1940 Flagstaff All-Indian Powwow Program

              JULY
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For FREE
Distribution Only
PLAN OW TO A'ITEND THE
1941 POW-WOW
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OUTHWEST
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The Mountain City of I
FLAGSTAFF I
ALTITUDE 6907
Under Turquoise Skies In the Center of the Enchanted Empire
Arizona State College
Lowell Observatory
1\1 useum of Northern
Arizona
ACCOMMODATIONS
Seven Hotels
Fourteen Auto Courts
Sixteen Restaurants
9 Nearby Guest Ranches
Inspected by U. S. Public
Health Service
CLIMATE
Average Sunshine, 310 days
Average Rainfall, 19.09 in.
A verage Snowfall, 9 feet
A verage Summer Temper­ture,
60 degrees
INDUSTRIES
Farming
Cattle Mining
Sheep Lumber Mills
Indian Trading
San Francisco Peaks and City Pm'k Dam
RECREATION
Horseback Riding, Hiking, Tobogganing, Ski­ing,
Swimming, Hunt ing, Fishing, Mountain
Climbing, Golf ing
Five Public Schools
Mormon Institute
Southwest F orest Station
Seven Churches
TRANSPORTATION
A. T. & S. F . Railroad
Greyhound Bus Lines
Santa F e Trailway Bus Line
N ava Hopi Tours, Inc.
WATER
One hundred million gallon
storage from melting snow,
99.9% pure by test
ANNUAL EVENTS
Southwest Indian Pow-wow
American Legion Auto
Races
Arizona National Guard
Encampment
Southwest Missionary
Conferences
Snow Bowl Snow Sports
Golf Tournaments
Make Flagstaff headquarters for your trips to the land of ro­mance:
the Indian Reservations, lakes, forests, mountains, Cliff
Dwellings, Painted Desert, the National Monuments, the rivers
and valleys and Grand Canyon National Park.
Write the Chamber of Commerce for Detailed Information
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POW-WOW
Here we return to time forgotten,
Back to the heart of an earlier scheme,
Here where the stars, the lamps of heaven,
Mingle their light with the torches' gleam.
Here, in the pines' sweet-scented circle,
Tents are pitched as in long ago,
While from a thousand flickering camp-fires
Smoke drifts upward, still and slow.
Here we may witness rites immortal,
Dances, old when the Spaniards came,
Songs that echoed from age-old canyons,
Primitive rhythm, yet the same.
Here, in the shadow of the mountains,
Thrill to the chant of an ancient vow;
Watching with wonder, while dusky dancers
Couple the Past with the Here and Now.
-PEGGY JAMES.
THE SOUVENIR PROGRAM
Southwest All-Indian pow-wow
Published Annually by Pow-Wow, Inc.
FLAGSTAFF, ARIZONA
Contains authent ic and interesting information
about the Southwestern Indians, their homes, customs
and beliefs.
Also, all the facts concerning the internationally
famous
12thAnnuai SouthwestAII-Indian
POW-WOW
July 2, 3, 4, 1940
A celebration held annually by 10,000 Indians from
more than 20 tribes of the Southwest and other parts
of the nation. Religious and social dance ceremonials,
with every ritual detail and full ceremonial costumes,
will be staged during the evening show. Fast exciting
rodeo performances will be held in the afternoon,
matching tribe against tribe, Indian against Indian.
Each day at noon a parade, miles long, passes thou­sands
of Indians, all decked out in colorful tribal re­galia,
in full review through the streets of downtown
Flagstaff. It is the Indians' own celebration, their own
get-together to dance, chant, compete in rodeo contests,
trade and chat with old friends. But the whites have
just as much fun watehing the Indians cut loose at
this, their own, annual fun fest.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Cover Design _______________________________________ By Ferris and ](ersh
Pow-Wow (Poem) ------------ ________________ __ ______ By Peggy James
Ger.eral Information and Program
Northern Arizona Indian Notes-by Thomas J. Tormey
The 12th Annual Pow-Wow
A Navajo Weaver in Her Home ___ By Courtney R. Jones
Indian Arts-Crafts
Betatakin, Capital of Cliff Dwellings _ By Jimmy Brewer
When Indians Play Cowboy
The Navajo, Nomad of the Southwest
Wupatki, a Prehistoric Village Built By a Volcano
Interesting Facts
This Magazine was printed by THE COCONINO SUN
Copyrighted 1940, By Pow-Wow, Inc.
Board of Directors
1940 Pow-Wow
VAUGHN C. W ALLACE. _____ ____________________ __ ________ ________ Pr esident
FRANK QUIRK ______ __ -------- __________________________________ Vice-Pr esident
H. C. M ICQUATTER'3 ______________________________ Secr etary-Tr easurer
JOHN BABBITT _____________ __________________________________ __ _____________ Member
PHILLIP NACKARD ________________________________ ________________ ______ Member
KARL MANGUM ________________________________ ---- ____________ ____ _____ ___ M ember
TOMMY KNOLES, JR. __ ___ ____ _____ ______ ______ __ _______ _________ ___ ___ Member
LEIGHTON CRESS ________________________________ Assistant Sec.-Treas.
BOB HANSEL _________________ __ ______ _________ ----____ ____ Director of Rodeo
TOBE TURPIN ________________________ Director of Ceremonials, Etc.
MELVIN HUTCHINSON ________ Editor of Pow-Wow Magazine
PLATT CLINE. ____________ _________________________ Advertising Manager
Because this is a strictly all-Indian celebration,
staged annually by demand of the Indians who for
years have been coming to Flagstaff for their annual
Pow-W ow and free feasts and festivals, Indians are
employed whenever posible to direct the various phases
of the activities. Because so many tribes are repre­sented,
Indian interpreters are employed.
The Pow-Wow Board of Directors and the Pow­Wow
Magazine wish to express appreciation for those
Indians who take over the above highly important
positions. They are the ones, more t han any other,
who make it possible for the Indians to enjoy an
entirely succesful celebration.
Flagstaff is glad that the thousands of Indians
over the Southwest have chosen Flagstaff for their
annual Pow-Wow grounds and every effort is made to
make these annual visitors feel welcome, happy and
comfortable. The people of Flagstaff want tneir
Indian Neighbors to feel, when they look toward the
little city at the foot of the snow-capped San Francisco
peaks, that they are looking toward the home of their
friends.
We of the Pow-Wow organization wish to express
our appreciation to the U. S. Department of Indian
Affairs for the fine cooperation that has always been
given each year to the Indians and to Flagstaff. It
has made it possible for us to be able to plan from
year to year to entertain our Indian friends and guests
as we felt they would like to be entertained during
their short annual relaxation from reservation work,
duties and responsibilities.
Pow-Wow, Inc., is a non-profit organization. It is
organized for one purpose only, to assist the Indians
in staging their annual Celebration. The Board of
Directors, elected each year, solicit funds from Flag­staff
business men to provide free food for the thou­sands
of Indian visitors and provide prizes for rodeo
and other events.
Plenty of action he?·e. Indian cowboys take their hard tumbles from v'/,C'Wus wild horses and steers and get
up laughing, ready to try again. Scenes above show riding, roping, wild cow milking, saddling for the wild horse
race and a group of the Indian riders awaiting the opening of the rodeo.
GENERAL INFORMATION
Tickets
Tickets for all six performances of the Southwest
All-Indian Pow-Wow will be on sale June 1, 1940. They
may be ordered direct from Pow-Wow, Inc., by mail, or
purchased at local stores and the Chamber of Com­merce.
Tickets will be available at the Pow-Wow Gen­eral
Offices at the City Park on and after July 1. The
ticket office will be open from 9 a . m. until 10 p. m.
during the days of the celebration.
General ,Offices
During the days of the celebration the general of­fices
of the Pow-Wow organization will be located
under the grandstand at the City Park. The executive
department is divided into sections, each with a member
of the Pow-Wow Board of Directors in charge. Before
the celebration opens business may be transacted in the
city at the offices of the business men who make up the
Board of Directors.
The Time Schedule
The advertised time of the parades, the afternoon
and night shows, is the exact moment they will begin.
The programs are so long, with so much to do during
the hours covered that no loss of time whatever can be
permitted. Buy your tickets beforehand and come
early if you wish to see the entire program without
missing any event. The downtown parades have not
been one minute late in five years.
Downtow·n Parades
The Pow-Wow is exclusively the Indian's Celebra­tion,
and his "show." Many whites ask to join in the
downtown parades, but there is a strict rule that no
whites shall be permitted to take part in the Pow-Wow
programs or parades or in any manner displacing Indian
participation. Please do not ask to be permitted in the
parades.
Indian Village
Several hundred acres of the Coconino National
Forest adjoining the City Park have been set aside for
the Indians visiting the Pow-Wow to camp in. Water
and firewood are free. Roads have been constructed
to open up larger areas of the pine forest for use of the
Indians. One must actually walk through the Indian
Village to realize the great number of Indians who are
camped in the forest setting. Visitors are welcomed by
the Indians. Some of them usually have handiwork of
their tribe for sale. Especially the Navajos who bring
blankets and silver jewelry; the Hopi with baskets,
pottery and blankets; the San Domingo bring great
strands of turquoise beads for sale to both Indians and
whites; the Apaches have baskets and trays; the Zuni
and Laguna offer fine hand made silver jewelry for
sale. To the man who desires to buy such products
direct from the Indian, and invariably the seller is the
actual maker, the Pow-Wow Indian Village is a golden
opportunity.
The social dances in the village, on ground especially
set aside, are free and whites may not only watch them
but join in.
Sale of Magazines
The official Souvenior Magazine will be sold on
newsstands before and after the celebration in July.
During Pow-Wow week magazines will be available at
the City Park and on the streets in downtown Flag­staff.
The magazine will be mailed postage prepaid
anywhere in the United States on receipt of 25c. Such
mail orders should be sent to Pow-Wow, Inc., Flagstaff,
Arizona.
First Aid Station
A first aid station in the south end of the grand­stand
will be maintained through the courtesy and
cooperation of the American Red Cross, Department of
Health of the State of Arizona, and the Coconino
County Health Service. At least one doctor and a nurse
will be in attendance at all times. An ambulance will
be available through the courtesy of W. L. Compton.
Any person injured on or about the grounds where the
Celebration is held should apply for treatment immedi­ately.
Photographers
The Pow-Wow Celebration has proved to be a mecca
for amateur movie and camera fans. They are wel­come.
Bring plenty of film. All general subjects are
free. No charge of any kind is made, with the excep­tion
that where the photograper desires special poses
of Indians he should with all due respect make arrange­ments
with the Indians concerned. The Indians attend��ing
the Pow-Wow are a friendly, kindly people. There
will be no trouble such as cameras being seized and
films exposed to light as happens at some pueblos and
at some celebrations on Indian Reservations. The
photographer has but to observe the general rules of
courtesy and he can shoot unusual subject to his heart's
content. Indeed, the Pow-Wow Celebration offers
almost unlimited and more opportunity for color,
scenery and Indian subjects than can be obtained
elsewhere.
The grandstand is close in to the track, overlooking
everything taking place in the arena. With the fast
films obtainable now pictures can be made at the Pow­Wow
shows at night as well as during the afternoon.
However, certain rules regarding the making of pictures
at the six performances must be enforced. No flash
bulbs or extra lighting facilities in or from the grand-
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stand will be permitted. Because of the dang'el' to
unauthorized persons in the arena during the Rodeo,
absolutely no photographer will be permitted inside the
track enywhere. No press photographer or news reel
cameraman will be allowed inside the prohibited space
unless he has proper credentials, and any such arrange­ments
should be made well in advance of the celebration
so as to assure a spot from which such news shots can
be made.
Police
In addition to regular Pow-Wow police, city and
county officers will be on the grounds at all times.
Police officers will be available at the Pow-Wow Gen­eral
Offices located under the grandstand. The tele­phone
numbers of the law enforcement authorities are:
Pow-Wow Police (City Park) ........... _.. .............. 111
Sheriff's Office, Coconino County .................... 39
Chief of Police, City of F lagstaff .................... 15
Recordings
Surreptitiously taken recordings of chants and
songs at the Pow-Wow have been made. But when such
recordings are manufactured without permission or
arrangement with the Indians concerned they are
illegally so, if they are on the regular programs.
Pow-Wow, Inc., has, and intends to protect the rights
of the Indians when such recordings are made. Per­mission
for the making of recordings of the chants
may be obtained if such requests are from bona fide
institutions and if the Indians concerned are compen­sated.
Car Parking
A force will be on hand to direct motorists to park­ing
space. This area will consist of two places, one
inside the entrance gate to the City Park and the other
just south and extending along the city limits to
Santa Fe Avenue.
Thousands of Indians, in full costume of their tribes, parade through the streets of
Flagstaff each day of the Pow-Wow Celebration.
A Navajo Family Scene.
Northern Arizona
Indian Notes
By THOMAS J. TORMEY
THE INDIAN tribes of northern Arizona are primi­tive.
However, this is a technical distinction and
means only that they do not write their own
language. Actually, the Indians are aware that there
are other ways of living than their own for they have
the visible evidence of their white neighbors' manner
of living. In general, however, they are convinced that
their own manner of living is the best.
THE WALAPAI
The Hualpai Indian Reservation occupies an area
of almost a million acres in northwestern Arizona.
The Walapai number only about five hundred, and
many of them live off the reservation.
They have about six thousand head of cattle and
raise corn, beans, squash, melons, and a few peaches.
A substantial part of the tribe's resources is to be
found in some thirty thousand acres of yellow pine.
Corn is planted in holes about eight inches deep
and eighteen inches apart in loosened but unploughed
soil. The harvested corn is parched and ground on
the metate and eaten dry, as mush, as soup (with
meat), or baked as a corn bread.
Houses now are built of lumber, tin, and canvas.
The Federal Administration is encouraging the people
to build with lumber from their own forest.
Like the Havasupai, bedding is generally spread on
the floor, the heads of the sleepers pointing east, and
is rolled against the wall in the day time.
The women, usually of medium height and inclined
toward stoutness, wear voluminous skirted dresses of
bright colors. A colored hankerchief is tied loosely
about the shoulders, and a plaid shawl is worn in cooler
weather. The hair cut is similar to that of the Hava­supai
women. Shoes are worn. The men's dress is
similar to that of the Havasupai men on ordinary occa­sions,
with blue serge trousers and bright silk shirts for
special dress.
Basket making is practiced to some extent, and
Babies are always cute, the world over. Indi��an mothers are just as proud of their babies as any other
mother, and each Indian mother is sure that her baby shoould be picked winner of the Pow-Wow Baby Contest,
which is held annually at the Celebration. (Pictures at right top and bottom left are supplied through courtesy of
the U. S. National Park Service.)
tourist trade has brought about an emphasis on trays
and bowls made from willow and squawbush.
The mourning ceremony in July is the one general
ceremony of the year and· occupies a day and a night.
It not only commemorates the deaths of the year by
song and dance but also is a social occasion.
Card games, baseball, horse-racing, and other sports
have replaced shinny, ring and pin, hidden ball, hoop
and pole. However, stick dice wisto played with fifty
small stones placed in a circle and three wooden dice
(about four inches long, convex on one side and flat on
the other) is still played.
THE HAVASUPAI
The Havasupai Indians live in Havasu Canyon.
Here the climate is almost semi-tropical. Here will be
found a number of waterfalls. The largest, Mooney
Falls, is almost two hundred feet high. The Havasu
Creek ranges in color from light blue to turquoise.
Father Garces visited the tribe in 1776 and reported
the number of Indians to be almost the same as at the
present time.
In addition to the staple agricultural products of
corn, beans, and squash, the Havasupai raise and enjoy
peaches, nectarines, apricots and figs. The fields are
plowed with a one horse walking plow, and planting is
done by use of a planting stick about an inch wide and
a foot and a half long.
Green corn, roasted in the husks, is usually eaten by
breaking off the kernels with the thumb nail, catching
them in the palm of the same hand, and pouring the
handful into the mouth. Corn is ground and prepared
in a number of other ways, for instance, boiled with
green pumpkin, baked corn meal balls, or boiled with
squash blossoms ..
The Havasupai house may be built of willow brush,
conical shape; like a tent with a horizontal ridge pole;
or straight brush walls with a dirt and thatch roof.
Te Havasupai men ordinarily wear levis or corduroy
trousers, blue shirts, cowboy hats, and shoes. The
women wear long, wide skirted dresses of bright colored
print requiring about ten yards of material. Their
hair is cut shoulder length at the back and has very
long bangs over the forehead.
There is no taboo as to parents-in-law. However,
neither husband nor wife addresses the parents-in-law
by name. Actually the wife has no relationship term
to apply to them.
Havasupai basketry is made both by the twining
and coiling techniques. Acacia twigs are usally used,
but cottonwood and willow are also used. The coiled
trays and bowls are especially artistic.
Horse racing, to a point and return, is very popu­lar.
Wrestling, swimming and climbing are enjoyed
likewise.
The Peach Dance is the one general dance of the
year. It occurs about the first of September and uti­lizes
several days and nights. It is predominately
social but is also a prayer for rain and well-being.
THE HOPI
The nine villages of the Hopi are located on three
high rocky mesas northeast of Flagstaff. The Hopi
are dry farmers. Their farms . are located at . some
distance from their villages. Corn is the principal
crop. Beans, squash, chili, onions, melons, and some
peaches and apricots are also raised. The hoe and
digging stick are used to loosen the soil; a hole is dug
with the digging stick, and the corn is planted at inter­vals
of about five paces. Planting is done at intervals
from the middle of April to the middle of June. Hopi
farming must be seen to be appreciated for it repre­sents
much hard work under adverse conditions.
The Hopi house is built of stone and adobe and con­sists
of a front room, which is the living room, and a
store room.
Sleeping accommodations are similar to those of the
tribes previously described, as a rule, with the bedding
rolled against the wall durin;6· the day.
A few of the old women still wear the women's
dress of black woven wool with the red belt. However,
cotton dresses are more common. The married women
wear their hair in two braids hanging in front of the
shoulders. Bobbed hair for men, except in the back
which part grows long and is tied in a knot, is the
usual custom. Most of the men wear bright colored
kerchiefs around their heads. Cotton shirts and blue
denim trousers are usually worn by the men. The
moccasins have cow hide soles and red dyed buckskin
tops.
Both men and women wear turquoise and silver
jewelry-earrings, necklaces, bracelets, and belts.
Corn meal is ground on metates until of desired
fineness and may be made into piki (Hopi wafer-like
bread), baked in corn husks, boiled in corn leaves,
mixed with meat and baked, or boiled in small pellets.
Dome shaped ovens of adobe and stone are used for
baking white bread.
Excellent pottery is made by the women on First
Mesa. Coiled baskets and plaques are made by the
women on Second Mesa. All weaving is done by the
men. They weave for themselves and supply cere­monial
garments for the Pueblos of the Rio Grande.
Beautiful examples of the Hopi arts and crafts may be
seen at the Museum of Northern Arizona at Flagstaff.
Each village is built around a rectangular plaza in
which village dances occur. In addition to the houses,
there are underground rooms, called kivas, serving as
club rooms for the men and used for ceremonies, most
of which are secret.
Kachinas are masked gods who come to the village
dancing and singing for the people, bringing presents,
rain, and prosperity. The home of the Kachinas is in
the San Francisco Peaks where they stay half the year.
The Kachina dances are colorful, and are not seen off
the reservation.
THE NAVAHO
Navaho life may be said to center around herds of
sheep and goats and supplemented by horticulture.
Their mode of life makes villages impractical. They
live in hogans, made of logs and mud for winter use
and of brush for summer shelter.
Mutton is a staple food and is generally boiled,
roasted, or used with corn in a stew. Naturally, white
flour has supplanted corn in many Navaho family
meals.
Buckskin moccasins and jewelry are of their own
make. A large cowboy hat or a silk handkerchief
graces the head, of the cotton shirt, blue denim trouser
clad man. Around the waist a belt of large silver
conchos, around the neck strings of shell, coral, tur­quoise,
and silver, and on the ears turquoise pendants
will probably be worn. The women wear a costume
consisting of a long sleeved velvet shirt ornamented
with silver buttons and a skirt which is often twelve
to fifteen feet wide. They also wear moccasins.
Around their shoulders will be found a bright colored
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Above a?'e scenes from Havasu Canyon, isolated canyon tributary of Grand Canyon and home of the Hava­supai
Indians. Top left shows Crematory Gulch in the lowe?' "haunted" section of the canyon, where the dead were
once cremated in the caverns along the sides of the gulch. Top right show the Twin Gods opposite Supai village.
Bottom left is a Havasupai hogan and bottom right is a beautiful little wate?'fall below Mooney Falls.
Pendleton blanket. The amount of jewelry is usually
limited only by the family wealth.
All weaving is done by the women and involves
much hard work in preparing the wool as well as doing
the weaving under primitive conditions.
The Navaho silversmiths make beautiful necklaces,
rings, bracelets, and belts. .
Under present day conditions the medicine men
chanters or singers have great prestige. Among the
best known chants are the Night Chant, the Mountain
Chant, the Feather Chant, the Wind Chant, and the
Hail Chant.
THE APACHE
The Apache lives in a mountainous area, roughly,
a hundred miles square. There is some pine timber on
the reservation, but the land is chiefly useful for
grazing.
In the early days, in fact until 1886, the Apache
was warlike. Geronimo was a famous leader who was
shrewd and a very formidable foe of the white man.
The Apache ordinarily lives in a wickiup. This
consists of poles with the tops drawn together and
securely fastened and the framework covered with
grass or bundles of straw, the thatch being secured by
canvas.
The women wear a full skirt, reqUIrmg about
eighteen yards of sateen or percale and made with a
deep flounce. The blouse hangs to the hips, is high
necked, and is not belted. The hair hangs free, and
foot covering is usually moccasins. The men wear levis
and blue cotton shirts for every day, but show a flair
for color on dress-up occasions by wearing bright satin
shirts. The cowboy hat is worn.
The tortilla is the favorite form of bread. Most of
the cooking is done over the open fire, and the Dutch
oven is rather standard cooking equipment. Since the
Apaches own about forty-five to fifty thousand sheep,
valued at about a million and a half dollars, meat con­stitutes
the main item of food, but recent cash payments
for labor have expanded the diet to include most of
the traders' offerings.
Apache basketry has a well deserved reputation.
The women use both the twining and the coiling tech­niques.
Materials used in the twining technique are
principally squawberry, sumac, and mulberry. Coiled
ware is usually made of willow and cottonwood. Trays,
bowls, baskets, and flat objects generally are made by
the coiling technique.
There are many ceremonies and several of these
have dances as a part of the ceremony. Included
among these are the lightning ceremony, curative cere­mony/
and the puberty ceremony.
Indians are natural showmen. They wear brightly colored clothing on ordinary occasions, but their dress
for special occasions really approaches the gaudy and their ceremonial costumes are things of splendor and
beauty to mfltrvel at. At the Pow-Wow you. will See the Indians garbed in their best, most attention-attracting
fin~r1ft
A Navajo Weaver
In Her Home
By COURTNEY R. JONES
All cuts used in this story through courtesy of the
National Park Service.
D" EATH came for old Peshlakai Etsedi at the end
of a bitter winter. He had been a wise leader of
his people, and had even gone to Washington to
talk to the white N atani, so his relatives had a great
deal of prestige. His son and daughter-in-law, Clyde
and Sally Peshlakai, are our neighbors here at
Sally and her friends shearing sheep.
Wupatki. We had been away all winter and when we
got home we went immediately to visit the family. We
had an approximate idea of where they were living,
so we drove off that evening in the general direction,
following the faint sandy ruts worn by years of wagon
travel. A chilly wind was whipping up the sand in
little gusts and spirals and the grasslands looked deso­late
and flat. As we twisted down into a little box
canyon, several dogs rushed out barking, and we noticed
the Hogan nestled against the cliff wall. We could
smell the Juniper smoke drifting out of the smoke hole
in the roof, and see the rim of light around the blanket
hung in the doorway. Someone pushed the blanket
aside and came out and leaned up against the wagon;
when we went over, we recognized Clyde, and he looked
sad. We shook hands and he told us he was glad we
were home, and we told him we were sorry about his
father. Davy stayed outside to talk with him and I
went in to see Sally and her younger sister Katherine,
and Katherine's new baby. Sally jumped up and
hugged me and we laughed, and I was glad that they
didn't expect me to cry with them in the traditional
Navajo mourning.
Sally put some more sheepskins down on the hard
clay floor and they woke the baby and let me hold him
in his cradle board. Katherine talks a little English,
so Sally would tell her things to tell me. Pretty soon
I knew which of their relatives had died and which had
had new babies that winter, and all the news. One of
the little boys brought in an armful of Juniper branches
and began to replenish the glowing embers in the
middle of the floor, stick by stick, letting each one
burn almost to coals before adding another, so that the
room wouldn't be too hot. Clyde and Davy came in
and sat across from us. The sheepskins were springy,
and it was cozy and shut in from the cold outside, so
that only rarely, when a gust of wind whirled up a
few ashes, would we look up at the stars and marvel
that the smoke hole occupied almost half of the space
where we would expect a roof. Clyde began to talk,
and we leaned against the walls to listen. Sally picked
up her spindle and continued her unbelieveably dextrous
yarn-making. Katherine rocked the baby until he fell
asleep, and then she began to card some wool for Sally
to spin. When we got up to leave, they told us that in
three more days their relatives would come to help
shear the sheep, and that we should come to watch.
Sally is one of the best weavers on the Western
Reservation, and her ability is a source of pride for her
whole family. They appreciate our interest in weaving
and are eager to show us the proper technique, or what
Clyde calls "the best right," from sheep to finished
rug.
The morning of the third day, we went to the
canyon again. vV' e had seen several wagons coming in,
and now they almost filled the space in front of the
Hogan. The sun beat down and the red sandstone
reflected its heat. The canyon walls were eroded into
little holes like miniature caves. Almost every cave
contained a fluffy white kid, curled up in its niche
Preparing the wool yarn.
Sally getting well started on her rug.
where it could survey the scene with a bored stare.
Other kids butted each other, or bounded up the almost
perpendicular rocks with a soft clatter of sharp little
hooves. A crude wall of logs and stones blocked off
the end of the box canyon, and from behind the wall
came the bleating of the lambs.
The smoke rising from the Hogan was fragrant
with mutton stew, and several carcasses of fresh mut­ton
were hanging from poles. Grandmother Peshlakai
sat on a pile of sheepskins in front of the Hogan,
rocking one of the babies and dozing under the weari­ness
of her ninety-two years and her long jolting trip
from Grey Mountain. For once Sally was short in her
greeting-there were lots of sheep' to shear and lots of
people to feed.
Everybody else was behind the wall, which corraled
the h.erd in the box canyon. On one side was a sort of
inner corral in which the women were shearing. On
the other side the men were reclining and smoking and
gossIpmg. We shook hands all around. Clyde placed
some of the people for us by their relationships-Hal's
wife, Peter's mother, somebody's older brother's son.
He showed us how the wool was packed into sacks. A
sack hung from a framework, and one of the little
barefooted boys perched on top. When someone would
toss up a fleece, he would stuff it into the gaping sack,
jump down into it and trample it down, then climb
back up.
N ow and then a woman with dusty hair; and an old
faded dress, would release her shorn sheep, and turn
it out. Then she would select another victim and drag
it into the corral by a convenient leg, throw it on the
ground, tie its legs and start to clip off the wool.
Davy wanted a picture of the process but the ladies
were shy and reluctant. Clyde wasn't going to miss an
opportunity to show posterity how a sheep should be
sheered, so he caught one, picked up an extra pair of
sheers and went to work with a flourish. Later Sally
demonstrated for the camera, a little embarrassed at
being photographed in an old dress and no jewelry.
The shearing bee lasted several days, for when
Sally's sheep were finished the family packed up and
moved off with the friends and relations to shear their
flocks. When it was all over, Sally decided how much
of the wool should be sold and how much she would
keep for the year's weaving. She selected the weaving
wool carefully, sorted it by kinds and colors, and stored
it in flour sacks. Wool which was too short stapled, or
too kinky, or too oily for spinning, was taken to the
nearest trading post and exchanged for staple groceries,
material for new dresses for Sally and Katherine,
shirts and overall pants for Clyde and the boys, and
cookies for the baby. If the family had had a hard
winter and been forced to pawn some of their turquoise
and silver, it would have been redeemed at this time.
Sally's strong slender fingers are seldom idle. She
supports her family by weaving fine-textured floor
rugs, and almost always has one of these on her loom.
But weaving does not occupy much of her time-it is
tiring to sit long in one position and unless she is
especially inspired or in a hurry to finish, she just
weaves an hour or so at a time. A rug contains an
amazing amount of yarn, and spinning is to Sally what
knitting is to us, a pleasant, relaxing sort of occupation,
which doesn't require much concentration, so she will
spin and chat with her family arid friends for hours.
The carding, which straightens the fibers and removes
the burrs and other foreign matter, is usually Kath-
Time is taken out to avert a small tragedy.
The author and Sally's family 1J1"oudly inspect
the finished rug.
erine's job. Katherine, who is just nineteen is an
indifferent weaver who doesn't care enough abo~t it to
make more than an occasional coarse saddle blanket.
This works out beautifully for both ladies-Katherine
is content to do most of the cooking and butchering and
caring for the sheep, so Sally is free to weave.
. After the shearing, Sally found that she had enough
of the fine, long-staple wool for a blanket. Yarn for a
blanket must be almost as fine as string, and blankets
are rare because the old-fashioned sheep with the
proper wool are scarce now, and only a talented weaver
can do the fine work. At the time Sally started her
masterpiece, she was teaching me to spin and weave,
so I was able to watch the construction of the ultimate
in N avojo weaving. For a rug, the yarn is spun twice,
but for the blanket Sally spun it three times. Ordinary
grey yarn is made by carding natural white and black
wool together, about half and half, until they are
blended. Sometimes it is hard to get a uniform shade,
so Sally took no chances on any variation in the back­ground
of the big blanket. She selected the wool bit by
bit, matching each piece, all the same shade of soft
grey.
Those summer mornings, when we were all working
together at the Hogan, were delightful. We sat under
a decrepit Juniper tree, which supported, besides our
adjoining looms, rolls of extra bedding, sheepskins,
weaving tools, drying mutton, and a suitcase. Sally
persisted in trying to teach me Navajo, and every day
she would tell me the names of the colors, or the words
for different household articles, and every day I would
forget them. When I used a Navajo word, she would
be delighted, and help me polish up its pronunciation.
When it rained too hard to work in comfort, she showed
me how to let down my rug, roll it up, and cover it
with sheepskins. One day a lizard ran into our shelter
and hid in some loose wool. The ladies routed it out
and chased it away, and Katherine giggled as she told
me that if they came around your house you would be
poor. The day we were setting up my loom, a lizard
ran up and I chased it o·ut. The ladies gave me pitying
glances, and Katherine said, "Now you won't finish
your rug, maybe." I decided not to try to cope with
such conflicting superstitions.
Care was lavished on every step of weaving the
most ordinary rug. After spinning a hank of yarn,
Sally would wash it in yucca suds until it was soft and
shiny. Then she would tie on~ end to a twig, and walk
round and round several convenient bushes, unwinding
the hank and stretching the yarn from branch to
branch. It dried almost immediately in the sun and
wind, and Sally would go round and round again
winding it into a tight ball. The colored yarn had
been washed, then dyed, then spun, and finally washed
again to make it fast to light and washing.
When Sally went to Flagstaff with us it was a gala
trip. Her sense of humor was not restricted by our
lack of a common language, for her jokes in Navajo
never failed to make us laugh. When we dismounted
from the truck to do our marketing she presented an
elegant appearance. Her hair was shiny and drawn
smoothly into the bow-knot shaped chignon, tied with
white handspun wool cord. Her ruby-colored plush
blouse was practically obscured in front by rows of
silver buttons and yards of turquoise and shell beads.
Her flounced skirt was impeccable, and just covered the
tops of her red buckskin moccasins. On really special
occasions her legs and ankles would be wrapped in
white buckskins. To watch her eyes sparkle in delight
at the innovations of the city, was to see with new eyes
much that had been taken for granted.
In the grocery store she would sell her rug, or some
skins, and buy a ninety-eight pound sack of flour,
twenty-five cents worth of baking powder, ten pounds
of sugar, and four pounds of coffee. Then the fun
began. For several hours the amount of money left
over was weighed against the family's other n~eds in
order of their 'importance. Eventually cash would be
Clyde p?"oudly takes his son in arms.
spent for so many yards of cloth, thread, and bias tape
- for Sally is as expert at the sewing machine as at
the loom, and dresses this end of the reservation in
return for a sheep or two per dress, plus the price of
materials. Cookies and candy for the children, and
their parents, too, were next on the list. One afternoon
I ran into Sally, and she went with me to the fruit
department. Here she made it clear that she desired
to buy some fruit, and the clerk and I looked around
in a slight panic for the Navajo interpreter. He had
disappeared, and it was obviously up to us-or Sally.
She just pointed to some peaches, counted out eighteen
pennies on the counter, and the boy weighed out the
proper amount. This fascinating procedure was re­peated
with three or four varieties of fruit, until the
last penny had disappeared. "Lah-ah, Hogan-go" said
Sally, gathering up the packages-"All right, let's go
home."
The big blanket was rolled up most of the time.
When genius burned, Sally would get it out and weave
a few inches, but it progressed so slowly, that we would
almost wonder whether this generation would be privi­leged
to enjoy it. It travelled with the family as they
followed the sheep to greener pastures all summer.
Eventually they reached the end of the yearly camping
tom', which had included at least five Hogans. In the
comparative permanency of the Winter Hogan, just as
the nights were turning chilly, Sally set up the big
loom for the last time. It stood on the sunny side of
the Hogan and she was determined to finish the piece
before it was too cold to work outside. We watched it
grow, inch by inch, into one of Sally's characteristically
bold designs, which are never duplicated, but which
bear her stamp of genius in the feeling for form and
line, and in the unity and balance of color and composi­tion.
This was the most elaborate she had ever
attempted, and we watched the progress of each line
with awe, knowing that an error in judgment would
throw the design off center. It was impossible for
Sally to compute its intricacies except in her own
mind. In fact, I have never seen her try to draw
anything, even in the sand, as Katherine and I do
when we are discussing designs.
The morning the perfect blanket was taken off the
loom was bright and clear and we had a regular field
day taking pictures. Of course there were several
formal ones, with the whole family painfully posed.
Before long everybody was having too much fun to
look strained, trying to make the baby wave, shake
hands, and otherwise act for the camera. The blanket
had been ordered by a Hopi friend, Mr. Jimmy Kay,
of the Museum of Northern Arizona, and it now
adorns one of his white plastered walls-while Sally
and her family entertain us in the delicious warmth
of a forty-dollar "Sittin' Room Stove."
r -··--····_···_··_····_····_··_····_··_···.-.•..• "." •. -.•..•. -•..•. -.•. -•..• -•. --•.. ~.--•. --.•. -_ ... ++ ••. + .•..•. • .•.••..•. ••. • .••. _ ••. j
t Southwest All-Indian Pow-Wow I
I JULY 2-3-4 i I America's Greatest Indian Celebration I
+ Always a warm welcome for ~isitors at each of our modern department stores locat ed ;
! in the following cities: !
! !
l...:::: 0 Flai statiolbrook 0 Wi1J:
am
llingman • Wi'i.S!°G'rand Canyon ~::.;.;
• ALSO SEVEN TRADING POSTS LOCATED IN THE HEART OF THE INDIAN
COUNTRY
i !
i I : ~ fJr : ! tUJ1i1 I I A Half-Century of S~ice~;::::~:ona and Its Visitors I
i ! t .............. e ...... .. o ••• ••••• o ... ......... ... ... ......... ... ...... ............... ... ...... ........................ ...... ... ........................... ... ... ...... ... ............... ............ ... ........................ ............. 1
Photos of the Baby Contest, Beauty Contest and chance snapshots taken of
the Indians at the Pow-Wow grounds.
Indian Arts-Crafts
A Distinctive Hopi Exhibition
At Museum of Northern Arizona
IN THE patio of the Museum of Northern Arizona
at the foot of the San Francisco Peaks, just north
of Flagstaff, the Eleventh Annual Hopi Craftsman
Exhibition will be held from July 1 through July 5.
Hopi men and women, expert in their various crafts,
will be seen peacefully working in the shade of the
portales, their bright native garb silhouetted against
the gray lava rock walls.
These people will demonstrate to visitors the magic
arts of pottery making without a wheel, basket making
of several kinds, silversmithing, and blanket weaving,
for which the yarn is spun by hand and not with a
spinning wheel.
Few white men can today understand how native
Indian products are so expertly made without the
mechanical aids upon which they are so dependent. In
'our European culture, the potters wheel and spinning
wheel have been in use for over 3,000 years, but the
American Indians never had 'either. White men too
can no longer understand how the beautiful colors in
baskets and blankets can be produced from na tive
plant dyes. They have forgotten that their grand­mothers
used similar dyes and practically the same
techniques not so long ago.
The Hopi Craftsman Exhibition now having its
eleventh annual showing is a scientific experiment for
the preservation and encouragement of the aboriginal
c;rafts of the Hopi Indian. They, alone, of all the
Pueblo peoples still make the same articles their
ancestors made before the Spanish came 400 years ago.
Yet the pr essure of modern civilization in recent years
has caused a decline and deterioration in many of their
products. The object of the Hopi Craftsman e,xhibition
is to encourage the production of the old type of articles
made of native materials-such as vegetable dyes, and
handspun cotton and wool yarns. At the Hopi Crafts­man
Exhibition all the pieces shown are selected by
members of the Museum staff at the homes of the
individual craftsmen, and represent the best work of
each Hopi exhibitor. All the Hopis, old, middle-aged,
and young, feel that this is their exhibition and all
wish to be represented by their finest work. Before
the opening of the exhibition, the material is divided
into groups and judged for prizes-a first, second, and
honorable mention being given in each of seventy
groups. Ribbons indicating the prize winning pieces
are attached to each one. The Hopis receive cash
prizes for first and second prizes, and ribbons only for
honorable mention.
All the 'material exhibited is for sale, and collectors
of Indian Art come from all over the country in search
of the beautiful golden yellow pottery, coiled and
wicker baskets, soft striped vegetable dye blankets, and
cotton ceremonial garments-many of them rare ob­jects,
and infrequently seen at the trading posts on the
Hopi Reservation or in the regular markets.
* * *
The Hopi arts and crafts date far back into the
prehistoric past. In the Basket Maker stage dating
before 700 A.D., the art of basketry reached a very
high point. The ceramic arts probably came into the
Hopi area around 700 A.D. and passed thru various
stages of development until it reached its highest
artistic expression in the yellow wares of the 15th
century. About 1898, Dr. J. W. Fewkes of the Smith­sonian
Institution excavated a 15th century site known
as Sikyatki, and the women of First Mesa were so
charmed with the lovely prehistoric pottery designs
tha t they began to copy them. Curiously enough, today
the designs on pottery made for trade are a develop­ment
from this ancient type.
Weaving is also an ancient craft. Finely but simply
woven cotton cloth fragments date back to about 800
or 900 A.D. The Hopis have grown their own cotton
for many centuries, we know, because it has been found
in the ruins, and because the early Spanish Expeditions
in the 1500's describe the fields of cotton they passed
through. The Sapniards were pleased to find peoples
in Arizona and New Mexico civilized enough to weave
cloth, and they exacted from them each year a tax of a
certain number of yards of cotton cloth, which was
used for clothing the army, etc. The Spanish brought
with them sheep, and it was not long before the Hopis
and other Pueblo Indians became just as expert weavers
of wool fabrics as of cotton.
The type of cotton the Hopis grew until recent times
is called Gossypium hopi. The plants are low bushes
and the bolls produced are about the size of walnuts,
and yielding 3 small tufts of cotton fiber. The seeds
were removed by hand, and the carding had to be done
in a primitive way without the use of carders which
are used today. Such a small bit of fiber was secured
from each boll that it is amazing to think that cotton
robes measuring 4% x 6 ft. in size were made. What
a lot of precious cotton had to be stored up over a long
time before such a robe could be made! Cotton is much
more difficult to card and spin than wool, and surely
the people were pleased to have Spanish sheep. Every­one
must have been much better and more warmly
clothed when every family had its own flock of sheep.
Hopi products today are of three sorts: (1) articles
produced primarily for trade or sale, such as decorated
pottery, blankets and rugs, deep baskets of wicker and
coiled types, etc. These are the items traders buy and
sell to curio dealers throughout the country. (2)
Articles produced for their own everyday use, cooking
pots and storage jars, dresses, belts, men's robes, and
blankets, flat trays of wicker and coiled type, yucca
sifter baskets, and burden baskets. Articles of this
class are generally not sold to traders, and are rarely
seen on the market. At the Hopi Craftsman Exhibition
all of these things are available to the collector. (3)
Ceremonial articles which are especially made for
ceremonial use. These include all textiles made of
cotton, various special types of decorated pottery and
baskets. Drums, rattles, kachina dolls and the cere­monial
paraphernalia are also produced. Some of
these articles are not considered as ceremonial until
they have been used in a ceremony, while others have a
sacred value and are never seen by white people. Many
of the aforementioned group can be seen at the Hopi
Craftsman, but not often at trading stores.
The Hopi Craftsman Exhibition is open to the
public daily from 9 A. M. to 5 P. M., July 1 through 5.
1939 Baby Beauties
Each year the proud squaws of all the tribes gath­ered
at the Pow-Wow wash and dress up their papooses
for the annual Pow-Wow baby contest. It is a "Better­Baby
Contest," judged by doctors, nurses or other
competent people, but tribal costume and appearance
naturally enters to a rather heavy extent.
Last year Susanna Nez, 5-months-old orphan
Navajo, won first. She had been raised, almost since
birth, in the Tuba City Indian hospital and the Indian
nurses pampered her and clothed her to the extent that
1··························· ......................................................... !
i !
+ !
j Real Indian Goods I + ~ t ! i Made by !
i !
i T I Arizona Indians I ·it Pottery I! i Rugs !: i ! i Jewelry I
+ ~ ·+ . i : ++ !: ·; SEE I it t. The Pow-Wow's Most Cov- !
++ eted Saddle, Made and 't
; i
+ Donated by ~
I \rr?gA~I~~~~S I
+ 106 E. Santa Fe I
.T.. .................... -....................................................................................... +.
she threatened to become the belle of the Western Res­ervation.
Naturally, she had no competition in a
mere baby beauty contest. She wore the finest Navajo
costume of velvet jacket and full skirt, almost burdened
down with silver concho buttons and jewelry.
Virginia Russell, 7-months-old Navajo of Fort De­fiance,
won second. Arlene Balone, 1-year-old Navajo
of Tuba, won third. Helen McCabe, 7-months-old
Navajo of Red Lake, won fourth.
it was a Navajo sweepstakes.
•..•..•..•..•..•..•..•..•..•..•..•..•..•..•..•..•..•..•..•..•..•..•..•..•..•..•..•..•..•..��..•..•..•..•..•..• f.'
t PHOTOGRAPHIC SUPPLY !
; HEADQUARTERS t
• i + In The Heart of +
;+ THE SOUTHWEST'S ++ i • + PICTURE WONDERLAND +
;; • ++ ; +
; FOUNTAIN. DRUGS • SUNDRIES t
1 • I ; Flagstaff Pharmacy i
; JUST NORTH OF DEPOT t
e+. . ............................................................................................................ t.
, ............................................................................................................ ',
! t ! , i SHOP AT SEARS AND SAVE i
+ +
; ALL STATE CROSS COUNTRY i
; TIRES MOTOR OIL t
; +
! • FISHING TACKLE • CAMP JUGS t
•+ • RIFLES • COTS & PADS •+ + • AMMUNITION • CAMP STOVES +
i • !; SEARS ROEBUCK & CO. +t ; + ! FLAGSTAF'F t
+ + . .............................................................................................................. .
GREETINGS:
1!x~ntti~ (@££i~~
~htt~ ~lUI.t
lllrl1ttttx. kiuma
May 6
194 0
TO THE CELEBRANTS OF THE POW-WOW FROM
GOVERNOR R. T. JONES
. To each and all of you I send my hearty greetings and my
SIncere hope that 1940 will go down as the most successful POW-WOvV
celebration in the short but brilliant history of the event.
I am looking forward to seeing at least one day's program
this year barring some unforeseen circumstance.
To the businessmen of Flagstaff and vicinity, who have given
freely of their valuable time with no thought of compensation, should
go much of the credit for making this unique celebration possible.
You have succeeded in making the POW-WOW one of the most
colorful of all Indian celebrations. You have established an event
which each year strengthens the bond of understanding between
redman and whiteman.
To those of you who have taken a hand in perpetuating the
Indian dances, Indian lore and Indian arts and crafts that might
otherwise have faded from our scene, I also send my congratulations.
You have established a yearly event that brings thousands of new
visitors to our state and makes them aware of the God-given beauties
of that great wonderland extending from the southern regions of
Utah deep into the heart of Arizona. Thanks to the POW-WOW
this region is one of our priceless travel assets.
Let this be a happy time for all who participate, and for all
those who attend.
Cordially yours,
R. T. JONES,
Governor.
Flagstaff All-Indian Pow-WOW
COMPLETE STORY OF THE INTERNATIONALLY
FAMOUS CELEBRATION HELD FOR AND BY INDIANS
SINCE 1876 the Indians have been gathering at
Flagstaff during one month or another, holding
celebrations, feasting on foods supplied by whites.
Wherever free food is distributed people will gather,
and Indians are no exception. Even today a trader out
on the reservation cannot butcher a beef without the
Indians knowing about it some way and they will gather
before the setting of the sun, waiting for the trader to
take what he wants, then they feast on what is left.
Nothing of a butchered beef or any other animal is
wasted when an Indian does the butchering. The Indian
is a true conservationist; he uses every part of a
butchered animal, including the intestines. The gall
bladder is used for medicine. Nothing is thrown away.
Way back on July 3, 1876, a wagon train reached
the welcome spring at what is now Flagstaff, carrying
a party of Boston engineers from Denver. The wagon
train camped over night at the spring and next day,
being July 4, a holiday, the engineer members of the
party decided some sort of a celebration should be held.
Indians from the Navajo, Hopi, Walapai and Hava­supai
tribes gathered around because they had learned
the wagon train had stopped there and they sensed free
foods and a chance to trade.
Because of the occasion, the women of the wagon
train baked such tasty treats as pastries and other
culinary delights as they could from the supplies pro­vided.
However to finish out the feast, the men of the
wagon train and the Indians had to go out into the
mountains to the north and bring in turkey, deer and
antelope.
During the morning of the celebration day, according
to an old U. S. Army Scout of the Walapai tribe, the
white engineers and their women folk sang songs. For
the most part the songs were patriotic numbers. These
songs were mingled with the primitive chants of the
Indians, who little knew at that time what the United
States Government meant or what was the significance
behind the songs sung by those vagrant, wandering
tribes of helpless whites who were passing through the
wide areas of Indian country.
One of the members of the white party climbed a
pine tree, trimming the tall trunk of its branches as he
came down, and left the American flag flying from its
Above is the Hopi Ind7:an Band from Tuba City, Ariz., which has played at Flagstaff Indian celebrations
since early days. The band has been recruited from among the Hopi Indians of the reservation around Tuba City
and has grown into one of the best bands of the country.
top, in celebration of the holiday. This flagpole or flag­staff
came to be known to other passing whites as a
landmark and a place for securing blessed water. It is
little wonder that the town, springing from the fact that
all-important water was available, came to be known as
Flagstaff.
Flagstaff became a town in 1894 and was incorpor­ated
as a city in 1928. Lumber and stock raising were
the two most important industries, but trading with the
Indians from the reservation lands to the north has
always been important. Every year the Indians come
in during summer, after a hard, monotonous winter on
the arid reservation lands, to trade and to break loose
and have a good fling at the white man's city life. The
Indians have always been welcome visitors. They make
no trouble, spend money and have a generally good,
innocent bunch of fun.
Because so many Indians gathered here in the late
spring and summer, they began to hold campfire con­fabs,
social dances and ceremonials. Gradually the
whites became more and more attracted to the spectacle
and they began to provide free foods and prizes to
insure that the Indians would return regularly.
This year is said to be the 12th annual Pow-Wow
Celebration, but the first regularly organized All-Indian
gathering was held July 14, 15 and 16, 1927, with Doc
Pardee of the Prescott Rodeo as promoter. It wasn't
much of a show and it was a financial flop, because it
was a sort of a hybrid type of attraction. Mainly the
entertainment was built up as a rodeo attraction, with
the Indians being merely casual entertainers. The In­dians
had a few games during the afternoon and
paraded through the city. It was announced that
there would be at least "1,000 Indians here for the
big affair" from the Hopi, Navajo, Apache, Pueblo,
Zuni, Maricopa and Havasupai tribes. All of 10 beeves,
it was declared, were ordered butchered to feed the
hungry Indians, with Preacher "Shine" Smith, the
"Indians' friend," as director of the distribution of the
food.
That the whites were trying to bring in their own
entertainment is indicated by the following, printed in
the Coconino Sun, July 15, 1927:
"Ralph Stoughton, the genial partner of Attorney
John L. Sullivan of Prescott, is handling the down­town
'49 show with all the ease of an old timer of the
days of the gold.
"Gambling with the sky the limit, old time dance
halls where old time cattle hands rub shoulders with
drug store cowboys and the modern flappers of today,
dancing to the music by Sefton's orchestra are only a
few of the night show features."
In contrast to the elaborate spectacle now offered
by the Indians, the following is the program offered
during "Flagstaff's first annual Indian Tribal Re­union:"
1 :00 p. m.-Free parade daily from Emerson
school through the downtown section and to City park.
2 :00 p. m.-Frontier and Indian sports at City park.
7 :00 p. m.-"Forty-nine" camp, at corner East Aspen
and Agassiz. Indian dances at grounds at "Forty-nine"
camp, 7 and 10 p. m. 7:00 p. m. to 1:00 a. m.-Dancing
in the "Forty-nine" camp.
In 1928, the year that Flagstaff became incorpor­ated
as a city, the people apparently became overly
"citified" and decided to emulate Atlantic City and pull
a bathing beauty contest. Three big performances
were held the night of July 3 and the afternoon and
night of July 4, all at the Armory building.
Getting a little muddled over the similarity of New
Orleans, Atlantic City and the Hopi villages, the Flag­staff
leaders decided to have a Mardi Gras parade,
with floats and bespeckled cars from Flagstaff, Hol­brook,
Williams and St. Johns; a beauty contest to
select "Miss Northern Arizona;" and a Hopi Scalping
Dance-all accompanied by the Tuba City Hopi Indian
band, and dancing specialties by Forrest Thornburg,
Lillian Nichols, Pat Paylore and the Moyer twin
sisters.
E'loyse King of Winslow won the title of "Miss
Northern Arizona." Miss Billie Williams, now Mrs.
Ernest Yost, local society editor, won the prize for
having the prettiest costume. Most likely the Indians
went home from the celebration in high disgust because
their Scalping Dance won no loving cups.
Anyway, the city has neglected to claim the year
of 1928 as one of the annual series of Pow-Wows.
In 1929 the spirit of the Old West predominafed
again and Doc Pardee returned to stage a rodeo at
City park August 16 and 17, with Indian rodeo and
game events mingled in the program.
In 1930, though, the real Southwest Indian Pow­Wow
came into being under the sponsorship of the
local Flagstaff Elks lodge. Francis Decker, as exalted
ruler of the Elks, headed a committee, assisted by
Fred Browning, Frank Goodman, R. R. Powers, Loren
W. Cress, Clarence T. Pulliam and Frank Gold. Mike
Kirk, Indian trader from New Mexico, was employed
to direct the first annual all-Indian show which has
come to be known as the Pow-Wow.
If there was any doubt that this celebration was
but an all-Indian show, read the following from the
July 4, 1930, issue of the Coconino Sun:
"Injuns, real ones now, are here-hundreds of 'em­Navajos,
Hopis and Zunis, with here and there some
from other tribes, Apaches, Walapais, Supais, Mohaves,
Utes-mingling with the brilliantly garbed, imitation
pale-faces, all called to Flagstaff, scenic and climatic
capital of the state, by the great first annual South­western
Indian Pow-Wow."
This was the start of the big, one-and-only all-In­dian
attraction that has grown into the best and biggest
spectacle of its type in the entire world. The show
has attracted newspaper men and radio men here.
News coverage and radio broadcasts have been inter­national
in their scope. Just as Buffalo Bill's Wild­west
and Indian circus attracted the attention of
crowned heads and the populace the world over, so has
this unique frontier show of the little mountain city of
Flagstaff attracted the attention and attendance of
the world.
It has been a long, slow series of historical events
and occurrences that led up to the present Pow-Wow.
Following the July 4, 1876, celebration, which resultE.J
in the actual naming of Flagstaff, the next celebration
on record is that of the summer of 1882, when the
Atlantic and Pacific railroad, now the Santa Fe, built
a right-of-way into this city. Traders were well
established. Mormons had set up settlements and
homes. Sawmills were operating about Flagstaff, as
were the stockmen. Lumbermen, cowboys, storekeepers,
farmers, sheepherders and Indian traders joined in on
t
Above ?'epresents the real spi?-it of the Flagstaff Po:.u-Wow. He is one of the old Indians from the Navajo
rese?'vation to the north of Flagstaff, one of the many old fellows who have for years come to Flagstaff to trade
and come he?'e to enjoy the hospitality of this city during its annual celeb'ration. Flagstaff is 'an old city in the
Southwest and the older Indians have been of great value in keeping their tribes conscious of the loyalty their
people owe to their old original trading post which has now grown to a city of friendly hosts.
the celebration, inviting their Indian friends to take
part.
The Indians took part in all the games and feats of
skill during the celebration. More, they added a strik­ing
touch to it that the white could not produce-their
tribal ceremonies. Lumberjacks did their stunts. Cow­boys
exhibited their roping and riding skill. In both
these types of events the Indians contributed. Even in
tree cutting, lopping and log rolling, for the Indians
were working in the woods right along with the white
lumberjacks. Indians were employed by the stockmen
and in the riding and roping events of the small rodeo
they competed successfully with the white cowboys.
Horse racing was a very important part of the cele­bration.
In this the Navajos and Havasupais partici­pated
by entering their fast horses. At that celebration
the Indians and white contestants competed on equal
terms. There was no distinction of any kind made.
The Flagstaff celebrations were always considered
neutral ground. Woe be unto the white or Indian who
transgressed this unwritten law by laying for an
enemy. Tribes residing afar might go to war with
each other the following month. Cowboys and some
Indians might, as they frequently did, fight out their
differences along the rivers or on distant ranges a few
days afterward, but at the celebration no feuds or
hatreds might come to the surface.
July celebrations were held regularly after 1882.
As the city continued to grow just any ground any­where
would not do. The celebration was shifted to an
open prairie where the Arizona State College buildings
now stand. When ground was broken there for the
first institution the celebration was established at the
far end of South San Francisco street. A race track
was laid out and a small, wooden grandstand erected.
Of this latter race track the Coconino Sun of August,
1889, says, "A cowboy filled with something or other
was discovered riding his horse around and around the
race track. When an officer inquired where he thought
he might be going the cowboy replied that he was on
his way home to the ranch and would the law please go
away as he had a good many more miles to go." ,
After 1900 the annual celebration missed an occa­sional
year. Previous to the turn of the 20th century
the celebration bore no particular name. Everybody
came to it. Everyone was welcome to such amuse­ments,
feasts and fun as the frontier town could afford.
But after 1900 the celebration bore such titles as Annual
Rodeo, Cowboy Days, Flagstaff Celebration, Days of
'49, July 4th Celebration, and Frontier Days.
Many fraternal organizations and civic clubs, the
Elks, cowboys, merchants and the Chamber of Com­merce,
all had their try at operating the annual show.
Wherever the celebration missed a year it bobbed up
with a new sponsor the following year.
"Frontier Days" was produced as late of 1925. This
was a pageant of the old west, with hold-ups, neck-tie
parties and all the fixings. Ox teams hooked to prairie
schooners and driven by men who pioneered to Arizona
in them, were seen in the parades. Indians and cow­boys
competing in the rodeo side by side, and pioneer
women dressed in the clothes of a past day walked in
the parade with the Indian women.
Thereafter the celebration took on the tone of a
general rodeo for awhile. As usual the contestants
were Indians and whites. The show was moved to the
City Park. After movie producers in Hollywood
learned of all the free western "atmosphere" and color
attending these celebrations cameramen were dis­patched
to make shots. During the 1927 and 1928
shows actual pictures were filmed around Flagstaff,
with most of the important rodeo and Indian scenes
shot during the performance in the arena.
The 1927 celebration proved a financial flop. Cou­pled
with this was the fact that for several years the
contestants and the spectators were made up of about
65 per cent Indians.
In the spring of 1929 there arose some talk of com­pletely
abandoning the celebration. However, and
fortunately, a number of the business men of Flagstaff
were familiar with the long history of Indian partici­pation.
Not the whites so much but the surrounding
Indian tribes who looked forward to their one big
outing of the year, were going to be gravely disap��pointed
in the failure of the show to materialize. In­dian
participation had always been large. Perhaps
that was a part of the difficulties jeopardizing the
celebration. For the financial load was then, as it is
today, carried entirely by whites.
The pioneers of Flagstaff were seriously concerned
over abandoning the celebration. They knew that to
the Indian it was already steeped in tradition and
prestige.
Mike Kirk, genial Irishman, Navajo Indian trader
from Manuelito, New Mexico, was engaged by the Elks
club to superintend the Indian programs in 1930. He
thereby became the first arena director, or program
manager, of the Pow-Wow. A good many citizens of
Flagstaff believed the celebration should have a dis­tinctive
name of its own. Loren Cress, Flagstaff busi­ness
man, proposed the title "Pow-Wow."
The celebration of 1933 made the sponsors of the
Pow-Wow aware more than ever of the advisability of
an organization that would necessarily have to promote
the Pow-Wow twelve months of the year. Its import­ance
had grown steadily until the business men who
had produced it so far could not devote all the time
necessary to the Pow-Wow's production. Jack Fuss,
program director, engaged in outdoor advertising,
warned that he could scarcely devote more than 60 to
90 days of his time to promotion of the show. G. A.
London, executive secretary Flagstaff Chamber of
Commerce, declared that the business of the Pow-Wow
was increasing to such an extent that it was vitally
necessary for the celebration to be dissolved from the
. ..... . ... ..... ....... .. . ... ... .............. ...... ....••••• • ••• ••• ••• •• • ••• • 1 ~ • • ••• ••• • • ~ • • ••• ••• •••• • • •••• tt"!
~ +
W elcome, Pow-Wow Visitors t
HOUSE FiF:~e~DGLEY I
" Watch Us Grow" •+
•f OPEN EVENINGS AND ff t SUNDAYS t
; One Block North of •
! Highway 66 on Beaver t
+ FLAGSTAFF, ARIZONA; t•. t , ............................................................................................................ .
Lower left shows Caroline Winnie and her infant sister of Lukachukai, Arizona. Caroline recently starred
in a movie m,ade on the Navajo Reservation. Upper left is a typical scene in one of the Navajo Reservation's 48
Day school::;. Right is a Navajo home, taken near Shiprock, N. M., showing unusual erosion of land about the home.
All above photos taken by Milton Snow, Navajo Service, Window Rock, A'riz.
COM TO COCONI I' 0 CO ARIZ.~
* A great western American empire larg;er than Switzerland, larger than the ethe lands, larger than the ,combined areas
.. of New Jersey, Delaware, Connecticut, Rhode Island, Dist ;ict of olmnbia, the Virgin Islands, Guam, the Canal Zone,. and
Ameri "an Samoa! Come to beautiful Coconino, the scenic capital of the Great \Ye t!
•
JOE T. TISSAW OFF 'Ii: 0 A DREW MA '['SON
"h.o.iinnu[]
G ~]o. A. ''"I. EM INC,
CI~rt
April 29" 1940.
BOARD 0 SUPERVISORS
COCONINO COU1 TY
FLA:GSTAFF, ARrnO NA
Sonthwest An-Indian POW~WOWI
Flag taft Arizona.
Gent ernen;
w. ".LICK
n has heen my privU ge to have a. 'dose-up' of the growth
Rnd dev lOllment of th · la~rgtaff Pow-Wow Association. From
that viewpoint I extend congratulations. and gOO J wi shes to th
untiring effor of your p rSQll11el.
Your quest for data with regard to thefinaneial condi­tion
of the county '. ;jI. folhnv :
The val a lion of taxahle prop rt. in the county and tno
tax rate fOI" til fiv past fiscal years is as foUo\vs:
VALUAT]ON:
1935-1936 1936-H>37 1937-1938 93 -1939
$15526,068 $15,4 3, 27 $]5.675,695 $15,632,550
193·9-1940
15;209;906
RATE: Genera] County Purpo . On]y. $100 valuation
1935-1'936 1936- 937 1 ~7-1938 193 -1939' 1939-1940
1.299 1.2776 $0.6472 $0.6232 0.6168
OUTSTANDiNG INDEBTEDNESS: Deoomb r 31. 1939'.
Coconino County Warrants:
G ner a] County, Road and c.hoo1 Warrants - -
( I nclu,ding CUl'1'ent is.il1te)
Genern County and District School Bonds - -
Total DeHnq u ,t 'fa es: An Purpose , 1925-193
21, 82.78-
277,05£1'.00
36,8 0.23
App~ciating the plea ure of serving ro and with best
wisnes to your organization, I am
Very tru y yours
l si GEO. A. FLEMI G. erk
Board of Supervisors,
Coconino Cou n Y j A ri zona.
• Largest
forest in
ica.
yellow pin
orth Amer-
• E eellent h'ansportation
ac'lfti • - main trans-.
continen tal rai road bu s
lines and ai l"n .
• Exoelle t financial con­dition-
a recent' e
of bonds for ' chool to -
struction wCl/8 bid in at
2 4. per cent, plw; u
pl~emjum of $1.0.78 p r
thousand dollars.
• Low light and power
ra t.es - 40 pel' cent re­d
UCUQll in FJagstafi'
slnee 1930.
LUMBER • LIVE TOI;K •
THING TO DO ALL
\
• WHOLESALI G • GUEST RA CHE~
EAR 'ROUND 1 coco o CO TY~
, inter sports at. the Snow Bowl - Sl'rill.lo:' iUld !jumnuu' golfing', tenniil,. and 4 - Special exhibits at Mu.seu.m of No.,tll. rll A ·i:z.OIHI. - Triptl w
etc. - D~F ani! turkey hl!lntjIlg, and alll'lu!lT bufflilo hunt (nnly one in the Grand Canyon. Painted Deser t., the Indian country, etc. - Tl'ips to won-
U. S) - Hiking, horseback 'idill£ - uto l"HCell - Po,."·_ \Vo,, .... July 2, 3 d ~ l·ful Oak l 'c(!k · flnyon - Always som J,binll: DeW and Intllr!!!1tili,H" to flo!
. • Details available at Wit!ioons and Flagstaff' Chambers of Commerce I
Ie Caves
BubbJin ~ Sprillg
M<!teor ra ter
Old Lee' ~ Ferry n. Elden
N a. ajo anyQn
Oak Creek CallyoD
BlllCk FaU~
Grand Falls
MOI!neopi Village
Tuba ity
Moeneopi Canyon
Lake ~t ary
Sycamore Canyon
QUARE MILE -SOMETHI G TO l EE 0 VERY ONE OF THEM!
, .
. .
F i!ill H o.t.cill!l'Y
AllJbre~y Cliffs
Lowe11 Obi!i.e:r.rllwrj'
Tokhalro
N c>\'Dcrry Mesa
White N atl1ral Br-idg(!
Pumpkin Pa tell
Thi! Gap
Cave Mountain
Spring VaUey
Wildcat P~ak
H ous.erock aUey
Shiprock Valley
San Francisco MOllnta 'DS
Volcanic Cr[lter.s
Bottomlell P it
Wilson Pneblo
Eldell Pueblo Ruill'
Bill 'VllHams 10 ountain
CQ]cu'adn River
Dinosaur anyon
Coconino Caverns
Colorado River B]'id~e
aint.ed Desert.
p t.rifled FOfeJil,
Old W (llf Post
Monnoll La.lu!
II bract Callyon
Grill' MlJur.tain
hadow Mountain
Little Colot'!ldu Canyon
nseum ·of Northcm Ariz-ona
Fort Two GUfiS
White fesa
Elephants Fl!c ~
Volcanic Dike
InsCliptlon Rocks
Mountain Fa -ks
.Mormon Ridge
N (i.v ll;i 0 lItl (Junta! fI
Statc.-Owned BuffalO' Herd
Paria Pl.at.eau
\VHERE HOLLYWOOD COMES TO FILM THE SPLE DO 8 OF OL ST!
activiti . of th h.umbe1' of Comma c with an ·execu­tive
board of its own, The Chamb . of Colllllle~"4;e had
token Over the pI'oduction of the cel brotilln in 03l.
At the fil-st busines me t.in r el,,'1), in H)34 sponsors
of the Pow-Wow dl-CW up tu·ticles of incorporatiof'l, auc\
ill certificate of in 'Orp1.lfation wa .. is "u d hy tbe AI'wna
Corpo !-~ti(m Commission Mut'h 21. 1934, Th i 111;0 r­IX>
'atOI'S weI' M. J- 1'lIkington, K. L_ Webb rand F.
"Y. 1001', all of Flall'staif. The orll:anization was 'hen
offi~ial l y "Flag: t.uff Ceillbl'lltion , Inc.'
t a board tne tiflg May 9th, 1934, the inool1>ora­tol'S.
anu G_ A- Londo , aetitl~!; l-€tal'y-. elccted Henry
, llcQuatt.ers pI'eshi<ClIt of the board of d ircellcws, C. T.
Pulliam vicc-pl" sident, T. p(mce' !leer tary-trea­urcr,
H. .... Williams ond J- D. Walkup member_ The
new divecwt'S el'e infQl'med of thei' 1e ~ioll < lid the
opel'a tion 'of th' ol"ganiza tion ~'aR 1.1.) rned oVct- to !.hem.
Pl"O rram manager ,rack Fuss re igned, and the Pow­,\
row celebration W::J. produced with th boal'd of
diI'ec on; hnndling thl! ,ccr~monial progranul, alld ell. I
B ck directing the aftel"lloon HI-ena perforrnan~es.
Glud '()U (Toney) Richnrdson, uthor, [ndian tt'!!d~r
and Ilatural shov.'mnn, Cl:lme in 11 gcnel."al dil"e lot' of
the celebrat.ion.
From the first the tit1e r, Fl agstaff Celobra tio.n 5,
Tn ," seemed un ..... ol'"kable in conncction with the higb
ideals of th4;! Pow-\Vow," 0 fnl"th l' promot • manage,
dir ct and hold lnd.ian fairs and ellltUl'al exhibitions
and display. III £nre ~ kind and d~!lcl"iption fOl' tho
purpos of edu a in r the public in reg-ani til tlte cl(ll·
tural development.!; and achievement" of tbe Indians."
Thelmor in 193 the directors amended the at"ti ·lel>
III incol'poration,changillj;\' the mutt t.o "Pow-\Vow
Inc."
Th@ eighth allnual Pow-'Ii!!!w bl'ought many hangeR
in the el br ion. The Indian attendallcc had in­creased
much, ~lld bl"Q~gbt 1:.0 the Pow-Wo Indian.
from afa~ who did nOI li in.lO:" tlleir cookinll' utensils,.
T!1el-"4;!fof'e th Po ·\"'ow built cookill" pit and issued
cooked food. "he Rhow' 'el'e five, three nisih a d
two nft1lrnoon. Bl"Onco tiding and calf tyJnll: was added
to the rodeo, and the night pel'fOnnaficcs iner@u' d in
length.
The Jlint 8JlnUn Pow-'V,ow ul>hel d j th sL big
IH!I·tormalices. All thl e 3ft.ernoolls oonsisood (Yf top­notcb
rodoo ven R judgC'd und ruled under tile gula­tions
of pro e lGIlUl rod~os, with the e ceptiol1 t.hat
tI-icUy native gam sand contest_ were held act'Ol'ding
to ground rul ~ I/lid down by be ndian~. Th@ full
pl'ogl"um of rodeo events required heHvy i.nvestlll@nt in
equipment and an ndditioll wa.s mllde to t.he grnndstand
at ity ark to accoJllnlOduLethe inCI'1la1i in white 91.-
t ndanc.e. ~o Indian dances w 1"C heM during the
afternoon, there beil1~ 110 tim for them. The three
night showl'l were lengtbened to about two hOUI'S. The
1937 Pow-\,,"o"t saw th(J broadCll~ting of the first rom­plet
and allthenti' Indian cenunoniaJ' ever sent out
OVN' th~ ail'_ The a t ionaJ Br09dc..n!;ting Company
us d an haUl' of the first ni 'rht'fI prOJi,!laam.
The tenth allnual Pm --Wow, 1938, proV'eda gl'a d
liiucee.sfl !lll fal' as the Indian: , N'e COli ~rl1ed. Theil­att.
endance mov d upwal'd iHJrn about 1, 0 in 1935, to
0, 4(] in 1 38. Th(J hit ~ttendance hal> remained at
aoout the SIIJlle level during the la.·t flre years. Thi
i largely due to the fact that nnly .II limited Dllmh ..
can be seated in the grandst..'1.nd.
'The Po· .. ,,-\Vow has n vet oo~n a financial ueel:!SR.
It is not. intcndoo ttl he insofar as the ol'~anizlltiflll
having mO!t(,!y I 'ft ov r from tit eo:t of the celebra­tion's
production cacll)'eal'. Except for tho main !'odell
events, the progl-am a!' bing constantly changed.
Last YE!:al" the celeht'ation hfld it higges year undcr
diJ'!lCtionof Gladwell (Tony) Richardson, but R.ichul'd­son
s.a\ the growing H 'Qpe of th sllow Ilnd decided he
could no longer afford tori f! p'ractically full tim~ t.o.
it direction. He re igned la t fall and obe Turpin,
Indian b'ader bom G!lllup, . M., ac !Cpt d the job Do
cl!l'emfltlia\ director. with Bob Hans.el as dil-ector of
the t'odeo-,
!
i ·
2 HO R SERVICE
To ing, GeIle1'al Repair , BI dy
and F ndcl' '" Ol'"k Et,
"EVlll'ythin~ for th
Pilkington
102 \ r. Sant F
otO}' Co.
(Highway 66)
" 0 ...... ~ .............. ' 1!!1'1=90 .. ........ , . ....
i
t I.'~."
Apaches de Navahu
The Navajos are Athabaskon people from th north­we
... !;, mo tly nomadA_ They call themselveN Di1'leh after
the [lam of ,9 T wa puehlo near whel"e 50m of th
Dineh lived. Spanilll-dr; called them Apaches d av~
ahu. Legend iA the avajos ~p1it a~ ' ay fl'om the
Apaches 400 years ago and, bing a small tribe, fled
to nyoll de Chelly, They beJ!'!l.n a se ies of raids,
prospered. Ildoptl!{\ other trib@s ill wholesal - f~ hion,
rnall~1 of the Acoma and Zuni Indi8Jll! joini:ng 'with them,
Wh n the Ameriean came the av.ajo ra.ids ·c -u ed
houble about 1 8 Hlld dterward, Kit Ca.rRon led a
fm'ce against th in ond Ii, fe:lted them in 1863, Th
tribe as mo ed ·to Fort umner, New lro'le:xioo, where!
the avajol> Ruffcred j;{1' aUy, Th~y we e returned to
heir old hm'ne!J in 167 and since then th tribal in­el'ea~
has been outst.anding, there being close to 0,.000
avajos mda •
A pal"fid~ 18 ~ rot of 'u·n t{) a,e In.dr~n8 (md th/}~ m .i2l8 'IW QcP'P(wtunil'IJ tr) show all their {!I}stumes, li1J(!8fock 4l,ul
other possessions. Litet·/itlly thCtUsallds oj thlnn ion~ in tfr.e big Ire~ pag<-'ant lmt ittw·t~ wfl~di'f!g itl! way tlt.1·uufJh
the .dredB of clowntown li'Za..gdafj, b~ginn~ng at J Mon 1!I~h do.l,I' 01 tlu! Pow-J ow.
When Indio'ns Play Cowboy
Two ~'mlors ag a mQvie compan3\ filming II 'i est@ .. "
pictllr [In the .' sel"Vation, H~P{)l"too II ·tol')" that went
all over the country, aboot 901'1 Indian b1.Jck who re­b
ned becullS1:! hI!! al W9.~':S hud to take Indian roles and
get shot.
"We Ul"ed playing Indian," be grul'ltL'd in di!:g\J t
after he had been "'shot" -ev@l"al ti m . ~. fl"Me want
to play eoOwOOy!'
,. -h t!the~' the ~tll y is I'eaHy tl'11C or not, it i-an
actual fact that "playing NIWbtiy" i~ one of Lhe chid
sports of mo!!t ,of til .. South estel'll Indi~ ns., They
likll to ride bl'Wl'hos a/ld steelr-s, l"Ope cah'cs and steel' ,
buUdog any critter that has hOf"ns, milk wild CO\\'f'i-il'l
fa.ct, do aU the hicks tb~~t p ovide l'odeo thril1s 101"
the w hi te cowboys.
Alld, ",,'hat j ~ I'nor~, the IniJ ians rOlln), enjoy doing
tbe above mentioned dangerous feats of cowboy skill"
Thelr know little and ca1"e Je~ obollt ' he whit.e man's
uleslilnd r gulations gilVel"l'Ii l"lll' rodeo perfrn"IlUU1c@R.
Tlmy Ilnt~r into ~'Ompcl.ition ~ 'ho1che!lrtcdly, having a
lot of fun aU th,e while ,utld lr~'inA' til ·if b~-"t to b~ L
(Iut beir tl"ibesmen and competillg members of other
tribes.
Even after the rodeo show is all OVE!r and til pHz -
awarded" the I tulian!; ntain the holiday spirit ot the
occasion and frequently im;l t. on ~iditllt flJl the ro·~ of
~h@ wild !lron.cho.· left in til .. corral-jus for th fun
of it..
Th@re is intens rivah"Y runOllg the various tribes.
Elich yeal' the! Indian eowboy.· born the MoI'ieopa,
avajo, Apache, Havasupai and all of the IIUI.I'L)' Qih ['
tribes (some e()ming f1'om even as far away as Mon­t
!l.JlU, the Dakota, aHfornia, Oklahoma., Utah, T xas,
etc.) arrive t.o battle each ot.ner in fl'" en{iI • Hpil"ited
rodeo contests.
Rugged. wlry little ruservation-bnd bI'oncnos, ",dld.
II.H il.nl.clope~ and wlIgn as steel and tub\! I", IU-e J~und­N
up and bl'OUgbt ill ummally fot the contest~. Calv H,
as ~u!:i\'!l as jackrabbits, and shifl;y, wbite-eyed and
SnOl"Ung buUs, stc r5 lind OOWSlire dd>'en in from out­of-
way place" On !.hI;! ranges :t01' roping', bulldogging,
l'iding, team tying and wild row milking,
It aU mak s a l"t!al ."odeo show, jUAt. as W@ l~. th
j m pnJfnptll rod ('(IS in til days of the Old West, whCII
reckless., hInd ridi ng e{)wooys gatbeI'l~d to display the
dangerous wnre~ of their skill and lracle "jllst 101" th
hen of it,"
Thing~ will lu: popping and humming with e~cite-­Itl
nt and thriUs e.'cry miJlute of cv I')' a.ftfrrnool'l ndl'­ing
the PowWow_ The llig~ t trnubJe Bob Hansel,
rodeo directol·, win have wiU be to try t.Q ke~p the
Iridian ent1"ant~ Il'lJm taking mol" than their !!ha.l'e of
the performancc, riding and f"Otling mo than their
~l1are of til l""E!al"itl~, phm~inll.' and snorting ]i\'C ·lock.
Donors Of Special Pnzes
John B. St tson Company-PhHadelp bia, PI}.,
AI[!x.arld~l~ H~lt omp9.ll.r-Reuding, Pa.
Cil.H.forni~ Spol'bveat' Company-Los Angele • Calif.
Napa Glov"Il Comp!lDY- . ap!I, Calif.
Levi tl·&IlS & mpllny-San Frnnci ~11.0, Ca.lif.
00m Rice liUs-Throu£h J, W. Loren~n, Erok­en;,
Pboeob.:. Ari:z_
Al-iZOfl9. Fluu f' Mills--Thl"Ough h. Joo Melzet·
Pboenix, Al'iz.
S. J. Dean Company-Food Drokel", Phoenix, Adz.
Alexand f" BlI.lal't Co.-Shipp ['S of 'offet!, 11.1"1
Fl'ancisco, alif.
Jonn 11 r. palding-Food B "Oker, PhoeniX', Ariz.
The Goul y Burcham Co,-F ood Brokers, Mr, Lloyd
Renner, lIigl".
Sp I'TY Flom' lIml!j-Ml'. Bob Healy, lI'l'l'l"" Phoenix,
Al-iz..
Coe Sa l ~~ ompany-Food Brokers, hoouix, Adz..
\Vesley Case- os An,w!lB'), Calif,
Doc \Vill i am~F lagstafi ,A ri2.
TIt 1)",eke Indians tocr onC6 th t ~'I'ible 8COtwge of tit Southw st. 1(1(-'7'£ B 1'aiding WQf'ru)/"s wko lOT
1/f.'rLrS de/if'd th6 white invoAsrll ntu1 a~ iT steadily OJ'owing Annll fore 8. Tot} le;t ·j, a typical ApacJl.B hO'1"f1e_ Tap
7'1:(f.l t is an Apache: IIfmri8c wpdditlU c6r m.o1rll. with bl-me 8 aled in Cen.ter. lJotw~n right iff Iln Apfl.Che D vi!
Danc6 team.. Left ctmt r is /JtL old A 11(1cl1e cMe/.
·The Hopi Snake Dance
A
A
,pectacu lar Ritual Performed W" th Deadly
acred Tribal Prayer F Ol Rain
,attlesnakes-
PHO BABL Y tht;! m~t SIl' 'etaclI.l.ur, almo.Rt ullbcHeve­ab1c,
and at the same time the mil ~ llI!.CI"d and
impol'tlrnt dan~ rite !"If the Hopi Indians is the
Wo.l"1d famous nake Dance, pe formed ea -,11 yeflt' by
t he Hopi Snllke lun 01" fratcl'llity to bring rain and
rood ~ro.ps"
The dan~erfl p~l·fot"m wit.o live, d IJ:dly "attIesnak:l
and other snllkes, carl-ying thll reptiles about in th~ir
mo.li th" al'ui hands;, breathing inlo theit' , ri thin!1: bod­i",
s; 'pray~rs fo.l" I'ain. Th snakes, belieyed to b lIles­sengers
to the I«Id~. at' afterwm'ds turnoo loose to
~arl"y tt"ll prElyer m~aag il undergl"O\.Ind to. 'the hOlm.,
of the ~"'Ods.
N !!Vel" ha,!,l it failed ~o rlli n a.{ter ' ~nllke dan ' ,
o.ld pio.neers swellr. N ever has a Hop·i danCel" boon
fatally poisoned by Iii rattlesnake during the ceremony.
th.ough many are repe-.at~ l y strl;lck hy the deadly l'e]l~
tiletl.
Thll dances are held in the pu b!o "malt; -, of th
Hopis. nOl-theast of Fla~staff, on thfr bigal mesas.
Whit.4l~ mal' wilne"'" the grotesqu, ~9.vag spe-ctac!e,
but may not take pictures. Only in the villa.ges. at
times dllsignated by th nake ~l!m pri~st, are the
dane R held. URuany the danceR al'e held late in
A ugust, the Snak:~ p ;est anneunci ng the tim a bout
a week befOI""ll.
The dance is; hilld in the cllni.er of the \'ma~. A
cottonwood bowel' is oonstl"ucted, c.alled a isi or altar.
Bdorc that altar i.s a buried dl"ll nl, the tight str~tehed
hide head 'omin,g ftu:;h with the ground, SQ each {tan~r
tt"omps on the drum h ,d as he passea tbe anal.", mak­illl{
a Blow. I'e~(lunding boo.m.
In the grc-en cottonwood ki 'l a doz.ens of slith.frr-j
n,g and ooiling rattlesnakes, buzzing mninou ' wa rna
inf:"H.
The dance takes pia 'e late ill th afternoon, jU!\t.
before da1"k. but c ~wds ga.thel" early tli get a good
seat 01' standing p'Jacc. White!;. minKle with HO]lis
and avajo.s. Tile N avH.j~ COme, scorning to admit
any belief in the cel"emony,. but many of tb~ bucks
cu.rry rain~ollt., and bl"nkets, kllow jn ~ that it a.lw.IlYs
rains.
Suddenly illl mOV1;!ment Il nd cllntt l' 0 f ~ i!CtiitUl'!;
ceaReR. A 11lnc opens through th ~l'lIwd and eight gray
po inted ngur,~ run into the deared spot, immedlatel ~l
tlll't.ing a litow, c h opp~' dance, shaking rattles of f!ll'ied
gourd s in one hiln d and tufted sti cks j 11 the othel".
Thej' arc o.f the Antelope clan which as i u; in t li(l
daMe. F OUl' t hn~ - t.he)' Cil: 'Ie b~fore the ki!;i, th II
lin up before it and bE-!gin chilnt inlot.
Back o.f the crowd appeal's t he m~t st..;: rUing grollp
of pe -"oils ever seen in thi.s modern age. Mild-II oking
~'I!H ~tar, tltt'ougb ~ m~!;li: of bla 'k paint that 'C.oVlll",s
theil" faces and bodi,es, Some hav long !)traggly hll'r,
fal ling below the'it' shOlllderJ'i. AI"Ilund their loins are
i:Ie(lrskin ki1ts of red. A zig-zag emblemdeOO:l'1l.~ the
kilts. ~ro.cea.sins arc a lso ot Nil. Unscemg, os though
lit a, traMe, tltb'}' run through the ero, d.
They a,r the Snake priests, o t hem!
n oblonK figll r-e i ~ drawn on. the .'{found b fO'T the
ki.si with sacred meill. Abou~ this the bla k fI~':Jr1lS
danc , e~ch Htamping out a bolio, boom as; hc passeR
own .. U'lc drum hear!. All t.hQ time the Ant ]OjUlll 9.1"c
standing befOL'lo~ the kisi, II dismal, ghastly background
of ~ray, shakillg ra tt](!' IUld ·cbanting.
One by 011 the daneers lU'e gi i}n snakes. Each
snake caN·jer is dO!ie!y followed b)' Ilnodler dane 1',
who continu.ally la pI! th dancer on the back with II
tufted stick lind chant .
The dancer almo5 joyo.llsly l"Ceeives his snake f ~m
the head Snak~ priest. He gl'asps the thick, writhing
ratUer in one band ~l(ld flicks; thll tail of tl1e ~lIirm­ing
repti1e into the other hand, Bllnding ove[~ alld
I!Wa)'iJlg hl S]O" T r h),tllm, t.he da.ncer mouths th thick.
MlI.sCltlar bod:\" of the snak lil'l an infant mo~t.hs a
teethl n~ Tiflg.
Fl'om time 10 time !'lna.k are dl"Opped and a s [1 llike
cat.cher sprinkl~ Lhem wit.h sacred mt'!al, th 11 .snatelie,s
them up and hands tbemtu a memb<:r of the wai ti fl~
Antelope da[l . The rianecl' then receives ano~hl!l" ,sl'lake
fr·om t.he kis;i. A snake is never pi~ked up after the
dan0er has loosened i~ until it has bEen 'pI"inkl~d with
mea 1, ven if dHl snak I:: I.' into thl1 crowd.
By the t.ime all the snakes h, v b n danced with
and tbe d!1;J1oe end!-d, the Ant.4l1op ~lanllmen have theil"
hands 91\£1 arms filled with snakes. Then SOme of tlll!
SnakQ priests tak the sna~e.s back. again and rac
down thl! slop~ o.f tbe meRl!, to. t he plain below. Now
and t.hen a snllke is dl'OPPOO, until aU of tbem hav
barn releru:;etJ to c..!Irry the prllyer for rain l.o the fo.ur
dirootioos. " oeTi it, will rain, for all' !.I( y the douds
are begil1l1i III:" to gather OVel"neild,
Rapillly 'tile ~rowd dispcrses. Nayajos ride down
nle wind.ing tr!.lils to their homes on the plains. 'Ii rhltes
climb into autos" The villal!'c is left agatn to the
1I opis. It seems b.u rtl lot, ·pecla tors t o. beHe've tJw. t
Berne ofthe~e friendly, smili1lg Hop is, d l'eSs,eJ in white
m!lll'~ clothing, have Ju!> 'lInil!hed participating in the
most savage. weh:d speetacle ·even ROOH.
+ i
Available on the
P A YlUENT PLA .,
E UtE - TunE
12 ifontlui noonditional Guara t ,(!1!,
,['O\\'i!:>t T~rm:!l
LBO G. -'THE B I)GET ['(.AN"
EJec,t ric Wall'1e Irons - "flee ~I ~ r
! C]ock:s - R aiilios - 'l'Gil t N S ~ Irons -
t_,.~~u.~:,:::.:-_:,~d .. ~~,~~: ,;:Cf~., 80~~,~
. i
;
i
A Hopi Village
(Plwto by COUd~3y of MiUQtl S'lWw)
Expert Farmel·S Of The Southwest
TH~ Hopi Inclians fal"lncd fOl" Clcn.turi alo~g the
Little Colorado 1'1Ver, wberf,l f'UIRS of tbeu' old
vmages can still be found.
R!lidin~ Apache' and NavaJOfl dl"OV ' the~ Pf!a 'eful
fal'lning peopl to theil" present mesas, whei"C the rain­faU
is less than 12 inches par year, m.o·t of the rains
u.·uiilly c:umilll-t ill Ju l ~' and AUg1IM. Avt:rul!:e elevation
is G,W feet a.nd the cool. [I'ght retal"ts crops. Bnd­!;
i.orms. also damag crops. Cu1t ivatiol'l is. li m.it.ell to
sma]] 11I"ea~ on the me8.a or at t he lmmedhate foot,
Despit all til e handicaps, the Hopis l"aise fin
1;1-011 ' , T bc~' ·tot'e enough I'egullU:ly to last 'tlH-ouKb
CeJ·emo.nial Db-ector
CE RE ~ 1ONI A.L DIRECTOR
Ab()1!~ l1i' T(Jb~ Turpin, who is diJ'ectl)1" of the nigi t
<=1I"~m(lni!Jl shows and will beg ile"i'a.Uy in ciuf.rgs of ai!
~I the ~: hOuglJ.rl(M of I fLdid.u {Jue.sts. TllhEl' il! "' -vetIlT!m
f)i.~ilU trg;dllt", k"/UlWB th6 (j!lthw~st rn [ndiiut's lang­!
Ia.ge~, 111Ld is well ~i!:t.I.so11ed IJ# ~tu,uJ e~p~>ri. '!lCe in
lulpi1~g fhe lndiamr 8h~ue cei6bTaticms. His is a rlS'a!
jM,. lie 1i1.'Uflt keep ~h~ Inditm gUe.8tR stl.ti8/ied, 'I'l~u ·t
i1',m out any difliculti ~s tho: t fI~itlht a.~tJ blltwg~l~ tl,e
mllny tribes and, mea time . Bee Utat every pll.agll of
U~e c ld"atim~ g(}f!R (j" !l8 I!'ckedu r..ed. ~o n{l ~iMlr~ l-n­dian
,or g1"OUP of Indian 1)erform6rs are not I01"f}oUefl.
w slight d -in the iitt'tging of the daily programtl.
Hny l >Hll s,eason. Always, too, th re is a battIe against
weevils to p vleet the . h}[il(l ~roll'.
Cott.on has been grown since p l"€historic day3, RIleD
:io the weavinJ:". ':I.' lIer 9."e about 20 var i~ti~ of beaDs,
ull colors and of natl-'e (I -igi .
PellCheB \\'t!l' introduced by Ute p!lnish and still
3l"€ propagated fl'om tbe Bili!d!>. Some a~ eXCAllll.!nt
in flavor. Ot hel"S are not so good. Ol'"ChBrds. a l"€ k(Jpt
re1igiously ClMI'I of woods, bec.nu it i~ believed POOl'
cultivation and weeds cause bitter f r uit. 'orne I'lf the
tree a I'e OVill' 50 years old and still fruitful. Th
frui t is preserved by dl"Y ing, aomutill'les ldaced on adobe
s,he!ves hetween walls of the house !Hld ~eil.led so the
fl"u i t will keep fOl' several seasons.
Tllt/8 e}"'atlun~ t(sed in the ~ upatki artide, darting
o-n 01Jl~os-i te pagfol, W '1'1S' 8up~Zi6d tlm)ltgh eO"urt !l1J of
the M1-l.8el!·m of l o1,thcl"tt .. 1,..i.~OlUi and ?lot ~he Ma.­titmal
Pt.rk SElrVlce, ru is shown through e'1'ror by
cI'edit li1,e lmdc'l' eiJ/:l~ I) f " fJ f 'w(} trlush'atwtls .
~-" ..• .-.... •.-. .-..... . .. . .. . .. ~ ... . i __.. .. ·.·...,....iltl ... , .... , ........... ~. " ' ........ ~ .,
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CAF E,Y'S
SHELL SER VICE
Highway 6'6 Across
From Depot
DO ·
ALWAYS
OF FREE
PARKI G
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n EFFICIE T
... ER CE T
CE
SHELL ST TIO S
EVERYWHER
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Wupatk~ a Village
BU1lt By a Volcano
By DAVI J. JO ES
Cm:todian of WUP(~ Oci J atw~lar JJlomnrrent
LA D I-u~h are common ill the histOl,)' of man, hut
the on]y on~ in the United States to have ooeIl
. caused by the eruptiol1l of a volcano Willi in the
VieiDity of Flagstaff, A ri:zona. Eleven hundl"ed y@ars
olgO a hCrIlto1CH-e balTen plaoc'all. was con\'!:!rt d illtQ 3
veritab~e Ital,dell, attracting prehistol"lc Indian farmers
hom over th~ Southwest. Villages sprang up and the
area su ppoded one of tit most dens pOpulations of
not1;hem Arizona at that tim", But to ulid I'stan! this
("are occunen it is 1lCc,.'Il 'SIU"Y to go Dack ipw ];Ire­hi~
tot'~ with tho £J.1'r.;baoo\ogist to at tim b fOl"C the land
!"Ush.
Under nO I-J1lal conditio!l~ thel"C is a ·va·t at'e..'l f['om
th ~IUI Francisco P~aks to the Little Colol'ado Rh'cr
~ hich. is not inhiJIbltable by farm!: becau",-c of il ]..,,~k
of moishu-e in the soil. .EvM~IlC at haruJ indicaws that.
until Ule latter part of the nint.h centlill'Y there was
[ll'Ily a small population in this 9.t"id region, and they
were confin II mostly to SlllUU dearings a.long th base
of tb4:l San Fl'aneisC'.o Pe~kil. Here ther Ml< 5uffieietlt
.!linfall to rais.l! CrvPll of rorn., ooan~, and Rquash, An
'island" in th tie~rt where on was i!!IOI:I!.ted II'om hi.};
feUo men in other pe.rts of the ollthwc~t. In the
~attered earth !()d~es which wer pa -tiaIly beneath
the sul'fac the J ndian families I iv d eking a living
from the soil. The gro \Vi ng season wa~ .sh ort; th.e
lI.'intel"R long and aeeompanied b~' beavy ~nov.·s.
Then came the ·el"Uptioll of ullset Crater. Appar­ently
there wel~ ominous rumb1ings and eai'thqIUlikes
for 80m time bcfo['c the actual er1llption, fo"..,,1] be
~arth lodges 0[' pithol.l~e~ in the immedinte "icinity Wel"C
abandon.ed.. I i Hally tHere came. a \'iolent ex:plosion ill
which the molten lava from the "lIrtll's exterior was
!>batter d by the 'G:xpancliJl~ gases; thu!; P(oodu'ing
'ind rg which were .!:cattered far anu wide. Out ()f
cracks at. he base of the cra tel" pOu ~d hot, liquid
I~v!l, but it. was confined, fo .~ the most part, to a small
ha~il'l formed by tJw slll"rQlmdi.ng hills, The cinder,
bowcver, " a~ CIlP('ied by strong s,out.bw terly winds off
h, 1'R!'>tI. the Painted Deser • co"el'illg an al"Ca (Jf more
than 800 square miJas. F01;unate indN.-d '1!1'e thos~
who had mo .... ed, Ii!> tlleir pithouses Wet~ buried by the
cindet'. The people living' .llul' lo thl! aks wel"C not
afiect.eil. It is n q1ll.cstjon U' to how long thl:! vo]eano
was active, but even afWI' the W01'st of it was over hot
steam and gas e~CIl.ped from the vent, fjr('1[1Ilcin;::- tile
bt"ig-Itt red Dnd yenow color~ at the I-lUilllnit for which
the crater is named. In any eVllnt the Indians l'egaru tI
thi s display of nat(ll'e with a we, and lIot unlikt!iy con­sid
red i t ~ J:'l'eat catastrophe,
Tllen ll!Jme entell"prising indian .f~ll'm@l· found that
it. was possible to ["aise em"1t in the cirul 1'5 \ .... ber·e it had
prel·iously shriveled and di d fl"{lm lack of moisture.
The fine layer of cinder acted as a mulch which ~b­~('
it'bed and h ]d the scllnt.y moi~ '~ure from ain and
snow, T·ews of tlli· ne flll'milig 11.1"011. soon .spread
View 0/ OtW 01 the Wupatki ruins. (Photo r,y
MiUo1l S'f1(lW, C.{)tl/"Umy of tJ~e Nati&ruj,l Park ServiclI).
ov r the Southwest and the 1and rush stn ~d. Indian
tami1i(!l; desert.ed theil' fields to seck a better liiving in
th "Pl"Ollli d land."
Here trll.ly was a "meltipg pot" of people w'th Ill­dian!'
l t:!omin'" from an directions, U is OtHl plaro in
the Southwest whel"e all four of the c!lUtu'al gl'oup~
I'I!/;ogniz.ed by the archaoologist a1"e pl"esent. .11 the
rubbish hel!lp!< ol tile e01'liel' village!'; thll sJiad' 0 tbe
al'chaeologist brings to ligM the dif.fel"en 'es bet.w-cco
th inhaiJitants, for CVi:!1l at that time different customs
,Ycr·c practiC(':d b)' the \ arious tl'ibes ju~t as today,
n group disposed of neil' dlllld by inhumation, an­other
by cremilti~,lll. E~h had. its own ideas as t.o how
pottery should be milde ~nd d~o~'a h.d. Theh' houses
also tended to indicate to what gl"OUp the owner b
]ongcd.
The stone masonry apart.ment house-a new idea in
the atlrlals of thfl arehi tects at that time- became popu­lar,
althouJl.'h the mOl' '011· t' !Ji.uve stilJ C Ullg to th
pi~.ltjlU!ie. Lal'gIl pueblo.s which were ]oc!lted near a
gOll.ree of d dnki n· 'iI·a t~r varied ill size bom ten to
mOl"ll than one hundl'f!d rOomS. Small one Or two>- "001'1'1
5tl"Uct(ll"e~ 'en built ncar the fields lor use ill the
sllmmel't'rne. The lal'g(~J;t plH!blQ Illld pl'ububl.y tha
longest inhabited of any in the eLnd.er country was
Wupatki Ruill, fOl"t.y mi1es northeast O't Flagstaff.
Located at. th ba of a black, lava me·a overlooking
the Painted Desert. its imposing walls (If red sandston
Ill· ' 8:till ill .an amazing. state of presel"Va Don.
t.andillJ{ ill th~ sllado, Q:f Il !ilas' jve waH today.
one eml. with little difficlI.1ty, visualiz.e life as it must
hl.lve been eight ecntm;lls ago. l,lj,rupatki hll"OnOunClld
Woo-pabt'-k~) W!liS the center of activities for a large
\TiUa.gc, its small rooms she! t ring a hundred or more
bldi U II .farmel'S and th~ir .ian1ilies, Bdo\'i. ill tit
\Talley, were ea patches of corn, tended all day by
the men and children, Hel"C on th(l housetops a.nd in
the patlos, the woml!n g¥t1ier d to gossip while per­iormi
ng the daily tasks. b.n~' would be f,'"i'inding corn
for the next mE< 1, while others fashioned pottery,
baskets, or Tn Ilded clotbing. Bri1liantl~. eolo'l'ed P~l'l'otfl
aum~lld t.hem2;elvt:!-_·. DClg~ foUo\ved the children about
or lay panting i:n the shade. 'With the help of his
Itl!igbbors a m.an might be Elddintl" Ilnoihet 1'0 III t<l the
pucllln, becllu ~e of the need for additi onal storage space
or to aceomIllooatc a newly acquired wif~. Young girls
cou Id be ~Ilel'l in th.e eK rly mel'ning fi2'tul:ning alon" th"
pottery str wn hail flvm the spl'ing, intl'i 'ate1y decoI'­atcd
water ja.rs balanced on their heads, On gala occa­sion""
C(lh,r.ful eeHllllonie"·' wer · lIel d ill t.IIe a mil hith -t
and clvwds ga the -cd on the l'ooftops to watch th
dallCCl'oS or fistcn to the musie Cli tlu e and di"um. " , hen
time p I'lllit~d. exciting p.:-al'l'les Wel'e ph.~'l:d in th
neal'b~' ball court, an innovation bl"Q1lgbt b~' the Indian
rnil{l·antA f!V1m ttle south. 'J[ ht wru; lif in on · ·of the
mOl'C important cities of no 1:hern A -iron!}. four hundred
years beror· Cuhllnbu - discovered Am.(}l·i~a. ProfoUlld
had be n the infJuenl;.es d the I'llptlol'l.
The ,cinder alia now supported one of the most
dell5e papulation!> of northern Ariz.Olla at 'thaI: til'll!!.
\Vup!ltki was only one of 'the many puebln~, The ita­de
l~u lol"he'!;s apartmcnt house--wll.S located near n
pecUli81' sink hole in which t.ht!1'(l mu -t have- h- 'rl watoer
fel'· drinking pUl'poses,and within a squal'"C mile of the
sink "f!W~ mo than two hundnd sman sites. FliII"thcr
to the ea st vi1la~s dotted ev I'y 11 illtop_ Tbus had th
people t..vm lugethm· in the villtlges. Nitb such dose
eClnt.act and even intermarl"iag' b·tw 'ell mell'l~r~ of
the vQtiou!\ b-ibm; the differenees apparent in the lower
]c~"'C ls of the rubhi s h h · 'ps beta me 1 Rand le~~ distinct.
Hapidly tbis region developed into an important
center No lj;"lllgCr were the people isolated b:i' the
natural barriel's form d by desert and mountain.
"Tmd lan~s" wel'"e d.M.'erted into the cindel' OOtllltl7
brin~ing s'Upplies in demand by the people-shell.s from
the Pacific coast, tUl'quoi.se and other sronnI' OI"lIa­mellt
fl"OJll th south ulld t!ast, cotton for t:cxtiles. This
pulli toric trade is intel sting, In spite of the fact
that th~rl! was no. means of tra.nsportation, articles
would oft n tr-a v ] !lev n;l.l hundred mile . . A tradcr
would visit a n arby village to barter fOor objects :from
villllJ,."(!s . VIolIl iarther away. An unll~ua] discov 11' at.
Wupntki during th exC"ll\ ation wa· the remains of the
d. ~'(1nOW, a.ndblue military mllcaws or palTot.s.
ApPllrently they we l'~gaw:LQtI u!lcred birds just as
the eagle is among the Hopi todal' ~ and. th >' could 1M:
obtained. only io nOol,th~.r ~rexiL'(). From village to
"iIlage. they were blV-Ugbt to the no ~h- OIle can t!a~Hy
irnll~in£-! the price Qf a parrot !liter it bad b n traded
through numerOus h alldR f()t- Il distance of mol' than
500 miles and with each p I'lIiOll making a profit.
Yet ev n dudng the "hey-dIlY" of the cinder country
natural forees wel"C s]owly, in:;idlously working to
deRtroy til :att.ainment of the Indjans and in the late-
1100's they becllme pronOounced , Growing discontent
appclll"lld !Imongtbe people. Yl lds fl'Ill'll the fields
wel"€ JlO as auund!lntns bdOl'e. Dr ughts became
mor,e frequRnt and pl"olonged. Higb ,,~'inJ~ sweeping
the cindel'R into de:ep dunes left many fields Oll:'e of
thirnoistur conserving I,ayel'. Along \vith these
trouh!,s u ro~c the social evils bl~d by di -~I ntent,.....
arguments over th> better farming lands, lWeI' water,
a.ntl a multitude of petty d~1:ai15 in evcl·ydu)' life.
life made po~ ·ib]. b~' the eruption 0 the ,",okano was
being destroyed by othe<l' natural forces--winds ~nl\l
drought.
Gl"adually familio5 abandoned their \lom ~ to ,again
". ek mOore ferti1e fields · l&/:!whel' l!, The mol' persistent
stayed on in hopes that this would IIg.uin become the
pl"llmiscd lllnd, Their futil(! .attempts to pr~vent the
cinder mulch fl'"Om being swept off the fields can be
se n today, rows of stones foUowin~ th cilutours of
the hil!!;. Final1y e~'e!'l th~y guv up in dC'3pait-_
Abandoned hnme~ feU into ruins; IllllUl"l! rce1aim.oo the
once-fertile plot!>. 'HillS tile region i 1100 ,.,.hid. t.he
Ind'all!'! migrawd. early tn th eleventh century \\'Il~
abandoned by tho 13{)U's. b ingillg' t.o a close a D1Qst
uniC!u~ cbapter of Sout:hwestem prehi:;wIJ'-
lil,.Tho the~e 1 ndians w re Ilnd \ hel-e they went is .un
inwrnstinl'!' 5uhj~t fOl' speculation. 1t L- cer~ain that
in part. at least, they Wlll'"e Pueblo pe[lple whOhl! de­sccndants
1.11"1: living in the Southw sttodllY. Puasibly
IlMe might find rellltiv .. ~ ol t.h.e innabitllltt.s of Wupatki
_ I
, I
Business Firms and Individuals Who
Underw.rite the Pow,-Wow
Acme Cletmers
American Steam Laundry
Anderson, Dr. ' . A,
Arizona Lumber&Timb r Co.
Arrowhead Service Station
Art Mu ic Shop
Babbitt BriO h rg Trading Co'.
Bank of Arizona The
B &: M Cafe
est, Beie Kidd
Ben Franklin Store
Black Cat Cafe
Bla.ck's Cocktail Bar
Brownie Cleaners
actu Gardens Court
arson tudio
. hocolate Shop
City of Flagstaff
oca-Cola Hottling Co.
Coconino bstracl Oifi·ce
Coconino Sun. The
Coconino County
Commercial Hotel
ere ' Brothers
DeS pain, If\ene
Economy Store. Th
EJ Pu Mo Auto Court
Em" Tuvern
E] Patio Grill
E1 18 Ma.rket
Flagstaff Steam Laundry
Flag ta f Auto Supply Co.
Fla.g tai:f Electric Light Co.
Flagstaff Furniture Co.
Flagstaff Pharmae
F lagstaif In l'an Store
Fla ;os 'ilf Theater
Frank's P lace
Fron, ke Dr. M. G.
Cassman's Gift hop
Goble R. E,
Grund Canyon Cafe
Gre "g, Marie
G neral P troleum Co.
Harper Furniture Co.
Haydee Lane Service Station
alstead Lumber Co.
Harry G. [00 e Whole a]eCo.
Harmon IS L-og Cabin 'ourt
Holsum afe
Idea] Hotel
Isham-Spencer Insurance
Agency
Jo]lv, Ed
Ker1ey's Trading Post
Ii. . L, A. F1y r
1 noles Peerle's Bake y
Legionnaire Inn
Le" arrie
L{lwis, Mary Prochno'\
LoL' B aut Shop
Lowrey' T xaco Serv'ce ta­tion
lat~ on, Andy
~ ackey, Dr. A. J.
Mangum, Judg Karl
1\.1 ax, ell' s e\vsstand
McKinney. . L.
McGough, P ..
Men' Shop, Bled oe
1\[iJI r, D . E. A.
Mi1k Depo , The
Midgl y Food Marke
Mill r .Judge Max
Morrow Motor Co.
loore Drug Co.
Monte Vista Buffet
Monte Vista Coffee Shop
Monte V', ta Hot 1
Mot lInn
otor Inn, Joe Angle, Mgr.
Mountain StatesT 1 phone Co.
Nackard's Ready-to-W ar
Sto
ehi Bottling Co.
Northern Arizona Wholesale
Liquor Co.
Orph urn Thea'tel'
P a 0 Del ode Hot~l
P,enney, J. C. Co.
PHcher, Dr. A. G.
Pilkington Motor Co.
Powder Puff Heau~y Parlor
Pu~ Food Bakel'
Richfield Service Station
Richfie1d 011 Corp.
Russ 11 H. L.
Saftlway
Sauer & Hutchi on Grocery
Sears Roebuck & Co.
S Fwist; Dr. has, W.
Stla'ide Sruevic.e Station
Shell on Co.,
H. L. Huffer, Agent
Shell Station. Santa. Fe at
Heaver
h 11 Sta ion at College En-t
anee
Sprouse-Reitz ' o.
Soutbwel t Lumber M'Us, Inc.
S bnda d Oil Co.
Walte-~' Evans, Agent
T aoo Oil Co.
l. L. Sharbe1', Agent
Vandevier, Sheriff Art
West rn Auto Supply Co.
Webber Bro h rs Garag
W,ea hedord Hotel
Doc WiHiams' addle & udo
Shop
Wi] on, Compton & Wilson
WHliam Gafe
Wheeler Grocery
'V O1:t.h, rford Pool Han
r aldha 118 Ga a "e
Wil on & .coffin Garage
:lmQTlg- the Hopi of Jlorth!!rn Ari.zonll. 01' the Zuni in
cw II exieo. ] n thC"Se mOUC1"n Villlol!l:l!~ c\'cn today Hfe
js Illl~ i ~all)' tli > !5~lIIe as in prehistol"ic pueb10s mol''.!
thaD 800 years ago.
iUSlCilln of North'rn AFh:tlnll in Flagstaff. Those.
\·i!;itors. who are intel"ested may ind the a'Lu~ l maliel'ial
fl'OlD xcavatioTis on e-xhillit fit the Museum. The area!!
coit~el"noo in this article al"1,'! boeillit preserveli by the
Nati()(i.al PUl'k: ' ~l'Yicc [It ':l;Tupatki and Sun et Cltater
National Momun nt". Ini.cr(l'jlliCu "isitors Dlay rea h
theRe monuments a short d'stance . rot!! Flagstaff on
Highway 89.
ote: Credit lor the 1"111 iusta kin;:;" l"~euc h whieh
make5 po.,,~. ible th is recon ~tl"l!lCted story of the effect of
a vo]canic eruption of a Pl'ehigtOI'ic people is due the
Indian Village
A.ttroctions
Don I1'I1S5 the Indian v i ila~
The entire for~t ~liI'ea ~l'ounu th pavilion aJld
Po·w-Wow gl'ounrl~ is tbickly ~ettled during the thr~e
days of lhe Pow-Wow bj' camping 1l1tiian families.
White!; all welcome and I!ncouroged to walk about
among thes 'amps at finy time" The Indians will
welcolne your visit, too, 1'.1 jlst of thmn hu Ve brought
along article " t.hat the), have madl!, h lping to sell
them to you.
Aftt!l' the h1dilillS na.ve enjoyed tneil" r.odeo per.
forman es and thl;!il' night ceremonial tlatlces and
chants,. th.y drift back to their \,lI]a~e of camp.., and
l'ound midnigM they r:-~t.hel' ill tl·ibal Ilnd C-l'lln inter.
t.ribal gl'OUpS t,o "t-age social danc-es. w hi~h last until
sunup. 'fh Navajo &JU!lW tianct! is one 0'£ the lIlill'it
l10pular of these a.ffai !" ~" 'fh e squaws chOOfie th~h'
men partners and dane~ with them the :t"e!lt of the
night and ·oorly morning. Often time:!!. thel.'c is an
amu!J.illg sh"\!lggle when a squaw picks out !I bashful
buck, but the ~.hosen buck ~5ua11y joina th~ dlillCe (I
has his bliillket 01- birt tOl·n EJ.'i 'ay tl"ring to eseap~.
lVhjtes may join in t.be, da.nces and, sOlnetime", !l
bl·ave Indian m!lidrm may choose a , .... hite pal"nl!!!" fn;lm
among tlHl throIl~ of Ilpectators.
Anothe!' sight worth seeing, and ) ' 01,] I'eally shouldn't
miss, is the fgcding of tl'le hdians. Hug.c pOl'tlonl:l U(
potatoes,. beaM, bwf und other staple foodli a~ 'OQked
up twice daily by Indian carnpfir(! che.fs under supm ....
vision of a JIl~mbet, of the Pow-Wow Board of D ir~��tors.
Food is supplied Il~e to ev l'y Indian attending
til . Po ·Wow.
Following is the average amount. Oil foods .!!erved
each year to th lIIdiafiR ciUl"ing th throo d!l~' s of UIC
l"ow-Wow : \""hi~e btE!ad, 2 %. tons; sweet l'olls, 176
dozen; weinel·.!!, GO pounds; beef, 21l tons; coffee, 30U
pounds; will.crmC1lon ", ofif!-hulf ton; potatoes, 2 % tons;
unio[1s, one-hal ton; jelly, 75 pounds; ,"u~ar, 12':­pounds,
milk, 2 0 cans; egg!;, 100 dU7.,en; luncheon
meat, 80 pounds, lind pint.o beans, one-half ron_
The fQ(lo() fed durinr:=- these tI"Il"<!c days iu Indian
gu ts of F la.lI:staff,. an served iI"ee, emits 11l1:1"Chants
OImr $1,20 <1'aeh yea i'.
.... ~~·tII · ..... Ito ...· ~·.· .... *,..-... ......... ~ ..... -.. ........ ", .... ... " . "!Ii' ' .. t
i JOLLY' CURIOS !
In Olmm. r·dal Uot el Lobhy !
i : . Genuili • Indi n 'w· ]q, Rug • i
,! 'outh~e: t m Souvenirs
!u...-..... & ..... . · .. , .. ~ ............. · .. -·.·~·9t I •. .. .• ~ .•. , .. "" " 1 '
\-... ,~ ... ~ ... _... ..... .'."~"' ............. - .. ···!i·~""~·t
+ H-JliO R SER ' 1 ' 1: 1 Storllfi -Wfishlng··G'rea ing-Xpcrt Roepairin
i MIT C H (. A RA G E
f
~
t 122 Ea!it J\ p i r IIIf·Blo11:k Ea t 1DDt Vil'ltll lIi1tel
I ......... I 1 ...... 11. iii II"'~ ... n~'.~."iJ'
,
J
J .!IIi .... ___
193'9 R,odeo
Champions
TEAM TY IN G : Roy Croziel'. 'W ala pai, and oles
Ru,"E:en, AT,llIehe., first, J ack Jom!!!, Havasupai, a1ld
Leon SUlldl.'lst, ~Ia ioop, I' second; Lron Sundus,. Iari·
copa, and Helll'Y tev~ns, Ma~ieop9., thil'li.
BULLDOGGING ~ Loui" Sillye!la, rr av9.~upai, firRt;
LE!:On SUlldu t, lI'ladcopa, second; LOJ!lcJlzo in~'(lllfiJ
Ha v!lsupoi. t hil·d.
ALF TYI G: Hansen Mott, Mona'<e-Apache,
fiTRt; J{lhll Ri~ga, Navajo, second; Bill Doka, lohavc­Apache,
thil-d.
FILD . OW MILKl G: Charley Long, avajo,
fiT~t; Lot'eMO inyel!a,. lTava "upai, second ; Peter
Ri.ll'gs, Navajo, a1ld lack Jones Havll.!!upai, ticd fOT
third,
SADDLED EltON HO .RIDING; Jack .l one,
JbvaBupai, f irst; Ead Paya, Havasupai, second; Joe
Fuson, NII.Yajo, and Ro~' Hal't, Mandun il'"orn South
Dakota, tied ' 1:1 thiI"d.
BAREBACK BRONCIJO RID NG: Wayne Fl'~­land,
Navajo, and LuciaJl Long, Navajo, tied fo!" iirst
!i.nd ~econd; Hf!R FU!;Ofi, N!I ajo, third.
STEER HIDING: Alfl'"ed P iochE!, Navajo, fh"!it,
Harry Rillgs, N :lvajo, second· Pete R ilt-ItR, T avajo. a l'Hl
Ben Cody, Navajo tied for third,
'WI i ER OF DOC WILLIA IS' SILVER 'l'lUM­iillED
SADDLE : In a one-mil ra.ce, liUle 11· ruLT-llld
Anslem Ba]oo, Navajo from P ine prings, scampel' d
hurne on II i" game strawbcl'l'Y rOIlJl cov;,:pony te win th
eQveted pl"iz.e uf ~hC1 e.ntire rodeo.
193V II II'fPION: .lack Jon , Hava~u11a i ; serond.
Leon Snndust, Ma ioopa.
l!Ill CHAMPl N: Earl Pa)'a, HaV'"dsupai.
t ··-·····----IiI ......... ' ................... ~ ........... -i!-...... "'!F-..... ~ ... ~ ....... ;
~ Vu.BE U'S MOTEL IN!
i 1" lagst.nif. A l']ZOna I
~ Official AA Unite<:! Motor Court ;,
i lernber l'.lember .t
"There Is No II tte ' t L-,.. ~._~:!l;.!~,:,m ~~~., .. ~:!h ~,,_, .... .. ..1
• I . ' . ... .......... .... .. ....... ...... ,.. I • • ~~ ....... - ... -
HEADQ RTER FOR
PICTURES !
i
Indian -So.utllwest ·'Scenic ~
8-IIour Daily ervic for n '!,re1oping
Printing
MAIL ORDERS WELCOME
15 East Aspen F]agst.aff~ Arizona
!
I
( PPf'.)' lelt) Lool.:i-ng til nJllg II tlz" "windQtv )'ock" at tl (J CGVifol ()/ tJ I! r"vaj(} ""ti(HI, l inriow Roak, Arizona,
(Lo1l)tJ/' l it) Pete Pl'iee, Vell ·raole Navajo 't~ledicinll tUal' of F()rt IJ fia) c ,ilrizlJ'na. B()tI~ photos by J11iltwl
Snow, COT(rt By ()f Navajo'S t,tlice. 0) right aTe Pl"Orld Nn1mjo ffl<flfher, NIll'ftjlJ IlcUe, II Nava.jIJ h()r~e with old 8 yle
panish saddle and • avajo Ian Ti1/ ,'eachi11!.l Fla08tall a d,ts~' lor Pow-U'()t I Cl'Jlebrafimf.
The 1940 Pow-Wow Program
Few peopl , II nle tRey are really aeqnainted with
til [11 diHn~, l' a1i7.e th sl.l1.'n ificance of the p~Oltl'a I'D
presentcd each aite1'llOOn and eVC1ling by the Indians
dlll.'ing Jul~ 2, 3 and 4 at their Po .. · :\'ow Celebration.
Fil"st ~' OU mu~t t"E!alize that the I ndians come bere
each ~'ea' for a j;tet.-to-lOCthel·, b~ause th~ ha,,"e corne
to how tl:l!lt Fl(lgstati has proved a hospitable host,
F:t!c .food is ful'ni~hed, Pt' ize-;s all implu'HaU~' awarded.
H is a ell ance for th'em to cut loos and (!njoy the ti III >
of theil' Hves for three days of the year-meet old
fl'innds, make new fri.ends,. wit.nes.s the cel"emoni.al
dal1ce~ of th!'!lr 0, f~ tribes anii of theil" neighborin g
tribes, and compete llJ;:"ains,t theil" fellol' U"ibe" :tl1e1l and
members of othcr tl"ibes ill COlltests of riding roping:
bulldogging hur~el'aeing and oU.el' rodco events,
l'he Pm · \i\l"ow i· an enjoyable th.ing, also Iii vel1'
serious thin~ with thl!Be lndian~. Tlle,.- Ilav COme to
know that it is their very OWli Pow-Wow, h 1d fm"
them ~md by thenl. her fore, they do things that they
would Jlot VQlUr1tlll'ily do anywhtlI"e els{t.
THE NIGHT PROGRAMS
• ach night a fun two-hou... p ('ogram of ee !'emQnial
and soeial or fnn dances, cbants MId costumeil antics
are held , The eel' mOlli!ll · IH'e s.criou~J' religiou· affairs.
They an.'! aCl"ed, ju~t as th whites' c.hun:h l'itnalf\ 1l1"t!
SMI' d,. and the Pow-'Wow ,committee asks tha.t the
whit.e ViSltOl'8 I'cspeet the age-old l'cligious beliefs oi
tbeir r 'd broth!!!"!>.
Featured in the highly colOirfu]. '0'5tumed dallcliH
and other attractions o.f the evenmg perfol"n.llmee..s are
as follow!;:
The Zia- ~w Dance is most ~vectacu]ar. The ~lac
dance tellm comes out costumed gO cleverly as CI"OWS
that thtt sp~latOl'".!lmi~take illcm fOI' hllge, gl"Ot.cs.qnc
bh~ c, k b i rd~_ The dllnee i:s one to cu ·-t 0\:1 t th~ -$leU of
the crow. which haD' tu a]y raids the phmted fields.
In the Zi a Buffalo Dance, the Illdians c~"Irry out a
hunting ceremony, finally killing the buffalo and canoy­ing
it U··iumphanUy off the field.
Joe Crazy HOI',se, the only livin~ India1l clQwn, wHl
pedol'll eMh night.
The J ·emelZ. Eagle d!lncCl i· n pictm"esque perform­a
nce. The Eagl is an impol-t.ant o· sa 'fl!d bil'(~ to
most tribes of Am rica.
At conclu.sion of the fil"St night show,possible othel'
nights if the feature can bt2 Ilnangod, the specta~ulal"
Nav.ajil Fire Dance will he h~ld" The N.;;ni'!Ijo war "ior!!.
scornillg the pain of sear:ing' flames, daJlce in the midst
Df flam.e!> !lnd glowing CmbCl'!! of a huge eamp£irli. It
is a da lt ~e of hl ~h faith and IlliOie ig-JIOI'al ce Qif hard­sbips,
Grey Eyes, avajo chanter, win sing; Wash Boli,
gov'12rnor of the Zuni nation, wiD spcak; Langhing
E.yes. Cherokee maiden, will !ling; l'rin(!e!lS Blue Water
of the Acomas, her husband a d thl'CC cbi1dl"C.n will
·ing and do the almos w1bclievcablc hl}l}p dll.ll~il, she
wiUbe Iicr;Olnpunied by h'l' f&1!hel", Cbifd Big Sltake,
and hel' bl"Othe"
~c Cbeyenne-Araphoe dancet.earn ir()m Hammond,
Okla." will do the Kio\ya 'Var Dance, Hummingbird
anCe and otbe~ PQctaculEl,l" ~ostum dances.
There wiIJ also be tile lountainChant on H m"se-back,
Hop" Butt~rrly Dance, Pil1tc COYOitc Dance, Selie.
NI<Z So10, Jemez Crowp Dunc , Sun Ju.an Deer Dallce,
ZlIlni TI;;i.I',,·e!> el" Dance, Zuni Pott I'y f;;1!l"{'mOIlY. Tao!!
Hoop Dance, Taos Horse Tail Danoe, Piute Ea'l'le
Danc~, Jemez She!!l) Dance. San J U!ln Dog DaJlcc. Zuni
Cor'll Dance, Hopi and Navajo War Dan ., Zlilni
Pinyon Tl-ee IInC!!, Son Juan Basket Dtl nce, Kiowa
Ih.hlltt Dance, avajQi Mud Dance, TIWS SurroulJJd
Da.1lee, Hopi 1-0 ' Dance and Fiute Mt!dicine DJOlne.c.
THE AFTERNOON RODEOS
The afternoon I'odt!u shuw as n· complete afterfloon
attraction was !ldopted 'n 1937_ Gladwell (Toney)
Richardgon, the old Blaster when i came tu inspired,
in Rti neti ve showmanRhip, insist.ed thn t the rodeo !lhollld
be added IL~ il l"c~ulal" attraction. Before that th
HfWI"TIOOnS '>Vel'l! t¥kell up with Ind.ian gum!,!!> and a
few hOI'Re race" and dlllJc~-
Today til a ftel'1loon ["{Ideo pel"bl'mllnees threaten to
outshine til." niRht eel' nionials. Nowh l'"e else (!B.n you
see such ~ l-od~"O, pa ked fu Il of hl"mS, 1111 nand devil­may-
c.are sri !-it.. Thel"C are plenty of prizes, but th'
Tndtall riders, l'OpOl:~, buUdQiggcrs and wild row milkers
£0 iJlto tile contests for the fun of it and for the glol"Y
ul helping heat out !I> rnern~r 0 1 IL c:omp ting t i h ~,.
Tribal competition is ken, Th • DvajQi!!, lar~ in
numbel ", hove b ~n childrl;!n of the op-cn seoli-arid
range of thei~ reservation for ye!ll"S. Pl-e"ioLJ:H to the
time that the go",ernment set up II reservatiQin fQi' the
Navajos th y roamed tnl! I!lUne aJ'$, riding, raidin'l'
Ulld h.erdillA' aheep and cattll1- Livestock i s in the
chi f intenst of the NavajO's and Lbcy have natuI'an~,
come to bt! cxccll.ent cowboys. The),. like all Indian
cllwboys.,. go in for 1'10 po1isJ'led tricks of the cowboy
t l'ade, but th.ey a -e ·killed ill aU phil.!les of the \V01'king
cO"wboy's H rts.
espite anl all nurmbe-ra, the HavlI.!flupais batUe
fier 'ely for supt-em,l1cy ill rodeo ",ents. The e IndiMls
comjn r ftom the hel"mit tribe that has Jivc.riI ~eduded
forcenturi~"' in the little isolated ~anyon tribut3"Y of
the Grand Canyon, k[lown a~ Havasu canyon, hoJd
annuli] rOlmdups in theil' a n~'Qn home to cn.ptUl'C and
break a portio.n of tbe herd of wild horscs that inhabits
the eo.nyon. Bl.'eaking tll'·1;) hOI'Scg to r id·/'! so thcy can
I;c tFadild. to Qither Indians ila~ come to b on <If toe­Hav.
llstlpa.is ehief tndustries. As u result they hay
na.LliIl"aUy '()m~ to be to'll hand cowooys, specially at
broncho riding ulldropinA".
The afternoon shows compl' i&e a c.omp]e - rodeo peJ.­fOI'l'iIancc"
TherC1 al-e broncho and bareback riding
conte!'!t~ ....- ..-ild hOI'S(! rae) n~, cowpony 1'aees, fl'ee-fo [-11.11
l"neSC, buIMogl!:i[lJl,', vdJd oow milking, If roping, team
t~ling. stel;!l" dding, cMeken pulls, blanket ra~e and as
IlUilny othe' rodco conte t and Ittiiao games a~ th
pro.l1;l"arn time pcl!rmits.
BEAUTY AN PABY CO ' ESTS
A.lso ill UleafteYnoO"I1 pe.r:COl'lnances thel'1! aro sched­uled
two lmpOl'tallt contests: Beauty Cimtil~t i01'
maiden squa \\'S alld Bett I" Baby ConteHt for pap()(l!les..
Th~re is also iii Best Dl"essed Couple Co'l!e~t.
PROGRAM TIMES
']' he rodeO' :starts at 2 p. lll,,; the night ~remonials
start a t 8 p. lll.; the downtown parade starts at :12 noon"
• I
Indian CO/dltlnCH ,:I.,-e .""""It(i oJ,cco>'liill!1 to ,th~ l.ribe <nld th(! fy'Pc 0/ rcZtgitnts donce aI' cltl"lt'rmlll" (j;ruaUy they
r.rn! t'II'"lI dalml:"(~tf.' , brilliantly (Jolo/'l d and trimmed with IrillJer, sh"lls, f at/IB"1f !lnd bead.<;. EacJ~ ;P(;H'tim af the
c(J8ttnn hfl.8 a lxu'tiwlar 8"ignficaru~;r in tit rehgiou..1l rite fOT which th ~! (Jo~tum is won'!. EtJct'-y pl!ase 01' at p 01
the int,-icai;r da"c!! tn" CllnWtonu Italf (~ symbolic m;raning.
TIr~ "whole family watches, uith tlot fL little HUIiJl fIR . fwd lI1M1pidOll expl'llS ed an their jeaiUl'tJil. tthile t~ fat·ajo
fl.lm ily Il/1ad stolidly Ullteml to the tmding vt"opfJsa18 olferltd by another brdwn, Hopi tmd/w (left) ,
Navajos" Nomads
O/The Southwest
~ avajo IndianB, num~rin.l:' ,,0 ,000 in theh tribe,
I'emllin much as they 'ere hundred.' of yeal'S ago when
th~y a."e D(lIiQ\lel] to ba~'e gradually tought their way
floom the North.west aite.' comillg a.ero - il'om Rill
b:r way of the Aleutian hiland!;, They hay picked lip
bit:· of hitl!! mll.n'~ c1yilillations and teoehiflg~ us fill
to til. i I' own ways of living bLl ~ mo in] y til. Y ~COl'l1
out 'ide inrh.1 l!!lice~ which the govel'nment has persist·
ent13' brought in with hopes of rnakill' th·m 'oW in
present da~ maehin rul d rll,
The avnjus al"l!! lie ruving h 'ibe, lal'gely independent
~nJ . if-sufficient, living off berd:,; of heep, clittle
and hOI!" es that t.lley mOV ahout on sparsely vegetat.ed
rang', Hrill iantl}, cunnill~ as to gaining li eli hood
from the belligerent mother nutul' "that rules the'r
JeSCl"t humclund of North 'En Al"iwna and bordering
stutes, shy to point of appearing ulle a.nd ullcom-mUllicatiy,
l" when Vl~ltln~ white trodinlt centcn, yet
they r~nlll in fiercely 'ntlcped. nt, a s ar~ aU nomad race.'
the wodd OVl!!l',
From the whit man!! 'iviliozatiol'l anl"l go~el'nmel'lt
th Hvajo takes what he wants, but he is inclined t<l
toJidly r j t thllt \·hich hll~ rm IlPPUI'Cllt value to
hi acc~pted way of living. He may fr ly pay mor
foll' I\om thing be really W8n~' han t · necessal"Y, he j
happy-go-lucky, darill/.:' and wil] het hi!> shirt on a
hOl"se l 'aCI! u1' gElIDe of cbance. but he is u ually a
Cl"arty trader whefl occusion uJ.·beH. H ,e Ve~ rul!'
and blankets and. bClits out t;ilvel' jewl!!it-y of I ulICli1.y
und IJI'jgilHl[ d sign thol connot be duplicated, yet sells
his products for little 01" nothil'l~ Hometimes,t.o buy
Iuctm·y·made blanketR-bl'Cliu e tl1ey are whllt he r lly
\vant.
Ol'j r i n81l~' a ar-lik prop]c, similar to Apache.
the ava-jos gained theil' livil1./.:' by I'aidin", farms of
peaceful tf·ib!.!H and Intet· the hite;, Chiefly they were
hunter of gam!.!, Roiding and wiluing mad(! up ext\'I1-
curricular activ 'tie hat DlOl'e on n lhan not puid
ample reward, Theyborl"Owed the hel-d.ing of sheep,
cattle and hOle . from til early ~panish, working of
~ilvel' into I'xqu1site jello'e1ry 11"011'1 rovin~ Me 'ic~n
arti~an5, wellyill!!: from liIlOre 'ed!:!nwry tl-ibeg and
iarlning fnlm tht.! pe"ce-loving Hopi Indjans" They
Fa is.e im nie nse herds of sheep, eattl and Jl or!;~ on
lands tbat a. white would !tot attempt to jp'aze blHTOS
or gO!lts; the~' have - H~bli,,]Jed a distinct. art of 'jJvel'­~
mithil'lK tbat has not b cn duplieat.Cli; theil" wcavi.llg
has surp~ [;.::cd tll!l~ of !Ill Othl!l" hihe , lind, in addition,
they Pllint pidUI'e5 by stl'ewing handfuls of ~olul"i!>d
amis that remain thc nUII'vel of al'tiRtR dabblillg in
oils Ilnd wat.el'-colOl'El. Fl"nminl< is sumethinll: engaged
in by them only when a di l'(~ nccessitjl, b u l then ~i n~
amazing l'esults_
Again ool','owin· what th y wanted, a group of
-age fdd NavajoR at Red Lake trading post nC1l1' Lcuyp,
Ari7." quietly obsCl .... ed work being dtln by gOYel"JIment
~0i1 eUn~lll"val.i(]Jl elL!l"hi Or-s_ Th y !>a"" how dams, tel'­!-
a~~!i. ~Ild levies w l"C built to cOlltrol and COnRerve
water on land t.hat hnd beerl u~ less before. The~o old
mell knew that !I. n u:nder,l:\"l'ollnd strea t'I'I flo ,.tHI in a
w~~h bonl l"iJlg their homes, They ctluld plant corn
<nd it wO\lld grO\1, but the crOps WQuld be waJ!hed out
in rlliny season hy floods two out of every ttlr e yca1-s,
They asked fOI' assistance in builflil'll{ flood contrills
but ellg"ineel";!< lookcd liver he spars.el~ vegol1lhlll a~a
and scoffed at th ill. n. ThCl'~ W!ls no indications that
cven I;;Ta~!; would ~TtlW on this land, but the oM ]ndi.ans
knew that p riodical floods had wa&bcd out the Vel{e­tation
by the roots, that tieh alluvial 50il had been
washed down iOl" ,centul"iea fl"Om the ,l:\"I'eat Ol'aibi WU h
to the nnrth aliln was sub-irrigated by wawr that could
b l-cached by digging 'ix to letl f~L. 0 secure aid
Lil@y ofie1-eJ to do t.he :onservation work and dona t
half th wO['kinjt time of labor and hOl'se!>. TMs mcant
that workmen would l'eceiv 15 cents all h01lll' and
tcm tnstcl'S ith JH)l1i~5 a cen ts an hour, tc9111~t >1"8
ftlrnl~hirut fced for his horses. OIle dike of two and
one-half mile~ l . !iS bllilt and anothl!r oi two mile, at
cost of ten cents per cubic foot. hl one f i 1d a lon
over I, 00 acre!! of C(Wll we I'e II 1 anted and the el"op
flClUb-i~ h d.
Yet farmi ng is resorted to.a II lu!:.t. l'e~n rt by th
avel'ag1l Na,'ajo. He WQuld rather l"Qfiln fl'ce! with hi!:.
~hU'titlg het'd,. The bl~tlted Navajo buck will fcasllion
j well'~r from si]ver coim. Usu.ally t.Pe z;.quaws pl"Qvide
much of the living, hy weaving blankets or by iarl'l11ng
H f~rming is 0 be done. The children, gjd~ if there
are any jn thc family, tend the he-rds. Th Navajo m.an
docs little that the cru;ual ",,'hite man c..an dutm'lDine
eXCe111". l'i,Ie abou on bis favorite horge LQ hunt and
safelroal'd tbe interests of hj~ lamHy_
The Na\'!ljo man i u5uaUy a slender, mu~cul~r
f~Un • harden d blrT riding his tough mUe d(l~l!l·t-b >ed
ponies. He larllC 1y affects the dl'ffil tlf tne cowboy.
weal-ing tjght~fitting levi (U' \V!l.i!)t overalls, briniantly
eolo['cd n~k kil!:~hi and shOrt and broad brimmed
wmbrero with lUlcl~ased bigh CroWD, But]J~ stm
clings to his b1an~I'!t.. high moeCa ins 'W" til silVllr ~oneho
fastene Il, and j W 1ry of turquoise and $i1 el'.
The qua w a.lso ho1 cis to the blanket and moccasins,
but wears fuU·:f1Gwing .skirts of gaudy caHoo adopted
tmm whites in the pre-Civil war era, velvet j aekets
and a.lso pl nty of 1'1 aUve jeW€ll'Y. They nre shy an d
retiring, never wa1king abreast with their men but
s-cveral :feet behind. Th.,/ still ca ry their papooses on
the!' hack~, Nevertheless, Emcestral import.'l-noo 0"£ n
Navajo famH1' '9 t:ra~ed bnek through the woman's
flhie o.f t.he family and not the maD's, The maD bee mes
a menlbe - of his wife'R clan when he mal'l'i and livl!'J!
in tilt;! U}'lla dominated by his wife's family, A 5ljUa'u'
ji1;'a 'ns ma -ital rl~eedom by th !:.i mp]e divol"Ce p ['oeeed­i:
ngs of moving her husbands puss ~io Jli s outside her
\u;lA"an.
Chi l c.h~n dn~~s Iikll their parents. They ar(t solemn
chi.1dl'len, looking' and acting like little ~dd men aIld
women. The girls t.end the- herds, riding a bUITO if
available. The bQys "ide ha\l.::-htil y ab-out, ast.j"i(!('
pun il!~ th!lt a l"C bestcd only by thc m{l1ln~ of tllei l'
fathers.
Gods of eviJ dominate N.avajo r ligiol'l and ()fferin!'S
a!-e made to !lppcase or nlfect bese eyi]s, The dead
al"e feared beellu:se deat.h is a h~n-t:.i or devil IlJld
a hogan is promptly abandoned if a sick person is not
moved out before death. \ hite traders usually must
but,y thc decad.
Il ars 11.l"C SllCl"ed and, thollgh tbey be killers that
I'i\id th :aU-!ml)Qrtant hl!rds of she p!lJld cattle, they
i'-~'-~'~-;;';:'k s ·'~:-r:·I·;;·i;;·��~~-·'-'i
I and t.he ;
J o u th we t. f J E, . HOOK & GIFT HOP
f, . .._'. _... . 3 .. Ea ~. ..: :::. ... , .... I ~ ......... ,.~I.
I-~-~~'-~--' .... · ~ ...... . ...... _..... . I Make Reservations Now!
f
i • i
I I ,
Flagstaff o,tor Village
. D. B BB Tr 1\{OTOR o .
The All-htdiate ~'odeo, heW. each aftenwon 01 til Pow-Wow by UtiJ 111 d-ia'lR, i3 a illia fJ o/1-gal action, fun and
claring. Lo-wer {'4!!ft ill tit hicken-Pull aonteM. 7'he {if'st rid~r Ita{\' miH./ied ~h6 .f(Jlticken. '~ead" ~ticHug u~ b'om
the ground and the 3(!,,c;ond ridel' is get-hug 7'Mdv /1)1' lLilj t'1l,
cannot be km~d wil.hullt el!lbol"ate eCl'emollY b~T mcdi·
cifl~ n1'll, Pl'ayer 'orrells of .ston H are built to safe­gUlliI'd
any important mo"e. mltde b~T a aY!ljo such
as goillg t~l a lI'aciin.ll.' post w sell his ~ 001, mutlion or
blanketR. Tl"ibal dances, h!lnded dow!l \\o'jlh~lut COI'­mption
for cl!ntLll"ies, are sacl'ed rciigious rituals.
1If(l~t B1 'Klless is still referred t.o the mcllicin men,
wbo wield a mighty powe}" oveF tne adh~1l. nf thei!'
follow r,·,
OM yeH.!" a mt;!(! icill' malt had a bad dream and
fo batle his p ople to go to the annuaiall·lndi!l.1i ow
Wow held for three days a :-ound Jul~' 4 in F1agstaff,
Ariz. The Indians ,,'ablted to 11:0 bl!Cause they had
R;Ol1P thel fo[' years to hoM tlibal w:lllec, pow wow
with oth [' U'ioos. lind gOl-j;'l.i: on fl'ee fuod flu"nished by
Um white men; but they feared to d.isobey the dire
pl"Qphe 'y of the shaman. Finally they clt.nllily cnll­eeived
the idea of ~ending .9. few bn~ ve Quls ahe!ld
and clm;ely watch fOl' disa,stl'OUS l"CSults. \\rben woro
drifted baek that til ad vanee guard ~ as w~xing fa t
and happy h