re."223 seed'il11g E1· ,i()­
􀏘􍠼<i1tnin􀏙􍤠 91v.icilis Jess tl)a11 1
, IJl(}ll_.)UgJ\.
'A gen ti)' sloping, grag,•y n,rc,1 ,1t tlle upper edg􀏚􍨠 o,f tl1<>
hca,·ier· ,oe.<;(lnite ,brush.
Besides the phH1ts 1iste<l
there .a.re t\vO sllla)1 seecl-lings
of G rertneria {en.uifo-
Zia, an-d te11 plnnts of JJ01,-
1(dl)ua rotl1:rockl•i l>eginuing
to gro""·
,,. e rY similn:r to. E. No bru,-;li
e-xcepting- an occniiional
D.l esq_uH·e f-􀏛􍭯om 2 to S feet
in l1c-ight. 'Ib􀏜􍱩i-cise;onS;id-
·erab"Je old gr(lss o'f Boute-
loit<i 1·oth;i·oel:ii, 13.. 1J<>-i.$li-
<tofclcs, and A1·istiih1. a111, f'1"'i -
cana- Ji:0111 last Rea,son.
THE LARGE INCL0S1JRE. 27
1.'abiil(Jfl· sta.tenient of plot 1neasu-re,nent.􀀱􃄭-Oontinued.
------- ---􀀎􀸭-- -----􀀏􀼭 - -- - -􀀏􀼭- - -􀀏􀼭- - - -- ------
l. 'LO'I' G.
PlagiO)JOtbTys .. sp ......... .
L11pinus concir.wus ....... .
Citl.wnd1tnia 1n.cn¾i.esi i. ..•.
1'1agiobot.bry..s ,irizon tcus ..
Lotus l\uluistr!),tus ........ .
.Baerh.\ g-ri\􀏘􍠠 il is. .· . , .. ....... .
Linanthus auxeus ........ .
Ph'1.n t'Hg0 jgJ 1 Ota .......... .
Fest.uca:.,octofiora ......... .
J<'ilago calHonrica ......... .
Pl1acclia. a.rizon1c,1 ....... .
E.rentocarya micran tba .. , .
PLOT IL
Eriogo1iun1 thurberi. ..... .
:i􀏙􍥲remocar􀏚􍪷·,.1 1nicr,1.nth,1.. ...
Lupin us leptoph·􀏛􍬭-11 us ..... .
P1.01· I.
Lot:us humistratu,· ........ .
Plan tago ignota. .......... .
Erod,itun te¼aut1J;t1 .... .... .
Eriophylllllll Ja.nosu1n .... .
Pl.ia.ccJ.ia crcn u lata ........ .
A.stragRlus nutt;lllii ...... .
P•L01' J.
EscJ1schol tzia m exic,,n;i .. .
Pian tago ignot;t .......... .
Lotus hullistr,it.ul! ........ .
Eren1oca1·ya ll1 i cra-nth,1. ... .
Erocl ium cicn t.ari u1n ..... .
Eriopbyll11m lanosuut. ... .
Stylocline uiie.ropodes .•...
l'ect0c,,rJ11. li-11􀏜􍰱1.ris. .......
PLOT K.
Pectocarya line,u·1􀏝􍴮. ..•... ..
Lotus humistni,tus .... , .. .. ,
Lotus hulilis ............ .
Erod1un1 t-exan. tnJ1 ........
Ler>idium lasiocarpum ... .
Eriophyll'um laμo:sum .... .
Pr􀏞􍹯oT L.
Lotus bumilis ........... .
Ltnanthu:s bigelovii ...... .
Linaμtlius aul'ens ........ .
Gilia floccos;\, ............. .
Caucalis n1icrocarpa ...... .
Ntiil.l·
ber of
phuit,􀁺􇨮.
14
190
276
17
94
53
49
&l
35
6
49
97
:n
21
67
7
J9
10
3'1
3,1s.
29.1
32
ll5
3
5
35
2-!
310
2
8
3
1
8.0
-􀏡􎄲26
13
2
5
5
Heig:lit
or
J?lanU:t
.
Inches.
,1
1 to s
l½
3 to12
l {o l}
3 to 4
S to 4
2 to 4
I½ to ,i
1 to 3
2
1 to l½
1 to :l
1 (,,0 2
4 to 8
1 to 5
1 to 3
-3
J. to z
2 to 6
3
11·0 9
1 to 2
(«)
1 to 2
i
1 to 2
1 t-0 2
1 to 2
J. t o ,;
1•-l
Ji
3·to 4
4
2 to 3·
Conditic,n of
pl£1nt-$.
In [i·u'it .........
Early blOOlll ....
In fruit. ........
..... do , , .........
lu bloom .......
lJ'ulJ bloo1n .....
..... do ..........
Uriel er l1looin ...
. . . . .d o ..........
In bloom .......
Ea.rly blooul ....
In fruit .........
In bloom ....·. ..
. ..... clo ......... .
.... ,d O ••••••.••.
111 fruit ........ .
Ea.rl•v bloont. .. .
J u fr\1􀏢􎉴t. ....... .
Full bloom .... .
In bloom ...... .
In .fruit ........ .
In frui.t .........
J􀀵􃕬l,rly b')OOlll ....
Full bloom .....
. .... d0 ..........
E{l-r.lY fru-i t ......
Full. bloom. .....
[n bloorn .......
I11 iruit ..· ... , ...
.
In fnii t. .·. ......
In bloorn .......
ln Ll'.\ti t .........
..... cl O .••••....•
. .... clo ..........
In bloo1n .......
1 In l:)100111 ••••••.
2 to 3 ..... do ......... .
3½ ..... do ........ ..
2c ti:> 3 Under bloom .. .
5 In bloom ...... .
a Prostrate.
\\' eigJ1t. ConditiQH bf plot,
'
Grains.
101
999
700
116
56 Di/feting but little from Plot
53 F. Besides the plants
li􀏟􍽴te􀏠􎁬l there ,u·e 12 i,111􀀔􁑬ll
9 se.e(lli μgs o t Er-ioccwp 1.pn -
35 {Jrac-il:is· to be i(,olnded in
ihc a.u t\uo nal ueckoni Qg .
l-1,
11!
15
: n .
1 7
SI.
102
In the bQLio1n ·t)( Box Ga,11-
yon, upon a co!i.rse, 􀁺􇩡alld)·
aUuvium, which bas not
been dist,urbcd for scverftl
yen,rs.
)l"",. Ut16n a stony, south/iPl ex- 5 7 l po􀏣􎍵ure borcl.eri ng' .Box Can-
􀏤􎒷·ou. Bc;,ides . the ph}nts
7S listed 􀏥􎕢bere arc 30 pl,int.• of
9 pere,nrria,J gras􀏦􎙥es jti5t b e ·
't ginni11g to cle,,elop. Optin- ·' ,. _., tiQ, en{l<:hnanni JS vc,ry cou-
259 􀁺􇩰picuous hcte.
5•12.􀏧􎜠
70
101
14
6
4
7
5
878
10
36
(i
18
105
1$0
6
4
3
6
>
Broad, open, gently sloping
foo􀏨􎡨hil.l r􀏩􎥜\gion which pro­dt1ced
a lar«e crop of Bo-Ii·
tetou.ci a·rt!lil:loi<.les Ia«t_ycar.
011 it. rocky bi llside a.mong
steep, stony, ba,re a.rroyos.
Y-i?»JJ>hll$ tycioii;les is. con-sp.
icnQus here. Bouteloiici
<trisl'idqicl􀏪􎩳s was t.be ,chief
crop last. full.
Sin1'ilar to K, but fart.her
f1:on1 a,rrqyo., Besides the
list. there 1.s one plant
·each of Pla.9io1Joth1-ys ari·
zoiiimis, B«.el'ift gi-aoiltis,
1:'ilayo caNJ01-n:ica., 11 nd Ji:re­rn,o.
c1:J,1ya inic):<int/ia.. All
1vo1.1kl 1veigh less than 2
gratn.s. ·
28 R.ANGE INVESTIG .A TIONS IN .ARIZONA.
'l'abiila.r stclteriient q,1' JJlot 1nea.sii1·e1ne)its-00Iitil1ued .
N1.un- .ff ei􀍸􇡨ht.
Name of plant. 6ei- of ot
plants, phint.
P'l,01' 􀀌􀰱1.
• Inches
·rhclypocliUll
lun1.
lasiop hyl- 7 10 to 1s
Cl'yptanthe intermecUa .... f> 5 t.o 8
Pectocarya. linear. is .......·. 6 l to 3
Caucalis:mic.i:ocal'J\1-....... 6 2to 􀀂􀈢"
Spb airostigroa chamren- 4 3to12
erio1des.
El lisia chrysa,n th eJn-i±oliR, 1 6
Sopb.ia pinnata·. ........... 12 10 to 14
.PLO'.l' N.
Lo􀍺􇨱1s ht1mistratus ......... 490 1 to s
Plagi.Obotb1·rs sp .......... 2 1 to 2
Plagioboth'l'YS" n.rizonieus .. 9 3 to 5
Li nan thus fllll,eus ......... 8 ] to 3
Pc-ctoca.rya line!'li:is ........ s 2 to '1
Eremocarra micrantha .... 32 1 to l½
PJantago ign:otA ........... S/4 1 to 3
PLOT 0.
1:fentzel ia i1lbica.ulis ....... 1 6
Pha.celia, crenuJafa ........ "- ;I
.
Lupin us l.eptophy!lt.u; .... . 1 -1-
GHia i nconsp:lcua .......... 6 8 to 12
Gilia. flocco:,a, .............. 3 ,fto 4
Escbsehol tzia uie:tiea na ... 1 5
Phlntago 􀍿􇽧gnota ....., __ ... 1 5
Eremocarya micrantha .... 2 :2 to 4
Lupi u us eonci nnus ........ .2 3to 5
Pe.ct<Jcar. ra, liuearis. ....... 1 (}n
PI,OT P .
P1agiobo'thrys arizoni.cus .. . 56 5 to 10
Lupi.nus eoncinnus ........ -1 3to ·!
i\Ialacoth.rix fenc11eri ...... 1 -l
Gilia floccosa .............. 2 3½
Linanthu􀎁􈄠 aui-eus .......... :l, ·3
Gilia inconspi.cua? ........ 11 7 LOll
Phacelia arizon icn ........ 1 3'•
Ast:ragaJus 1n1ttallii ....... 1 3
Eremocary,1-micrantlla .... 11 1 io 2
PLOT Q,
E11isinc. h.rysanthemiiolia .. 4-, 612 3 Oi 7
PLOT A'.
AtJ·i;plex elegans ..... .-.... 10 12
:
PLO'T E'.
Ar,ri plex elegaus .......... 7 2 4 to 6
Portulaca retnsa ..•........ 106 3
Bou teloua. a1·isticloide;;; .... 2 4
PLOT C'.
At riplex elegaus .......... S2 14
COIJdibion of
pla.nt.s.
In fruit .........
In bloom .......
.. ...<l o ..........
Jn frllit .........
.ll:l}Fly bloom ....
Late bluom .....
.....d o ..........
Full fruit .......
In frt1it .........
Late fruit, .......
1,ate bloom ..... '
La tc .frlli t .......
.. ...d o ..........
In fruit .. .- ......
l n fruit .........
In bloon1 .......
ln frui-t ...... ..
..... do ..........
.. ... do ..........
Lat.e bloom .....
In fruit .........
.. ...d o ..........
. ....d o ..........
.....d o ..........
In fliuit .........
r. • a· te bl OOID ...- ··
I n blooin .......
.....d o ..........
Fu1l bloon:i. .....
Jn fi·u.it .........
Lnte 1,100m .....
Infntit .........
. .... do ..........
In bloom .......
1Iat.ure .........
.. ...d o ..........
In bloom .......
1r a t.111,e .........
hlatw:e .........
iYei􀍹􇥨ht.
Grains.
79
31
:20
•)
-
lS•
6
95
1 > Q);l"'O· I\.l
·!
22
2
8
- 5ii
283
8
4
27
92
_9-,
2
2(\
LO
101
s
1,905
1.16
8
:il
6
Sl
10
·2
lS
l,OOS
96$
1,614
126'·
1
4,479
Conatt,iou of plot.
About oite-tμircl 9.f plQt situ-atecl
under a · Zizyphus
bush, "'bere the vegetation
is much more abundant
thi,n in the iemain9"er of
the a.r.ea., but it represents
au. i.verage for this ki:ad of
situnt.ion,
Gent,ly sro􀍻􇭩ing o,pen foot.hills.
Esclfsc}!Q 􀍼􇱦fa 1n£X·i<:ana vert
abundant a.short, <list,1nce'.
s
awa-r, but compari\,tivel,y
fc,v plants "'ithin 20 rod:
of t,be plot. Besides the
p.lan t;, listed -th.€!.re are -Sl
seecliings ot G:ertneria t e n . u -
lfqlia a11d lQ bunches of
perem1ia.l g,rasses.
On a s:.indy, gra,velly 􀍽􇵶vash
,Yhicb has not been di.-:.
t.llrbed -for ,1'bout t1Yo 􀍾􇸬,cars.
'the pla.n ts in si'.t,uat.iols
like this hab.itually grow
1:ouch laro-er than in other
place,;. T'\;ey are, ho,vever,
mttch fe,vei' in number.
T:-picaJ rc􀎀􈁲re$entation of the
unerode. lands just above
the ,vashes and belo.w the
roc.kr bluffs on either,side.
It is 'bit􀎂􈉶veen a.reas of t.hls
I) a,ture and th.e sa,ndy ,va,-,h-es
thl t fr. e,es ond s-bi-ubs
gro,r in this pa.rt of the in-closure.
'·
TD)iGal de.-elop1.u.ent in tlie
p'rotection of bushes.
., U-neroded. In other .respects
not difl.erent from .Plot A.
Sur.f,tce oil p.lrtta;lly l'.e-
· m.ovl;ld ·by erosion.
Surface $Oi 1 la rg'e}y removed
by flood ·waters.
THE LARGE INOJ;,O.SURE. 29
Tabi:ttcp· statement of JJlol 1neas11,rements-Conti11necl .
Name o [ p"l:uit.
PLOT D'.
Bout.eloua .r;othrocki i ••• , ..
,􀌹􃥬llionia i ncarnat.1, ........
Bou telona ha ,ard ii ........
􀌺􃩦fachaeranthera sp .... .". ..
A rii,t.icla .a1ue.ricana ...... ...
Ei:iocarpum grac'i.lis .......
Grertneria tenuilolia ......
PLO'.!: ]Y,
Boutelo11J1. broJnoides ..... .
A1i: stid!I- amcrioa11'>t. .......
Bouteloua ba-v,1.rdii. ...... .
Erioc,u·pum gracilis ...... .
PLOT ]J''.
Bout.elopa arisiidoicles ... .
'l't:i bnhrs. g-r,·u1dHior1,rs .... .
A.maraut:hus pal. ln<:ri ..... .
PL0T G'.
Bont:eJona bron1oiclcs ..... .
Arisitd,1. a-merica,na .........
Aristida amcl'ic,u1a bro-moi.
de;;.
Eriocarpum gracilis ...... .
Er:iogo. nu1u polycladon ....
PLOT JI'.
Bouteloua b1·omoides ..... .
Boutelou,i eriopoda ........
Bouteloua havardii ...... .
Eriocarpum .gracilis ...... .
Bou te1oni1. h iJ"su lt1, ........ .
I:'LO'r I'.
Pauicum :􀌽􃵲rizon ictuu ..... .
Boute. loua aristJc}oide􀌾􃸠 ... ·I
EriqcarpUJJ1 gn1cili s .......
Bouteloua rothrockii ..... .
Eriogonun11>ol􀌿􃼧'ch1don ... .
l'!,OT ,J'.
Bouteloua a,rtist.idoicles .. .
A risticla ,:uue.ricaria ....... .
Boute.1oua eriopoclii ...... .
Eriocarpu.u., gracilis ...... .
Pto·r If' ..
':\Ia¢h,1erant.bera sp ....... .
Ba,qia absintJlifolia ....... .
N:􀀪􂩬l!U· B:eitl'bt Cond'ition of be-rof ot plants. plants. pla.ntes.
.
In􀀇􀝬lte8.
82 18to21 Mature .........
l 1 to 2 In fruit .........
1 12 Ma,ture. .........
22 3 to 7 Late bloon1 .....
2,604 4 to 9 lfo;f,ure .........
10 7 Late fruit .......
5 1 6 In fruit. .........
lSO 5to 8 􀌼􃱦fat.ure .........
15 ·1 .. ... do ..........
. 26 \ito 9 .....d o ..........
18 s t-o i · OvernJ11ture. ....
l, 1,JS 6 to S i\f1,ture ........ .
30 ,1 Overmatnrc ... .
4 6 i\fature ....... ..
15S
903
3·
6
15
4
20
16
72
b
1
8S
l
1
-/ 3-4 ) ; J
168.
6 to 10
2 to 4.
12 to JS
'3 to 5
7 to 24
6 to 7
8 to 12
6 l<> 10
3
8 to 12
3
1-½ to 5
10 to'J.2
18
24
􀍀􄁉Iature .........
Overmat.ure : ...
􀍁􄅦fatu1,;e . . .... , ...
La t-c bloo111 .....
FulJ bloom .....
􀍂􄉉Iatur<> .........
..... do--·--··---!
.. ... clo ..........
Ovenuature .... . .
)f:tture .........
o,-enn,u.11re ....
..... <lo ....•..•..
..... .do .....•......
i\fature .. : .....
Full blOOUl .....
3 to -1 l\:[n:t.nEe ........ .
6 to 8 ..... do ......... .
1 1oro12 ., ...d o ........ ..
3
r
6 Over111ature ... .
4 Late .bloom .... .
5 1t,1rly bloon1. ... .
\Veight . Concl.i t.io.n o'f plgt.
G-,·a.ins.
1,560
31
106
201 In the upper. end of a sinall
50i
stony arr􀌻􃭹yo.
36
' 136
4,910
1 On f.hc baulc of a.small stony
1721 arroyq" .
12·
2, 305
l}
On a 􀍃􄌬,u1􀍄􄑬ly 1;.J,Juvi,;i J b,:uik
128 ·tlbout 8 leet abo,Te the
?'> shifting sands. 􀀃􀌭-
1,326
84
82
60
-150
38
154
)20
]􀀚􁨲21
70
1
28
33
S3
139
l, S!JO
42
32
3;36
'
On the brond upper e1Yd of
'" s hallo,v ,1·ash w¢st of
Procf,or .
On a ro<JJ,y ,i·estern exposure.
. Oallic,ndrci eriophyll(t very
abnnda,nt. Lhel'c being 15
s1nttlI p lants upon theJ)lot.
On .a, -snncly "'ash. 'l'h-0 soil
ha.; been unclfatu-rbed fol'
al.lout one year.
A distiu .ctly sjx ,vceks' grass
, (Boutcloiu·􀍅􄔠 a r·i.st-icloicles)
lt)'('.;,\..
__ ·
{
UJ?Ol' a gravelly knoll ,vhe1·e
1,s 1ti>equires,1u exctp􀍆􄙩iona.lly
l·. , f67 faan yyo fra.ble year to produce e' ed.
30 RANGE lN\TESTIGATIONS IN ARIZONA.
The follo:wi11g· table gi·ving· totals coropttted from the preceding·
tables is mote eo111rei1ient 0f reference a,nd shows i n aonnection with
:fig·nre 1 the relative productivity of different portions of tl:ie field:
1otals co1n1;·il ed f1·oni Jlrecious tables.
Plot.
. .\. .......................................................... .
B .. - -......................................................... .
C .............. ... .. . .. . 􀀑􁄭---··································
D .............................................., . ............ ..
E -..... -.......... -. .-........... -.................... - ....... .
F. . .· - . . . . . . .. . .. .. -. . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . . .. . .. . .. .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. .. .
G. ................. : ...- ..... -............................. ··-..
H ............................... ._ .......................... ..
1 ............ .-.............................. : ................ .
J ·····--·-···· -········-············· ········ ··. ·· ·········-··
}{ ........._. ............................. ......................:
L ............................................................ .
:l\I ............... .-........................................... .
-.·· '- ································􀀒􁊷····························
o .................................... 􀀏􀼠 ..... 􀀐􁀠 .................. .
p ............. ............................................... .
Q ...................- ·· -. -. -.. -- --...... ......... : ............. .
.t.\I • •• • • • • • • • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •· • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ••. • • ,·. • • • "' • •: • •
:R' ............ -................ •.• ............................ .
C' ........................................................... .
D' ..................... > · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·
'DJ ......................... -.. -................ -.....- .........
F' . .. .. . .. .. . . . .. . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . .. .. .. . .. . ............... .
(.-i-' ............... ........ .. ..... ... .. .. .... . .. .. ............ .. .
R' ······· ············􀃰􏂷···························--············
J' ..........................................._ . ..._ ............. .
.J' ······································ ················ ······
1.;::, ........................................................... .
I ·Tom1
n-un1ber
of 1>la.nts
on 21
square
feet.
62
6;3
9
47
411
39()
442
l39
175
30:3
347
251
41
•)\)􀀓􁌠 - I
20
·12
1-,_'>
lO
91
82
18&
102
· 1-12
1·16
Sl
-19
Sc"'>
-1
1Ve:ight
o".f'plants
on 21
square
rect.
0raif1s
370
.1, 815
51
410
1,710
98-5.
2,126
187
482
749
l,Of>S
199
251
1, 37-S
300
2, -155
1.008
968
1, 7il.l
.J., 479
"-, 5-I -I
5,155
,2, 695
I 1,902
50.1
')·'1 · - o ·
2,300
1,640
.
A.v􀀇􀜢"rage
,vejgsht, of
plants.
0ra:[ns.
5.97
2S.Sl
5. 66
s. 8l
4.l,6
'_)_ ,:;·,s
4.Sl
1 􀀪􂨭- . 􀀃􀍴t)
2.75
.?􀀑􁄮. 4􀀏􀽉I
g. 03
. 79
6.12
4.64
15. 00
58.-15
5 . ()
96.$0
19.13
54.62
iS. il
50.5-!c
lS.98
13'.0 3.
6.'ll
4-. ·7$
5.9i
410.00
Con1puted
dry
wei«, ht upo)l I
fi.ci:e.
J>oun<ls.
109
5$7
15
123
507
291
629
55
1-13
221
812
o8
7 4: .
,108
8
727
298
286
515
1,327
768
1,529
·i9.S
562
149
69
1,150
'1S6
Tl1r last .colum11 of this ta.l)lc is of special interest. It sh@,V$ a wide
,ra,riation in the qt1antit.,y of ,·egeta,tion ,Yhich is 1J.rodt1ced e.ve11 in
a.reas sitt1ated near each other. It niust be borne in 111ind. that the
n1ost producti v.e plots repTesent comparatively sn1all a.reas. Tl1.e
ta1)le1; a.l􀃱􏅯o sho,v a g·reate1· a,􀃲􏉥e1·age of Sl1n1n1er growtl1, the a:v-·erage for
the s1)ring being· 270 po1-1ncls l)er acre aJ1d fdr the st1rorrier seas0n 799
pottnds, or a.11 a,rerage for the entire year of 1,069 popnds per acre.
In interpreting tl1ese fig·t1res it 1nt1st he reu1embered tha:t they re1)­rese11
􀃳􏌠 ·ver_)' closel,y the total l1er1Jaceous g'r.o,vth and that so11􀃍􌴠 of the
plants li:;tec1 are not eater by stock_ when there is 1n0re palatable feed
to 1}e had, ,vl1ile other$ are eaten only in paxt. In estim.a,ting· the
a.motmt of stock fee,d, therefore, j t is 11ecessa.ry to l.llalr:e a liberal
dedt1ction from the abo-ve fig·ures. Tl1e n1ethod of ma.ki11g· th􀃴􏐠 estimate
•
THE L.ARGE !􀀐􁁃CLOSURE. 31
must also be talcen iT1to aGeount. Ever.)r pla1'lt t11,011 the. l)l0ts 1vas
pqlled t1p an.d th􀁊􄨠 roots ct1t off at tl1e surface of the ground. 1'he
,veig·l1ts g·ive11, therefore, include all of the plant 1vhicl1 g·ro,vs above
g·round. Il, i;s 11eedless to Sa}' that it vvould b@ impractical)Je, indeed im­possible,
to take the vegetation off the ground as closely as tl1is b}r
g·razing. Fttrthermore, the meth.od practiced .in 0btaining· these esti­mates
removes a.ll vegetatio:n, lea,,i11g no seed for an11t1al specie.s {lnd
no eove.r for the roots of the. perenr1ial::1. Another very im1,ortar1t
factor to be considered is the. fact that so 1nany of tha annuals ,v-hich
mals.e goo.d feed while g·reen are of practicaliy no valt1e ,,,ben once
the.),. are dried. As ar1 example. of tl1is 111ay be rne11tionecl Peotoca,1·y1:r,
liriecvris and the 1r1ajority of tl1e otl1er l)orag·es. Eveo if it were pos­sil>
le to tttilize the entire dev, elopnrent of veg·etatio1-1 except 1vhat
shoL1ld remain fo,r seed, it ,vot1lcl have to be do11e to a very larg·e.
extent, es1,e.ciaJly in the case of the s1,ring· annuals, l:>efore they rip­ened.
Atten.tion is oal1ed especiall5r to the fact that it wot1ld be
imJ?Ossible for cattJe to secure the sa!.le amount of feecl that is ind. i­cated
in the :above tot􀈽􃵌Lls. Tl1e above apparent larg·e )rields must be
co11cidere.d i n connection 􀂑􉅲rith what is actually secured from pastures
un<,ler proper grazing methods in 1nor􀁊􄨠 J>roductive parts of the c0un­try.
vVhere bl11B-g·rass pastt!res are 1:,r0perly g·ra2red, and t11)011 clos.ely
cut la,vns, there is r1ot le:ss tl1a:n 1,500 to 2,000 r>qunds of 111aterial left
upon the g·rouncl continually, and a timoth·y 111eadow f1·om 􀂑􉄷7b.ich 2
toi1s of l1ay. per acre l1as been· remove.cl l1as not less tha1i thi:; I1un1ber
of pounds ren1aining· in the stt1b'ble. It ,􀈾􃹩ill be seen f'rom these rneas­uren1e11ts,
therefore, tl1at the entire lrerbaceons c1evelopment upon this
t1·act is not over t,vo-thirds of ,vhat. remains t1pon the g·rou11d, -ung·razed
·a11d 11ncut> i n good pastt1res and n1eadows.
To carr:r the coo1putations and con1pari1:,0ns still farther, we can 1Say
tha, t 􀈿􃽩is a general r11le 011e-third of tl1e l1ay ancl 1Ya$tL1re plants are l1pft
in the stl1bble. From tl1e .)'ields obtainecl here for tl1e plants. ,:vhich
.are not eaten by stock:, or only, eaten i11 part, 50 per cent shoul£l prob­ably
be, deducted. Detlucting· therefore. 50 per cent for 11la:r;its not
eaten,, and a11 additional 33½ per tent fat tl1e qt1antit3, ,vhich s11ould be
left upo,n th.e g·round for the prote,ctio11 of the root.$ rnaiol:)•, in the
case of perennials a.nd for resee.ding in the case of annuals, we have
left in rot1nd nun1be:1·s an ·averag·e of 350 pounds I?er acre as the total
h.erbaceot1i:; production a,,ailable for 􀉀􄁴tock feed. From this 350 pounds
per acre. another larg·e deduction 1nt1:;t be 1nade for plaints whicl1 are
of forag􀁊􄨠 value fo.r onl31 a short ti11e ·during the seas.011 a;nd therefore
are capa:ble of onlJ' partial co11sumption. 'fhe bora;g·es l1a,re been rrten,
tioned in thjs connecti0n, a.nd a score oJ others might be en-u111erated.
E,,en Indian wheat is of· little Yalu􀁊􄨠 after it has dried up, for the seed
falls to the grol1nd \7ery soon after maturity, and the remainder of th􀁊􄨠
plant is not eaten i.n tl1:e dry yo.ndition. Jn the same categ'ory b.e,lo11g·
4416-No. 67-04--8
•
RANGE INVESTIGATIONS IN ARIZONA.
the a11nual g·rasses .BouteZO'Uct aristidoicles a.ntl .1-L?·istiila ci1nericctn,a,
wbicJ1 ,,itl1ot1t doubt prodt1ce as 1na11y pounds of g·ro,,vth upo11 the
inclosure as all other g·rasscs con1bii1: ed. I.:t is ·ver3r doubtful if these
are eaten except 1111der enfo1·ced eo11ditions after the seed beg·ins to
ripen. Tl1eir l)eriod of usefulness as stock. feed is theref.o.re very
short. Fifty 11er cent mo1·c sho.,1ld be deducted from the total avail­able
for. stock. feed for pla11.ts pf this kind 􀊠􊁶vhie11 are of little or no
·val11e when dry and the.refore are not ca,i1able of co.,mplete co11su1np­tion.
The t,vo s1)ecieB of lotti8 enu111erated iii the reeorcl of plot
n1easuren1ent · an.d Pectooarya a.re from their habi.ts :of g·rowth not
g·razed to any extent, lJ:f cattle 'especia.lly, until the;r hegin to fr11it,
on account of their l;ying· flat 011 the g·􀊡􊆷·.otJ.nd until this tin1e. Their
perioc1 .of l1sef11lness il:i therefore v􀊢􊉲ry E-hort. ,Vhen this dedt1cti9r1 is
n1ade, a1td it is }Jelie-ved thttt all of these deductions a1·e conservativ·e,
we have leit 176 pounds of clry feed 11er aere to be utilized under
11ocessarily w􀊣􊍳steful pastt1Te practices, ,-vl1ere g·r.een _feed is present for
about five mo.ntbs, a11d tl1e season of g·rass l'>roductiou i11 July to Sep­tem))$T
is ofte11 closel3r follo,ved b.r a fe,v ligl1t sbo,vers of rain, ,,7hieh
g·reatl)1 decrease the ,·alue of the cured fora,ge. Thif5 remaincler of 1'76
po1111ds is increa.sed s0n1e'Yhat b3· tl1e bro,vse I)lants, which ha,re not
enterecl into ot1r ealculati.on.
If we coiisider 18 pou11ds per da3. 1 of ,vell􀊤􊑣ct1red hay su-ficient for the
mai11tenance of a matuTe idle an:imal without aclding ·a11yth111g· to its
"yeig·l1t, it will req11ire 37 ac.res to st1pport st1ch a.11 animal one year.
This calculation consiclers the na.tiYc feed eqt1iva.le11t to well-c11retl hay
antl allo,vs nothing· for increase i n weight. Neither does it allow an31
-
tl1ing· for labor performed by the animal in g:athe1·ing its food and walk­ing
· a distance 0£ 5 to 10 n1iles for water. ·v,7he11 additional allowances
a.re made for these factors􀊥􊔠 th(} nuu1ber of aci·es required to pasture one
ani1nal j􀊦􊘠 ·very materiall.)7 i11creasecl a.nd apprciaches ,tery closely the
50-acTe est.imate. g·iv: en u1)on a , 1)re,,iot1s pag·e.
CARRYING CAPACITY.
Before any rational a.djt1strnent ·for the p1·oper coutr(l)] of pul)lic
g·razi11g lands to 111eet the 􀊧􊝶vident pros.Sing· qeman; ds £or a change in
tJ'.liti direction can be n1ade, 111uch_ sl1ould be de:finitel5r lrno,v11 rega.rd-
- ing the runou11t of stock that these lands will carry profitably 3real'
after year. Tl1is 111ust form the lJasis of all eqrtitable allotments. To
sec11re sucii inforn1a:tion is a n10-st clificult task i n a region where the
seaso11s, the altitude, the slope, and the rainfall are so variable. It
can be deterLnined ,,ery easil.f in the Gre-at Plains region', 1-vl1ei'e c011-
ditions are t1r1iform and rea.sonabl3r constant, aucl indeed it is ,,ery
dc:finitcl3r kno,vn th􀊨􊡲re; bt1t · here tb.c oase is ·ver31 dif,erent. Tl1ere is
i11 the Territoty co1111Ja.rativelj' little na.ti-re pasture land t1nder fence,
and that ,Thich is fenced is nsu,allJ the better land, represent-i11g· a
'
CARRYING 0Al">A()I'1'Y. 83
m-uch hig-.t1J,􀊏􈽲r carrying· capacity tha11 the average. Eve11 in cases wl1ere
tl1e land is fenced the a1·eas are irreg·ulat, a11d therefoxe of 11ncertain
acrea.g·e, with no reco1􀊐􉁱q of the a,1not1nt of g·razing se.ct1red fro1n then1.
Tl1e estimates belovv are g-iven: , tl1er'efore, reser ·vedly, but vvitl1 a .
feeling· that they are ap1)ro.ximately accur·ate for the specific; areas
mentioned. .
Mr. '\7•l. 13. lVIcCleary l1as 200 acTes fer1ced at the l)ase of :01oui1t
,iV:rigbtson., at an altitude. of a1)pro..ximat􀂛􉭬ly 4,000 feet. Tl1e condi­tion
􀊑􉄠 are ap1Jroximatel51 the -san1e as those in tl1e sot1tl1er11111ost part of
the. area recently inclosec1 b31 the Depart111e11t, except that. a portion­of
lYlr. lVIcOlear.y's l1olding· is occ􀊒􉈱1pied b31 a larg·.e wasl1 J1eavily covered
with brush a.ncl trees. ,i\1 he11 first fen0ed; it ,v11.s necessary to feed
so1n0 bay to th:􀂛􉬠 four l1ead of sto0k wl1ich are carriecl on the )a11d, bt1t
at the pi·ese11t tiroe the area, ft11·nishes suficient feed for this nuu1ber. . '
Mesquite l)eans and lYro,vso, fnrnish no small l)art of the feed, and in
general the area Tcpres.er1ts abo11t an a,,erag·e carrying· capaoity for the
foothill-mot1ntain areas. It fu\'J1isheB rather 1nore browse and mes­qL1ite
}J.eans but less g·1·ass _than son1e of tl1(:} neig·hb0Ti11g· localities.
L1 t11e estimate of this pasture, if tho d-ata ,vlucl1 it furnishes be cor­rect,
the carrJ1ing· ca1)acity for th@ best pasture lancls in tl1e. f0othill­mountai11
,areas of this regiQn js al)out 1 heacl to 5_0 acres. This js
ptobably not fa,r frotn tl1e r1to1)ortio11 , ,\7bich sl1ould goV'ern g·1:azing·
up0l1 these hrnds. It sl1011ld be stated that tl1is estimate is l)a8ed tl})On
the better la11ds, ,vhich are proportionally smaller i11 area tl1a.n desert
n1esas and unr>todt1ctive la,11ds at lower altitudes . •
1\1ueh eflort "ras n1acle t.o g·et an estimate of tl1e carrying· capacity of
the land ili trte rfOrthelI' 1 pal't Of the rferritOl')T, ,vher: e the task is ·e,ren
01ore difict1lt than it is farther soutl1, 'l'he, :figt1res given for tl1is
region are l)urely esti1nates lJased upor1 tl1e judg·n1ent .of .raocl1ers
who 0,perftte in the re.g·ion. A g·reat Jtlan:y tanchers were co1jsulted
anJl tl1eir opinions .􀊓􉍥ecured, bt1t th.e t,vo or tl1ree qt1otecl l)elo,,v seen1 to
be l1ased upon t:ile n1ost definite c: lata .
. Sou1e information reeei,red fr0,1n l\1r. Georg·e L. l,1rook:s, rru1nager
for a cattle corupan3r, sho,,v s the extent t.o ,,,rbich the country l1as
bcc11 overg·razed in l)ast years. 1.'he lands of tl1is c0n1pany are
located fron1 Aztec ,vest to Ang·el an<,l sauth to· tbe Ji.111it of the .olcl
Atlantic a11d Paciti-o g·rant. 1'his strip of cot1ntry' co11tain􀊔􉐠 a little _
111ore tl1an 1,500,000 acres. l\llr. Broolts, "7ho 11ec􀊕􉕳ssarily made a ver3􀊖􉘠
careful stu·dy of the matter, estitJJ.ates that tl1erc ,vere ur>on this a1:eaf9-r
t!, nun1ber Qf Jears an equivalent Ot lll)Warcl of 44,000 b0vi11e ani1r1als,
or ab.out 1 steer to 34 acxes. 'rl1e loss of cattle throu,g.h sta.r,ration
,vas tremendo.t1s for se,teral ,vinters, an(l the country l)ecan'le so badly
d.amage.d a.$ to c.orn1)el the co1npan:y· to g·o out of the eattle bt1siness.
Their losses from tl1eft, no do1.ibt, ,vere considerable, bnt tl1e land
CQt1ld not. 1r1aintain ,'>tock at tl1e above ratio. At tl1e preoent time
34 RANGE INVESTIGATIONS TN .ARIZONA.
there is ,·ery little gra,zing· on tlus territOl')7 except b}7 shee1) durjng
the ,vinter season.
-'-􀊀􈀠 ra11cher near Asl1fork, who past1-1res 1,000 head of cattle, tl1is
nuu1l)er of stocl{ now having· the e11tire run·af land composing ne.a.rl)r
eig·bt townships, thinlts that they could be ca.rriec1 with perfect s.afety
011 four townships. This g·iv0es 92 acres to 1 head, which se.ems to l)e
a liberal allowance, ancl the lanlls \Yould probably carry st-0cl{ at the
ratio of 1 h·ovine a.nimal to 100 acres i11c1efinitel:sr.
The b􀊁􈅧gher lands i11 the San Francisc0 :Niountains of cot1rse produc.e
rr1uch more a.l)1,111da.ntly tha11 the bench lands at Jo1ve1· altitt1-des or in
tl1e , -alle3rs of the Colorad .o and the Little Co1ora.do. Practically no
grazing is done here, howe,rer, except in the sumn1er seas011, and a11
estimate of the carryi11g ca1)acity 111t1st, therefore, b·e made 011 an
entirel)7 cliferent basis. The better lanc1.s here ,vot1ld proba.bly St1p·
port 1 sheep to 5 acres during tl1e g·razing· season from l\1.ay to Noven:i­ber.
This, according· to the t1Ht1a] 111ethod of ca.lc1,1lation, ,vo1,1ld mean.
1 steer to 30 acres fqr the same. season.
'Twjce .dttri11g· the pa.-,t -sea.son the goa,t ranch of ·l\11'. J.oe Mayer, at
Ma.yer, Yav-. a.pai County, Ariz. (Pl. VII, fig-. 1), w-as visitecl. Mr.
l\1a3rer has rt1n goats for a num1)er of yea.rs on the san1e territor}1, a.ud
his esti111ate of the carrying· ca1)acit:5r of this ra.11ch is l)robably as ac·c1,1-
rate as ca.n 1:)e ol)taiued at the ptesei1t tin1e. During· the cot1rse of a
con,·ersatio11 iu J ul.r 1Ylr. 1\1a3rer stated t}1at, a.s nearly as he cot1ld
judge, be is usi1:ig· bet,veen 3 and 4 aores of Janel for each animal. The
estin1ate ol'.>tained from one of the her. ders of the area graz: ed (lurin.g·
the season g·i ,es a· son1e,'i' hat hig·her allo,va nee for e1Lcl1 animal. It
shot1lcl lJe bor11e i11 n1ind that this estiru.ate ca:11 11ot l)e reduced to ter1ns
.
of bovine animals ·ver:5r safelJ1 , because g·e>ats thl'i r·e u1)011 ,,egetation
which it, not eaten by cattle or, if eaten, u1)on \vhich the:5' can su5sist
bt1t a sl1ort time. The tauc.h is. located i11 tl1e n1ot1ntains where scrub
live oak:. al)Oul1ds, 1,1po11 􀊂􈉙Yhich the animals li,,e excl1,1si,·ely for a larg·e
part of the }7ear, .
WATER FOR STOCK.
011e of the most perp1exing r;>.ro1.)lems of the ri;1ncl1men throughot1t
tl1e rre.!:ritory is that of t]1e pro1)er clistribl1tion of ,vater for stock p11r­po.s
es, and 0,·er3r contri,ra11ee known is employecl to secure thi:; most
important adj\,1uct of the. stock b\1siness. Besides the natural st1pplies
of springs and streams: ,ve]ls a11d surface tank:s are commonly used.
Man:y regions are so remote from available ,vater st1pplies that they
are not g·razed except d11ring the cooler or 111ore n1oist portions
of the year, ,vl1en stoclt ca11 endt1re long· peri@ds withollt ,vater,
or '" he11 tl1ere is t.emporar y water in the ri ,T_e1·s, arro3ros, a.nd natu­ra
1 ta 111<:s. '\Vater is so difficult to secul'e in 1uan5r pla.ces that tl:ie
lands can not 1)e grazecl c,en during this seasor1. rrh:is condition is
vVATER FOR $TOOK. 35
esp,eciall3r tTtle of tl1e l1ig·her 1I1esas rem0.te fro1n both 1not111tai11 r:a11.g·es
and river valleys ,􀉌􄰱1here 11citl1er short. stTearr1s nor s111all spring·s of the
n1011ntain valleys nor the t111derg·ro11n:d 1va.ter s111,1)l3r are available.
Central Pin1a C0􀉍􄴱1rtty, en1l)racing· 1\. ,,ra, Altar, Sarita Rosa, aocl
Ba.buc1t1.ivari valleys, is especia1ly noted for its deep vvells furnishecl
'\vitl1 stean1 p11mp.s. 1'he ra11ches jn this region aTe ,,er3r sparse, a.nd
conseqt1e11tly tl1ese .al,vays furnisl1 vvater for the past11ring· of ver3r
la,rge arens. Sorr1e of tl1esc wells are 11p,·'1arcl of 800 feet in cleptb.
Tl1e £uel used for pun11)ing· iB al1nost entirel3r mesquit􀄏􀼠 fro1n the i1r1m.e­diate
,;ricinit)'· 'The snpply of water n.t these depths ap. pears to be
ir1exha11sti1)1e ..
Tl1e .rancl1es situatecl l1igher in the foothills an.d mountains dep.eud
11pon spl'ing·s. and shall.o'>V wells opetated by ,vind1nills. 'The supply
of ,vater fron1 tl1ese sha] low vvells, howe,-er, often varies greatl3r from
seasor1 to season, the diference so1i1etimes being, · as hig·h as 30 feet
bet,veen the level of the water in 1noist an, d clr)r seasons. Upon the
riv􀀼􃱲r bottoms the nat11ral flow or tl1e rivers i8 supple111ented by,. ,veils
during· the' dry season. These are operated l)y steau1, l1orse, or ,vincl
power. On account of the absence of strea1ns and tl1e great difficulty
of ol)taini·ng ,veil ,vater,. a large 11a:rt of the 11orth·e1·11 portio11 of the
'Ie1·ritory is oblig·ed to resort_ to s11rface ta.11k.s built of earth as tl1e only
a,-ailable means of sup1)1ying ,vater to stocJz. Upo11 tl1c l1ig·h.er areas
in tl1e Sa11 Francisco ancl contigt1ous n1onntain rang·es 􀉎􄸮.,atcr is al)undant
enough jn tl1e averag·e. season for all purposeS., l:>pt 􀉏􄼱1pon tl1e lo-.ver
platea11s the case is ver3r difl'erent. Here· the prospective ra11cher is
often deterred from En1tering· the stock: business on account of the g·reat
expense involved in securing· ,vater. Under a s3rstem of more stable
ten11re the ex1)e11S<{ mig·ht not be probil:>iti,re􀄐􁀠 for it i:; estiu1ated that
tank:s 1vhich bolcl ,vatcr for one year car1 be built f0r a,bo11t $500. The
cla3r soils so co1111non here are ad.1nirably ada1,ted to tl1e construction
of tank:s of tbi􀄑􁄠 lrir\d, for they hold. \Vater n.!1nost .l)erfectl5
r \Vhen once
tb(?roug·h ly tra.n1ped. an.d compactecl. In $Onre places 11att1ral tar1ks aro
-fotrnd ,·v l1ich neecl 01113' to be filled l)3r having· water conductecl into
them l.>5r <,litch;es or e1nbank:ments.
Another consi<lera:tion ,vhich re11dets ,vater relativol.)7 expensive is
tb.e lo,,7 carr.r ing· ca1)acity of the ln,nd, 􀄒􁈭-vhich (lecre.ases the 11 umber of
stoclr ,vhich can be l)l'O.tita.bl_y wa.ter.ecl in 011e place, 111n,king the ret.ur11s
for ot1tla51s 111nch 8111aller tha11 tl1ey wo.uld be i.111dcr 111ore productive
c0Nditio11s of soil and rainfn.11. r:very r􀉐􅀂􀉑􅅮ncher \\Ibo develops water
here .in fl11y forn1 of course o,vns the lancl 11po11 vvhicr1 the water is
situ.ated, ])1..it even this. ownetsl1i1) counts for but little 1nder tl1e l)res­ent
uncertain ten􀄓􁌱1re of the s1,.1reou11dinp; f􀉒􅉲reas. 111 short, water de.vel­opme11t
being ex1)en.sive and the ca,rryi ng ca1)acit)' of the lurid low :at
best, a large a.creag0e is neces;sary to furnish a Ii velihood.
So far as cattle 'es1)eciall:y are conce111ed, Arizona is esse11tiall3r a
R.A.NGE INVESTIGATIONS IN ARIZ'ONA.
-
breedi11!f g·ron11d for animals which i}re fatter1ed. elsewher.e. It wot1ld
seem, hovvever, that thiii w0uld not be the case long:-, for the present
iTrig·atio,n projects, whe11 clevel0ped, will g·reatly· increase the feeding
facilities of the Salt a11d other river ,ralleys1 so tl1at r11au3r more cattle
ca11 be matured. At present, and for a, long. · time past, practically 110
cattl􀊌􈰠 lea,·e the Territory i11 condition for tl1e markets. Tl1is, l1ow­ever,
js trne at the present time of nearl3r all the nativ:e pasture
reg-ions ju the U11ited States.
1'hrot1gl101ft the Territory, excepting: in the vic1aity of tl1e irrigated
reg·ions of tl1e Salt a11d Gila valle:ys, nd bay- or other feed is furnisl1ed.
stock. They Jive tip.011 the 11ative veg·etation, co;nsisting· of g·r-ass,,
1-veecls, o􀊍􈶷· btowse, depending· up6n tbe locality or the season of the
year. The main conc-ern of the ranct1el' is with brandirrg, prever1ting
theft,. a11d furr1isbing ,􀊎􈹡ater. It will not be long·, howe,,er, u-r1der the
presentmanag·en1e·nt of the live sto-ck sanitary board, before thieving·,
which has obtai11ecl sd co1111uop:ly arid has bee11 the means of r1,1i1ung· a
g:rea.t ma11y stocii111en, will be a thing· of th􀃌􌰠 past. Tl1e sca-rQit_y of
1-vater coupled ,vitl1 the s1nall earr,,ino· capacit,r of tlie tano·es ·compels ,
. .J 'Q. . .J n ,
cattle to travel long· distances. Th􀊏􈽳se distances wot.1ld ·1)e col1sidered
prohibitive 11>ro11 the nati,·e lJasture la11ds of the Great Plai. 11s; bnt the
develop1ne11t of ,vater at inter,rals of 2 or 3 n1ile$, st1ch :ts is advocated
an,d lJracticed there1 ,c9'uld not be thougl1t of here on account of tbe
g·reat .ex1Jense and pro1Jortio11all.Y sn1all retui'ns.
The reacli1Tess ,vith 􀊐􉀬,hich stoe!( of all k:irtds ad􀊑􉅰pt themselves to the
enforced copditions of shortage of ,vater is re111ark:alJle-. It is not,
bo􀊒􉉶vever, witboL1t g·reat loss a.t certain seasons, and it is those who'
malr.e the best 1:>rovis.ion for watering· who are th􀃌􌰠 roost sucef;ssful i11
the bttsi.11ess. The influence of a g'ood s11ppljr of wholeso111e water is
,,ery noticeable during· the clry season fron1 April to J t1lsr. Abun­dant
01)portunjt.)1 ,􀊓􉍡as bacl during tb:e past 3􀊔􉑥ear for observatio.n on this
poin-t, inasrnuch as the g·reater part of the dt'}r season ,vas spei1t i11 the
soLlthern l)ortiot1 of tbe Territor,y. lt ,vftS evident that Cf1tl􀀉􀤠 having􀊕􉔠
11lei1tj' of water aricl living t1po11 n1esquite an.cl cat-claw broVi'se were
alJle ta live tl1rot1gb tbis period ir1 better conditiori tl1a11 those u11on
bett􀊖􉙲r >rastures l'.:>ut ,vith in.con,,en: ient ·vvater supply.
lt is 11ot to be sur>1Jose.d that cattle go to v.1 fl.ter even once a da.y ,,,be11
feecling· g·rounds are so re1:n0te. In<leed, the habits 0.f cattle have
b,een s.o often obser,·e<l b3r so 1na11j' p,eo1Jle tbat it is well kno,;vn that
the3r \·ery ofter1, e,·en clL1riug the hottest ,vea.th-er of s11n11ner, g·o to
,vater reg·ulari.r 011l5r every sec.011:d or so11"1etimes ever5· third day,, if
the distance is Yery g·rea,t betwee.11 V-7itee and feecl. lvlr. Truax, fore-­u1an
of a cattle compa.n3r oi Apacb.e County, relate.s some 0.f his expe­riences
i11 this 111atter. A fe,C\, day:s. lJefoee arri yal at his ranch, on the
9tl1 of AL1g·ust, J1e follo,·ved a bunch of cattle which ,vatered at tl1e
corral a.t fla3r ligl1t in the morning'. About the niicldle of the after,no.@n
,.'vV ATER I!'OR ST<)CK. 37
tl1ey ,vere S miles fxo1n the ranch. He f urthex states that b.is cattle
often go 10 01· 15 n1iles away from -vvater. It h.a1·<lly seems probable,.
however, tl1at cattle can accuston1 the1nselves to living· over t􀇄􌑶venty􀇅􌔠
fo,11r J10urs ,vithout suffe.ririg· in the .extren10 heat of sumn1er, altl1oug·l1
they thrive for a m11ch long·er perio{l, ::is shown b3r tl1e followi11g
sjg·ned s-tatement: , whicl1 ,vas re􀃂􌉥ently furnished at my reqt1ost:
HEtV'E.rIA, l..i R rz., .July 18, 1903.
In the 111011th of Jiily, 1900, in building'a fence for a pasture, ,ve inclosed a 3-year­old
steer. The fence ,,'.as eo1npleted on the 5th of July, and the steer to onr kn(l\vl­edge
,vas in our pasture thirteen days ,vitbout ,vater. '\1/e ,vill state further that.
ther-e ,va.s 110 grass in the pasture, bnt there "ras plenty of 1u'.esqnite a.ncl cat-cla\v
pro\,,se.
,:v. B. lVIc0LE,􀀘􁡮n¥.
J. lVIAl{'l' 1N.
l\'Ir. Truax relates a still more rerna:.rk:ab1e i11stance than this one, in
,v·hicl1 he states th.at l1is men a.ccidentall.)' inclosecl a cow I.L11<,l calf in a
dry pasture in th.e 1r1ontl1 of ,July, ,vl1ere tllBJ' ren1ained .for a i:>ei·iod
of fifteen days before being discovered. The calf at tl1e encl or tl1e
l)eripcl w,as in apparently good conditi9n, but the co,v could not have
Jived much lo11ger. '
l
'l1ese extreme cases are ql1oted to sho,v tl1at it is
not at all impossi})le for stock: to live reg·t:tlatl.)' even under this sub­tropical
l1eat ,vitl1 but tw,o or thrce. . ,vaterings t)er ,veek:, altl1oug·l1 'the
p1:actice can not be upheld ,vbere there is any possibility of s11ppl_ying·
,,1 ater at shorter i11tervals ancl n1ore c<Jn.ve11ient distances.
In m.any Cot1ntries 1'17 here sheep are extensively -i·aisecl th:e,y are
aln1ost 11e,rer watered, })ut in dr:y reg·io118 water n1t1st ·be supplied,
altboug·h at rather less frequent intervals tl1an is the case witl1 cattl􀃃􌌮.
·01)011 the higl1 plateau of tl1e 1\sb Fork: .a,nd Selign1an regions herders
inf0r1ne.cl tl1e vvritex during- the past season that they clo· not water
more often than once e,rer')r eig·hty l1ours i n tl1e hottest ,veatl1er. They
ren1ain three 11ights a,vay fro11i v.1ater with both sheep ancl pack: l)urros.
In this way· the.r are. able. to graze an a.rea arot1nd the ,vater Sllf􀇆􌙰ply
with a radit1s 'Of ab.out 6 111iles, or about 72,000 acres. E,,eri witl1 this·
remark-al>le 11tility of water tl1ei·e a1·e large areas where grazing· ca11
not be done except dl1ring· the rainy s􀇇􌝡ason or i11 winter ,vheu there
is s1'low upon the hig·her elevations. Duririg· a large part of th.e winter,
whe11 g·razii1g· is <lo􀇈􌠱1e t1po11 alfilerilla and Indian wl1eat, sheeR live ,vith-
01:1t 􀃄􌐬,ater for n1onths. Little or 110 ,vater is r1eed<:ld even i11 st1mmer
when feed i s gree .n.
Goats 11eed ,vater more ofte11 than sl1cep, ·and it is 11suall)r ylaimod
that they can not get al0.ng· ,vithout vva.ter once every t,,·enty.-fot1r
hours. The3r a.re n1ucl1 better travelers than shee1), b,ow(}ver, a.11d on
this ac􀃅􌕯ount fully as larg·e a11 area, can be g·razcd from one watering·
place as with sl1eep. l\1r. J. F, Burns reports tl1a.t his 500 Ang9ras
travelecl 14 rhiles each day for about tvvo ,veek:s. one year ,vith no appar-
,
38 RANGE IN\􀀘􁡅ESTIGATIONS IN ARIZONA.
e11t inconvenience. This means tl1at nearly 1/101000 a:eres col1lcl l)e
g·razecl fron1 one wateri11g place. Thi'$ am.otlnt of tra·ve1, l1o􀉥􆕶ve,er, is
excessive, and ,.-vithot1t doubt coulcl not be proita,bl3T co11ti11l1ed. Mr .
.Thiajrer's herders re1Jort that their fi.ock:s do not tra·vel over 5 miles per
day, but tl-ie3T thinli: that there wot1ld l:ie 110 evil efect froJ)1 driving
then1 ffLrtl1er tha.11 this. Consid.cri11.g the ll0G.essit3r of ,,,,atering more
often, it is probable that no g·reater area can -l:i.e g'.1'aze.d with g·oats
than with sheep.
Horses have no dificl1lty in tra.veli11g· 20 111iles to water, it is claimed.
So1ne portions of Arizona at. e overru11 '-ivith cayuses of little ,alt1e, a
larg·e 11t1111ber of which a.r􀉦􆘠 l1nbranded a11d 1)adly i11l)red. They are
claimed, of course, and, bei11g· Ltpon public rang·e, can n·o-t be gotten
rid of. Horses a11d burros l1ave a decidecl adva.1:rtag·e over cattle, not
o·n 1}' fro1n the fact. that they ate better travelers, but b.ecause they are
able to dig· for ,Yater in the sands of the arroyos. I t is a 11ovel sight
to tl1e uui111tiated to see a horse 01· burro up to its kne. es in the loose
sa11d pa, rign· fol' water. Dl1ring the sum111er- rains the. water level is
big·h in the a-Troyo sa.11d for son1e time after a. sl1ower, altholtgh there
may be no running· or sta,nding -water for 1niles arot1n.a. 1-Iorses and
blrrros ,er:·r co111monly supply themsel,,es with water during· the sl1n1-
111er season in this way, and are, therefore, able to gra.ze t1po11 lands
that cattle 01· e,·en sl1eep ca.11 not reach. Plate III, fig·t1re 1, shows
l1orses dig·g:ing· for water i11 a sn1all arroyo a.t the wester11 base of
Pyra.u1id 1-Iill, ,vithin tl1e prese11t inclosecl area on the Santa. Rita Fer­est
R.eser,,e.
B:r far the g·reater 11tunber of shee1) a.ncl g·oats are summered i11 the
great l1ig·l1la11d reg·io11 of the San :B'ra11cisco, }V[ogollon, and White
mounta.iu$, and 1,1intered upo11 the cleserts of the Salt, Colora.do, and
I.1ittle Colorado rive1· valleys. This staten1e11t shollld be n1odified by
tl1e assertion tha.t tl1e Na-vajp and .l\foqt1i sheep are 11ot inclLldc.d. The
rainfaJl is so ,ra.riable, bo"\.,.ever, tha:t there is no regularit,,. in tbe
migrations. The exact locality where a 111an· w.inter.s d<:!J)ends entirely
llpon the distrihl1tio11 of the rai11fa.Il of tbe la.te a.11tun1n of that par­ticrtla.1
· season.
THE SEASONS.
There are i11 SOLttl1eru Arizo11a t,vo clistinct seasons of feed pro.duc. ­tiou
· iu other ".,.ords, two seasons of plant gro,vtb. T11e3' al'e totn.lly
differe11t in the class of 1)la.11ts ,v-hich tl1e3r prodllce; indeec1, one can
a11nost recog·.nize tl1ree seasons of g·ro,,1 tl1 if he ta.Ires i11to conside;1;ation
those 1)la11ts ,vhich g·ro,,r well during the hot ,ve. ather of J\tlay and ,J Llne
ttpon the 111oisture ,vhich the.)􀉧􆜠 ha·v􀉨􆠠 stored np cltlring t11e winter.
1'he first season draws to a close with the advent of the _;\.pril
drot1gh.t, wl1ich co11tinues to the first of ,Jμl_y. Tl1e seco11d begins
,-vith the s1rm1ue1· rains of ,T ul.)' ancl te.rminates early in October. The
THE SEASONS. 39
s1Y_ring season is 1arg􀂣􊍬ly de11ende11t 11p.on .fall rains to start tl:1e vegeta­tion,
wb5ch gro,vs ·ver3r slowl3r during· the winter and matures in the
spring. Of co1,11;,se not all of tl:1e sprin:g J)la.11ts ger1uinate in tl1e
auturnn, t.>ut there is a ]a.rg·e class of very conspicuous ancl i111portant
thing's ""'hicl1 do g·errninate as earl)r as the latter part 0f Septe111ber,
malte a g·ood gro,􀉴􇑲rth b<-tfore the colcl weather sets in, g·row ·ver3r slo,vl)r
du.ring· tl1e cold ,veather􀉵􇔠 ftncl 111a£ure in the s1)ring·. Tl1is c3rcle is
entirely dep.endent, however, u1)on the distribution of 1noisture. If
th.e 1nar1tl1s 0£ Se1)te.111ber and October are clry no g·ern1inution tak.es
place 1111til moisture c01nes ir1 ]ate ,vint,er. lf tl1is continues 1ong
enoug·h i11 the spring· a crop 1natures; but i f not, as is usuallJ' the case.,
these l)laots dry tll) and tl1ere is no more feed proc1ucecl ttntil the sum-·
• • mer ra1ns come .ag·a111.
From Ai:>ril to June, although it is v.ery dr3,, tber0 is a considerable
development of 1,lants-,vl1icl1 l1a,re some special t)rovision for 1:etaining·
or seeuri11g· a su11p,l3r of moisture. Ti1e clev:elopn1ent of tl1ese is ui:-ua]ly
not perce1)tible until the season of droug·ht. ln(leed, it is after th􀂣􊌠
dry hot season l)eg-ins that they beg·in theiT g·rcr􀉶􇙶vth. 1\.ttentio11 shot1id
be. called here to the fact that it is onl3r those f>lants which l1ave n1eans
of s.up1)l31ing themselves witl1 water that g·row during· tl1e <-lry seaso11.
Those }'>la,11ts l)rotected by varpis)l, or b)7 having po. wer to discard their
lea,,es, etc., 11se these contrj,raJ)ces to enable the111 to live,. not g·row,
during· the dry· season. Tl1e case i s very· diferent ,vith the majority
of the cacti; which store vast quantities of 􀉷􇝶vater in tl1eir tissues.
They grow with6t1t appa1·ent hindrance throug·h the dr31 season of
earl.)· su1111ner. They are af valt1e acs food for stock_, aucl would b.e
closel3r g·razed were it not for their ofensi,re Sf..>ines. 1'he native_
gatlrcls, devil's claw, the oativfG nig'.ht-bloon1ing· ceretis ( Cere1ts q1·e(jqii),
one of the g·rou􀉸􇠱1d plun)s (l:,;,,ysctlis sp.), birthwort (Aristoloehia
b1·evipes), and n11n1erous others that n1ig·ht be enurnerated, have storag·e
reservoirs in the fortn of e.nlargecl roots. These plants, 110,-vever, a.re
of little forage value. 1'be mesquite, on tb.e contrarv, is able to thrive
tl1roug·h a lo11g· 11eri'od of droug·ht \-Vitl1 no a11J)recial)lc storage of
water, bt1t it is a ver3, deep-roote<l plant,. and g·rowing to best advan­tage
along· river courses and arto)ros it gets 􀉹􇤬,ater fron1 the deeper
strata there n1uch. lang·er than the sl1allo,Y-rQoted pla0ts, and is tbe:re­fore
al>le t o g·row 􀉺􇪷·,1ell into tho sun1mer dry season, if not ful15, throug·b
it into the moist s1u:nrner seasor1 ,vitbout being· checlrei:1. During: th·e
11ast yenr tbis f,ree- was i11 full 1)100111 al)out the rr1iddle of .o1a.)' 􀉻􇬱1pon
tl10 roi"th,vestern part of the large in:closure, a11d it ,vas a.ln1ost com­pletcl:
y defoliated "by a lapid0pterous larva 1:>.)r the last of the n1onth.
On th·e 26th of June i t was again in full bloom a1.rd l1acl nearly recov­ered
fron1 the efects of the defoliation. During· the periocl £ ro111
April to .Tune there had been 2.9 inches of rain at 11cCleary's ca.rnp,
aJ1d ·but 0..42 inch. at TL1csori. The rainfall in the 1nou·ntains at
40 RANGE INVESTIGATIONS IN AR-lZON A.
1\ifcCleary's did not rea.cl1 tl1e area in q􀉮􆹬lestiot1, and a.s uearl)r ,􀉯􆼬,-s ca111)e
jt1dg·ecl the rainfall here at this pe,riod was little if an3r g·reater than a.t
Tucson. The efect upo11 the deep sands of the washes, hovvever, was
considetable, 110 dot1bt, and the dee1J roots of the shrubs were able to
profit by it.
The ,vinter season is charactel'ized b3r a.n ab.un.dant (rel􀂏􈽴tive) g·ro·,vth
of sl1ort-Ji ved an nt l.tls. Some of thes- e, as before stateel, start _ their
growth in Octo}J-er, or even_ Septeu1ber, at the close of the st1mmer
rain3r season. An1ong· these n1a.y be n'ielitioned. .Pectoccirya, Zine, ct-ri.s,
a:lfilerilla, "Indian wheat, and a 1-arg·e nutubei' of bora.g·inaGeous pla.nts
which -fur11'ish a g·reat deal of feed. Betvveen this time a.nd the 1st Qf
February (it is not d􀉰􇁦fi11itely lrno,:vn a.t ,vbat ti1ne, a11d, i11deed, the
tjme ·varies owing· to tl1e v.ariation in prec1pitatio11) tl1ere appear a l1ost
of other short-lived pla11ts, a large 11u1nber of which are of so1ue for­age
,;;alue. These are epherr1eral, especia.lly in their effect upo11 the
landscape and in their .forage utility, a-ltbough tl1ey are really i11 the
veg·etati,·e state a consideral)le periocl. The ti1ne of maturit-3r of these
winter a11d sprjng· a:
nnua1s in the san1e season jg ,rery ·variable, there
being· fro111 t,vo to three weel􀂐􉁳s' <lifference betwee11 the mesas n:bot1t
Tucson and the nortl1ern slope of the Santa Rita l\1onnt;a.ins or the e􀂏􈽳st­ern
slar)e of the Babuqt1i varis. Thi:; vernal develop1nent is n1ostl5· con­fined
to altitudes belo,-v 4,000 feet in southern Arizona, the 1·eg·ion􀉱􇄠
above this ba,ring really but one pron1ioent ,,eg·etati ve season. Tbe
eause of this is m.ainl:v the lower te111perature.s of the higher altitudes,
there being· too low a temperat .ure for the g·r.owth of the annuals a.t a
ti1ne when the ,vinter and earl:r s1)ring· 111oisture is present. By the
time the temperature is big·h eo0ug·h f0r plant g·rowth the ri10ist con­ditions
baYe disappeared, and there is practicall}r no g·rowtb of vege­tation,
except du. ring the sutu'l1er Tainy season. A very ]aTg·e part of
the best pasture lands of this section, therefore, has but one seas.on Gf
plant gro,vtb.
'l'he su1nn1er season is characterized b)T the producti,011 Df g·rasses 0£ a
g·reat variet_y of s1)ecie.s. llr>on tl1e lowlands the grc-atost de,·e}opnJent
is upon the flooded areas, ,·vl1ict1 ,·yere 1n uch more abtlnclant 􀉲􇉯orrner1􀉳􇎷· tbian
they are no,v, owing to the e.xcessi,re erosion w b ich has talre111'.)la,ce dur­ing
· recent 3rears. 0 po11 the 1nesa::; there is but little develo1'.)ment of per­en
n-iar g;rasses a,s a usual thing·, unless tbe. se n1esas be high. ln favorable
t)laces a11d in fa-,Torable season􀉴􇒷· there are a. few perenoials which n1al􀂐􉁣c
con,siderable feed. 0 l)On tbe n1esa :,wa I es g·a.lleta ( I-lila1·ia 1n1.ttica) is at't
imp9rtant grass, while upo11 tbe less favorable situati0ns S})ecies of
gra111a g·rass s01netii11e􀀌􀰠 111ake a tbin gro":tb. It i s on the foothills a:nd
mount:iins that the grasses n1a.ke their bes􀉵􇔠 aqd 111ost pr6not1nced
g·ro,vth. 1I- ere tbe-rai nfall is m.ore a bundaut dnri og .tbe suu1n.1er season
than upon the lower areas, a.Ithough t!1ere n1a.5· not be such a difere11ce
in the winter rainy season, and tbe g·ro,vth of g·rasses is proportion􀉶􇙴tely
THE SEASONS. 41
larger. Nearly all g·rasses are irr bu11che& rend ofte11 gro,v 2 01' 3 feet
hig·l1) but ,always scattering·. It is 011 ly i11 favorable depression:s, ·,v; here
the land gets an increased.quantit}r of rr1oistL1l"e that thete is a sufficient
an1ot1nt of acvelo1)n1ent to,i;)rod11ec a complete ground cover. The
su1nmer seaso.r.1 of· g·ro,vth: cler>e11ds 11ot on 1_y £)n the amount of ra in:fa.11,
but upon its distribution cl1.:tring· the 11eriod fron1 July to Septe1uber.
'J?be following ta,ble of rainfall, prepared from vVeather BureaL1
qbservations ttt 'rL1scon cluring tl1e :yea.ri:; 1902 and 1903, illustrates ver}r
nicely tl1e difl'erence· bo-t,ve·eu ,vhat are conside:red years of l)lent.)' and
years of ftir11ine i11 th.e rang·e l:>ltsir1ess in this regio.r1: ,
Table sho·it·ing dtf1erence ·in a1nount. and di􀁀􄁬lr·i{nttion of· pi·ecipilation in ct good and in. a
poor season.
l\[QJl.tb.
January •
February
:1)-[arch
April .
?<lay . .
June. .
July . .
•, .
. .
. .
. .
. -
August .
.
.
.
.
.
.
. .
. .
. .
. .
. ,
. .
- -
. .
Septe1nber.
October. . . .
November .
I)cc:ember .
•
Year.
1902
190:l
1902
19Q3
1902
1903
1902
1903
1902
1903
•
1902
1,903
1902.
1903
1􀀕􁔰02
1903
1902
1903
190:l
1903
190:l
1903
1901
1\103
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
-
.
.
.
-
-
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
l.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
- -
. .
- .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. •
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
2.
. - . . .
. . . . .
. . . - .
. o. 2Q
- . . . .
. . 03
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . - . .
. . . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
.
'P.
. . . . .
. . . . .
. .. . . .
. . - . .
• . . ..
. . . ..
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . , .
[Precipita.tion cxpre;scd in inchcs.J .
3.
. . . . . .
. . . .. .
. . .. ..
0. ll
. . . . . .
. 01
. . . . . .
. . . . . .
. . . .. .
' T.
. . . . . -
. . . . . .
. . . . . .
. l.
.
. . . .
.. . . .
. T.
:
I
: . . . .
. . . .
. . . . . .
. . . . . .
. . . . ·
.
:
. . . . . .
. . . . · - .
•
. . , . . .
4 ,
. . . .
. . . .
. . , .
. . . .
. . . .
0. 01
. . . .
. .
. . .
. . . .
. 07
. . , .
. . . .
. . . .
. . ..
. 4'6
. 04
T.
. .
. .
. ,
- .
. .
. .
. .
. ,
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
.
. .
.
-
.
.
.
.
.
.
. .
.
.
.
.
.
.
fr.
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
o. 14
. . . .
T. - . . . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
,
. . ,
. - -
. . .
. . .
, . .
T.
. . .
. 05
. .
..
. .
. -
. .
. .
.
.
.
.
.
(\.
. . . . • ,
. . . . ..
- . . . . •
0. 31
. . . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . . .
. . . . . .
. . . . . .
. - - . . .
- . . . . .
. . . . . -
:i·.-􀀍􀴀􀀎􀸭-
.
.-
. .
. .
. .
. .
'I'.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
11
06
l4
. .
. .
. .
- -
.
.
.
.
-
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
7.
• .
- .
. .
. -
. .
. .
. .
. .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
'l.'.
. . .
. - .
. . .
. . .
. • .
0. 07
. 97
T.
. - . .
. . . .
• . . .
. . .
. . . -
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. .
. , ;􀀆􀚷·r-.􀀇􀜀􀀈􀠭- . .
$.
. . . . .
.. . . .
. . . . .
. . ' . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
.. .. . 'f.
. . . . .
. . - - .
. . .
.
. .
0. '23
. 05
. 03
. . . .
. 01
. . . . .
.
.. . . .
- . . . .
. . - . .
. . . . .
. 03.
9.
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
0. 02
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. . .
. . .
. . ,
,
. . .
. . .
. . .
'C.
T.
. . .
. . .
'1'.
. 20
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
- . .
. ..
. . .
-
-
.
.
-
.
-
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
10.
.
.
.
.
. .
. .
. .
. .
0. 01
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
. .. .
. . . .
T
. Ol
'r.
. . . .
. . . .
Ii'
. . . .
. . . .
. . ..
21
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
-
-
.
.
-
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
-
.
.
.
J] .
. .
. .
..
...
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
- -
- .
. .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
- . . . .
., . .
. . , .
. . . .
0, 22
. . . .
·T.
.
.
. -
. .
. .
. .
•
. .
. .
.
53
07
. .
. -
. .
. .
19
. .
. .
O L
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
-
.
.
.
.
.
.
-
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
0
.
l 'l .
. . . .
. . . -
. . . .
. , . .
- . . -
.
- . . .
. .. .
. .. .
. . . .
. . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
T:
. . . .
. . . -
. . . '
. . . -
. . . .
. . . .
. . , .
. . . .
5()
. . . .
13.
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
..
. .
. .
. .
..
o.
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
- .
.
- ·•
. .
. .
. .
. ,
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
, .
. ,.
-.
. .
OL
. .
. ,
. .
. ,
. .
. .
. .
. .
\l I
. .
.
.
-
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
-
.
.
.
.
.
14. 15.
'
. . . . . . . . . , -
. . . . . . . . . . .... ·I····· 0. OS ·Q 2􀁆􄘠
. . . . .
. - . . -
. . . . .
. . . . .
T .
T.
. . . . .
. . . . -
. iO
. OS
. . . . .
. . . .
T.
. . •· . -
. . . . .
. . . . .
. .. . .
. . . . .
.. 42
. ' . .
- -
. .
. .
. .
- -
.
. .
- -
.
.
. .
. .
.
. .
. -
. .
. .
. .
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. .
. .
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. .
)3
. .
. .
04
ll
. .
. .
16
...
• .
. .
. .
. .
T.
. . , .
.
.
.
.
.
.
-
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
l(l.
' . . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . " -
. . • .
. . . -
. . . .
. . . .
. , . .
T.
..
. .
. .
0,
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
- .
. .
. ..
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
6,
. -
, .
' .
- .
•. .
. .
. .
. .
.
. .
•
,
42 RANGE lNVESTI(:}ATIONS IN ARIZQN.A.
'table shou;in.g d􀁑􅅦frerence i.n a1no1,1,nt cind d:ist1·ibutfrnJ. of ptecip.itation in a, good and i'
n a
poo1· season-Con tii1 tted.
􀁙􅥉Iootb.
January . .
Februar\·.
1'1arch
April .
i\Ia.y . .
June. .
July . .
.
.
.
. .
. .
. .
.
.
.
.•· - -
. . ..
1\ugust . . .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
September.
October. . . .
November .