1961 Flagstaff All-Indian Powwow Program

              rlagstai'f PuOItC Llorarl
Flagstaff. Arizona
CAMERA TIPS
• NO FLASH shots are allowed during the
ceremonial dances at night. But you can
get stills by using anscochrome or hi­speedektachrome
when the dancers are
well lit by floods or fire. Try 1/ 50th at
f 2.
• NIGHT movies are possible using Koda­chrome
Type A film, 16 frames at 1.9
shooting only during best lit scenes.
• CLOSE UPS will prove to be more inter­esting
than general scenes. Backgrounds
are better when they have no distracting
poles, signs, or wires. Exposures will de­pend
upon the weather. Use a meter or
consult an experienced photographer be­fore
starting the day.
• DON'T move your camera. Let the In­dians
provide the action. You may find it
better to use a wide angle lens.
• HUMAN INTEREST shots abound in
the Indian Campgrounds. It is best to
request permission before taking some
pictures. If permission is granted it is
generally good taste to pay something
for the privilege.
• FAST ACTION during the rodeo re­quires
fast shutter speeds ... 200th sec.
and up. Remember, the strict rules to
keep out of the arena area are for your
protection.
• PARADE SHOTS should be taken at an
angle to stop the motion, rather than
straight across. If your camera has shut­ter
speeds use 100th sec. or faster.
• MOVIES of the parade are best at in­tersections.
The Indians normally dance
at these spots. You will get smoother ac­tion
at 24 frames per second, but if you
change to this speed, you must remem­ber
to open the lens one-half stop.
• CLOSE UPS of individual performers
can best be taken within the hour before
the parade starts. Use flash fill for better
results.
• CAREFUL! In your excitement over the
parade don't go too far out and roll your
35 MM off the spool. If this should hap­pen
bring it in to a photo shop UN­OPENED
to save the shots you have.
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.. PARKING AREAS
_____ PARADE ROUTE
TICKETS
Tickets for all Pow Wow perform­ances
are on sale at the Chamber
of Commerce, 101 West Santa Fe,
until the morning of July 2. The
ticket office will then be open in
front of the grandstand at the Pow
Wow grounds. All grandstand and
box seats are reserved. Tickets for
bleacher seats go on sale two hours
before each event.
.....
I
POW WOW
ACTIVITIEI
COLORFUL - Parades
The parade starts promptly at 11 a.m. each
day of the Pow Wow. The map to the left
indicates the route it will follow. This is a
colorful spectacle with ceremonial dancers performing briefly at various places along the pa­rade
route; rodeo performers on horse back; and numerous Indian families riding in their
traditional wagons, displaying their most beautiful jewelry, rugs and blankets. The parade par­ticipants
are all Indians. No whites are allowed to participate in any Pow Wow event.
EXCITING - All-Indian Rodeo
The rodeo performance beginfi promptly at 1: 30 o'clock each afternoon, featuring some of the
best rodeo events in the Southwest. The participants are amateur rodeo performers, well­trained
Indian cowboys who have more fun than the spectators. In addition to the usual rodeo
events of bronc riding, team tying, bulldogging and bull riding, much fun is derived from a
few unscheduled events which always occur. The annual beauty contest and baby show are
also held during the afternoon performance.
SPECTACULAR Night Ceremonials
Beginning at full darkness, approximately 8 0' clock, this colorful and spectacular show takes
place in the Pow Wow arena. The night ceremonial program is produced in the most authen­tic
surroundings possible, with the light of camp fires highlighted by special lighting effects.
Often it is very cool in the evening, so in order to be comfortable and enjoy the show, it is
suggested that you bring a coat and blankets.
INTERESTING Indian Encampment
The Indians begin to arrive a few days before the Pow Wow and an encampment forms in the
Flagstaff City Park. You will see numerous tents, cars, and pickup trucks serving as shelter for
the families attending the festivities. Each cowboy's horse is tied, or corraled in a makeshift
pen near his "camp," and each family unit has its campfire where their meals are prepared.
Immediately in front of the grandstand will be found small "shops" where the Indians sell
their handiwork.
THE FIRST POW
THE All-Indian Pow Wow is the end result of location and circumstance. It is
all Indian because the Indians are here-14 tribes live in Arizona, and the
Navajo occupy the largest reservation in the U.S. It i<; a Pow Wow because it is
an Indian gathering for the three-day celebration, presided over by the San Fran­cisco
Peaks, the "place of snows where the thunder sleeps" as the Navajo call it.
Flagstaff is in the heart of Indian country. To the north live the Hopi and Na­vajo,
to the southeast the Apache, to the west the Havasupai, Hualapai and Yava­pai.
In southern Arizona are the Papago, Pima, Maricopa, and Yaqui. Along
the Colorado River farther west are the Chemehuevi, Cocopah, Mohave, and Yuma.
The coming together of the tribesmen of the Southwest has been an annual
event for over thirty years. They are joined in the Pow Wow celebration by their
neighbors in New Mexico, the Pueblo people, and by tribesmen from Oklahoma,
Wyoming, South Dakota and other states.
There is a precedent for the celebration at Flagstaff that dates back to 1876.
Accounts differ, but one version relates that in 1876 a party of emigrants, California­bound,
camped at the spring not far from what is now the City Park. To celebrate
Independence Day, they trimmed a tall pine into a flagstaff and flew the American
flag, fired shots into the air and whooped it up in general. Indians in the vicinity
heard the noise, came to investigate and were invited to join the fun. The trimmed
tree remained a landmark for many years and was still standing in 1883. There is
general agreement on one point: that is how Flagstaff got its name.
For several years in the 1920's the local organization of Elks put on a July
Fourth celebration called the "Days of '49" which attracted so many Indian on­lookers
that a number of businessmen suggested starting an Indian show. The idea
caught on. The Indians were invited to come to town for a community celebration
with plenty of free food and a chance to play games and have races and dances.
The success of the first celebration in 1929 set the general pattern and marks the
beginning of the Pow Wow of today.
It was a success from both points of view ; the Indians had fun, they met old
fri ends and made new ones, traded their goods and found it convenient to buy sup­plies;
the townspeople also had fun, and businessmen took in silver dollars.
VALLEY NATIONAL BANK
MEMBER FEDERAL DEPOSIT INSURANCE CORP.
In the early years of Pow Wow the
celebration was a community affair with
everyone pitching in to help. Beef and mutton,
beans and potatoes were served free to the Indian
visitors. They in turn provided the entertainment,
playing games in the afternoon and dancing in the
evening. It soon developed into an all-Indian show.
A celebration, to most Indians, is a "great
chicken pull." A version of this ancient sport was
one of the afternoon games, with a sack of sand
buried in the ground instead of a live chicken.
The trick was to yank the sack from the ground
while astride a fast-running horse. The little In­dian
ponies of those days could not always support
the rider as he swooped down to grab the sack, and
spills were frequent and hilarious.
The tug-of-war was a popular contest, partic-ularly
between the Mohave and Navajo women. As theMohave were quite large and prone to use a
300-pounder as "anchor woman," they almost always won in spite of fierce resistance from the
Navajo. The tug-of-war led to so much quarreling among the contestants that it finally had to be
discontinued.
Other Indian games included the Hopi "stick-and-stone race." Contestants ran barefooted and
the game was played by putting a smallish stone on one foot, throwing it with a swing of the foot,
then running to the spot where it landed and replacing it on the foot without use of the hands.
This went on for the distance of a mile, twice around the track.
Since 1934 the annual celebration has been sponsored and staged by Pow Wow, Inc., a non-profit
organization with a board of directors composed of local business and professional men who serve
without pay. Tribal leaders assist in making rules and deciding how events are to be handled. Before
each Pow Wow they meet with board members in a breakfast conference to make policy decisions.
HERE (OME THE INDIANI
ONCE a year Flagstaff becomes the scene of a unique pageant of the past as tribes of Indians
from all parts of the West re-enact native rituals, many of which were already centuries old
when the first white man arrived more than 400 years ago. At the Pow Wow visitors may see dances,
hear songs) and purchase Indian handicrafts that have been produced in this area for over a thousand
years.
Pictured to the right are members of the fourteen resident tribes in Arizona. Listed below are a
few identifying characteristics of each:
THE HOPI: The Hopi live in compact villages, called Pueblos, on three mesas roughly seven­ty-
five miles northeast of Flagstaff. Their ancestors had lived in northeastern Arizona for over 2000
years before they settled permanently on the mesas over 600 years ago. The Hopi are well known for
their craft work, particularly their carved and colorfully painted wooden Kachina dolls, their fine
pottery, their coiled and wicker basketry, and in recent years their overlay silver jewelry.
THE NAVAJO: The largest tribe living on the largest reservation in the United States, the
Navajo are rapidly increasing in
number and quickly adopting the
white man's way of life. They are
semi-nomadic, moving with their
sheep and goats from winter to
summer homes and doing some
farming.
The Navajo are famous as
weavers and silversmiths. The pos­session
and display of jewelry is
a significant measure of the in­dividual's
wealth; consequently
quantities of "hard goods" may
deck the satin skirts and velvet
blouses of the women or the store­bought
shirfs and levis of the men.
THE APACHE: Living on the
San Carlos and White Mountain
Reservations, the Apache are
known as the Indian Cattlemen.
The men dress in typical cowboy
outfits, while the women prefer long, full, tiered skirts with loose over-blouses patterned after the late
nineteenth century dresses. The Apache still excell at basket making.
THE PIMA AND PAPAGO: Similar in cultures, the Pima (River Dwellers) and Papago (Bean
People) dress in modern western styles. Most of th em have become Christianized. Learning to farm
with heavy machinery and large-scale agricultural planning, they are developing their economy on
long range programs. The Papago also raise cattle and have fine herds. The Pima and Papago
make baskets, weaving them with willow and yucca fibers.
~~ 1'91 MONTEZUMA INVESTMENT & REALTY
Photographs
by
JOSEPH
MILLER
YUMA
PAIUTE
FLAGSTAFF
IN THE HEART
OF THE
INDIAN COUNTRY
THE PAIUTE: Living in the far north­western
part of Arizona and on reservations
in four other states-California, Nevada,
Utah, and Oregon- most Paiute speak Eng­lish,
live and dress like the white man, and
engage in cattle raising and wage work as
their major sources of income. The most dis­tinctive
craft created by the Paiute is the
wedding basket, a coiled, shallow basket used
by the Navajo Indians because of its finish
and symbolic design.
THE CHEMEHUEVI: The Chemehuevi
Indians are located on the Colorado River
Reservation. Deserving of mention, although
no longer produced, are the famous small,
coiled baskets for which the Chemehuevi are
famous. The baskets are simple bowls or jars
with patterns usually worked in black or an
occasional dark red.
THE COCOPA: Less than a hundred III
number, the Cocopa tribe lives on the lower
Colorado. The majority of the tribe work on
the farms of white men.
THE MOHAVE: The majority of the
Mohave live on two reservations-the Fort
Mohave and the Colorado River Reserva­tions.
Most of their crafts are dying out, and
the Mohave women have turned from mak­ing
pottery to the creation of ties, belts,
capes and purses made from glass beads.
THE HA VASUPAI: The beautiful Hava­su
Canyon is the reservation home of the
Havasupai Indians. Relatively isolated, these
people sustain themselves with farming and
off reservation wage work. Most of their na­tive
crafts are gone but for the conical bur­den
baskets which the women still make.
THE HU ALAPAI (or W ALAPAI) :
Neighbors to the Havasupai, the Hualapai
live in and above the canyons leading down
to the Colorado River and are primarily cat­tlemen
and lumbermen. Their basketry IS
well made and follows traditional designs.
THE YAVAPAI: Nomadic in nature, the
Yavapai have separated into different groups,
some living with Apache bands, and others
at the Ft. McDowell Reservation, the Camp
Verde Reservation, and the Yavapai Reser­vation.
The Yavapai may be said to be farm­ers,
wage workers, industrial employees, or
cattle raisers, depending upon the reservation
on which they live. The only native craft that
survives is basketry.
THE MARICOPA: Spread between the
Gila River and Salt River Reservations, the
Maricopa have adopted the Pima economy
and have borrowed many of the Pima crafts.
Maricopa potters create "unusual-shaped"
ceramic bowls, many of which have an ad­mirable
high polish and all of which have
been popular commercially.
THE YUMA: Some of the Yuma Indians
live in California, but many of them work in
Arizona making their living by wage work.
Their crafts are disappearing and only a little
pottery is still made.
The Pow Wow brings Indians from all the
reservations and towns in the United States.
Among those coming from out of state who
participate prominently in the festivities are
the Plains Indians. With their brilliant feath­ers
and flair for showmanship, they add a
spectacular dash to the celebration.
Both during the parade and at the night
ceremonies you are afforded excellent oppor­tunities
to notice the differences in the vari­ous
tribes, as well as trying your own hand
at distinguishing one from the other.
PARADE TIME
BEFORE noon each day of Pow Wow is parade-time. Promptly at 11, the Indians
who participate in the festival start their parade moving through the streets
of downtown Flagstaff. Like other events, it is an all-Indian affair and there are
marching bands, dance groups in full regalia, and cowboys riding their finest horses.
A unique feature is the procession of Navajo horse-drawn wagons which traditional­ly
concludes the parade.
Marchers begin to assemble an hour before parade-time at the west end of
Santa Fe Avenue near the underpass on U.S. 66. Navajo wagons are lined up
along the curbs of side streets; riders adjust saddle cinches. Now is the time for
the spectator to observe at close range the details of colorful native dress, to watch
the byplay between Indians waiting to fall into line, and to take the candid camera
shots and closeups.
The parade is a preview of events to follow. The cowboy riders will compete
in the afternoon rodeos; the dance groups in their ceremonial costumes will take
part in the evening performances. The dancers pause now and then, especially at
street intersections, to execute a few steps to the beat of a drum. As they dance,
there is the jingle of bells, the click of turtle-shell rattles. When the bands start
playing, the cowboys may find their horses executing a few steps of their own.
Among the all-Indian bands which entertain during the parade and other
events are usually the Hopi Indian Concert Band, the Navajo School Band and
the Hualapai Indian Band.
As the parade winds through the streets, the spectators can see and compare
the Indians of many different tribes: Navajo, Hopi, and Apache of Arizona; groups
from the New Mexico pueblos of Taos, Jemez, San Juan, Laguna and Cochiti ;
visitors from more distant states-the Cheyenne, Oglala Sioux and Arapahoe. Zuni
maidens pass by, balancing decorated pottery jars on their heads. Women of the
Plains tribes walk softly in leather moccasins, their tanned doeskin dresses deco­rated
with beadwork and porcupine quills.
An increasing number of Indian children share the fun of parading, and their
dress repeats in miniature the dress of their elders. Some of the children are already
skilled dancers who will appear in the evening ceremonials.
@ Southwest Forest Industries
The PI'('")(: ·s~ion of ~avajo wagons
- (or many yean; a special feature ­i~
the traditional climax of the pa­Hide'.
Th wagons roll by, each drawn
b}' a lealll [If lillie Imlian ponic~. with
whit • call\'a~ and perhap. nlorful
b]ank~t ~u'f,tched m·Cr the wag-on
bo\·\' , The driver rna y be a Na\', j l
man sitlin~ ere t, Olle hand OIl th{'
bt'ake-handl', or a woman in fIll
·kir . of satin_ velveteen blou:;e with
Ion· slec\'es, ~'caring a wealth of
~; Iver jc\,\"(;]rr set with ul'q uoi·.
\Vhole famili(~_-chjldnm, old folks
and ).Ie ··-crowd toge the-r on the
floor of the wagon boX', and pee.r OLlt
from Imde Ih ~ canvas. Keeping up
with eh· times, many wagons now
TOU along on rubb r-tired wheels_
The number of wagons ente-I'cd in
the parade dimil i h:s each y~ar 3!;
they arc displaced by the mo k n
pickup truck for h-aru;portation . Tlw
avajo Re~e!,"\la tloa i· the Jasl ref lIg .
of thf'sc old-fa ·hioncd farm \,'agons,
where lhey arc ·tin used to he til
wood and any supplies from th··
trading pO~l " agons al'e now drivcn
to towl onl), at Pow \\-0\." lime, for
i t i_~ a jOlll"llc), of sc\'eral d} from
distant par~ of thc reservation. Th
Pow l Vo\,· committee encou age cn­t.
l'i by ffcrjng bal !: of h~y, wal ... -
melon. arid oth r jnducements, with
ash aW~lI"cls for ev I'y day'· partici­pation
-n the pam de. ant! a special
a ward to til e wa~on tJ\ ""l ing the
great t distan e ( a~ r 1~.r as I 00
mil .) to cnte .
As the parade disbands at the 'nd
of the rou le, nea Ci y Park, lnanr
of the Indiam \" ill poS(~ fo .. pict LlI"CS,
jf e.xtended t.he courl ~"}' of Iir· L ::Ltllk­ing
their p~rmiS!iioll , It ' also eus­tomal
, to pay some lbjng- [or the
privilege_
T I I, (HILLI It IPIL I
THI on .- different, for the all-Indian events of the Pow Wow rodeo pIle­sent
the Indian as liowbo}' in his own show. It'~ a performance p pp frei with
lh{lI , chill, and spiIJs. And it giv the c.amera buff a. chance to !'.nap fa t and
fmious action pklu from the safet), of h· gl·and~tand.
The.~e Indian cowboys arc amateur contestant~ in th . POl'" \\I'OW arna, having
a. bu king good time, and some an~ as ., pt;;rt as rmfe · ional rodeo hands. T hey
compete in ev'nt ,,·it} all t.he natural n:ckh;-·n· s of l ndian youth, and th re i~
friendly rivalry between the trib ~ .. a~ well as between individua] contestants, Of
cout!i.C th -'''1 comp te for cash pri7.es, hand-tooled :;addles, fancy boots a: d ot.he ·
awards, but mostly [or fu.n. They may even have more fun than the . spectatorS,
though th e spec tators h:.w the add·d advantage of w a t.c h' 19 til J ndian~ watch
the show.
Most of the cntnHlI · an: ~a\'ajo Indians froUl th resel"vation near Flagstaff.
Othe . may be Apac.he, HLlalap~,l o· Ha\ asupai cowboy', 0 perhaps Chern huevi
fmm the 'oloJ'ado Ri",'e I'esel'valion,
The ~kills displayed in l.h Pow Wow a1"el1. w r le.a ned through touIYh
experience in everyda,' range work and houl's of practice, Many Indjan· , am tl cir
Ijving as "ow pLUlchers" eith I' with theil· own canle outfits or on off-reservation
ranches. Local maev. on lh a'\'ajo ReselTation arC wt;;ekly events in dle sprin ...
aml e e to lest and shal-pen the. ~bll~ \.vhich the conoc ·laulS d.i play i lhc one
big event of the. ear- the Pow Wow rod"o at Flagstaff.
There arC no breathing spac.es bctw n events, [01· hor5c races 0 the arena
track will kc-'p the spcdalOl's cheering, The ho~f'. enter d are real racers--quarter
horscs, part thoroU!7hbred', topnotch roping hor .. with no resemblance to the li(tle
Indian 1'onlf'. of other yean. Horst; fa ing ,'as started at du.· Pow \,Vo " some 28 yf'lIr~
ago to enc.om-age the Indians to breed ilud -'Iller better hOT~, and has long ~in(c
bct:onl a regular event.
You rna)' not ~e \'f'r}'thing that halJ!> ns in the Pow 'Vow a.rena, for Ih . I'Odl'O
]s a close relati \'e 0 r dlr L hree-ring i reus, B ul yo u '11 certainly remembcl" the spills,
chill· and thrills, nd ..... +u.'th(·r you pronounce Ll fo-day-o 01' I'ode-eo, it will spell
an excit.ing afle nOOfl.
BABBITT BROTHERS TRADING CO.
UNIQUE, (OLe Rr:UL PAGENTRY
IN THE IP,ECI CULAR
INDIAN RITU L A (E I
I N the nigh l ce emolli als, dl' I lei' ans perf oru "dances" wltich arc not
dance:; in 'lJle white man's ¥=TIS€ of the word. They are ritualistic pat-terns
passed down through generations - d amati1.ed prare tha t dciti'
understand and answer, The ignificanc~ of every detail may be known only
by reJigiou> Jeaders, but the l ndifl.ns unde:rsland wh)' h ~ d nc~ mu l be per­fo
med co r ell}' and,. ell, Th(..,), find cumnmnion wit.h their deitjes in the mean­ingful
tempo of the drum and chant~ and ever}' action is a snppli alioll.
Although most dances arc [-eligioU5 in nature a few are social da.llccs
or reflect a common expel-jence. ]t js as hard for non-Jndian to grasp the
mca ling of Indian dane as it i~ JOl- a white mart to t!Xplaln his symbol!: and
rituals, orne generalized explan{liiom may be v,ennm:d, ho.\'cv r. For the
dance pr scnted regularly, and ro -, uccasioil. Ur, in the \"aried prog m of
evenjng ceremcmjals, the following notes may add depth to ~he V iewcr'~ appre-ciation.
YEt·HEI-CHAt (Navajo Part of the I ight Way Ceremony. thc c· -bei·chai is performed nn the last 1\ ... '0 nigh of the nine.day "sing" (0 um­~
h"C purp l:;t'S. ] l i:' ~lI ng in high falscno voi c , pectih l' to the Na\'ajo) and the litany i myst lOllS ~nd strange to om' ean, )' t with a haunting
qualilY . It is m ant to appease the gods, 01- Yei5, and to drive out ,c~'il influences. During the actual healing cc cmon)" sand paintings ar tn, d~
l}' mt'di~ine m~n in th hogan of the ~llnerer_ Tn the Pow \'l,fow arenaJ th,e pcrfonncn appear i 1 lradltional costume bLlt without the masks used
onl y in the rc.d ccremony,
CROW DA CE (Apadlc) _.-. Iso L10\~'n as tJ1C foulltainpi i~~ Dance it is ll~e principal dance f lh,e Apachcs and one of the most dramatic
and c. citing of lndian ceremnnies, It is mven to initiate young girls int.o womanhood and followli 'our days of pmification and instruction b,
older women, h' dancers, masked w'tl black hood and weal'ing u-angely shaped headdress.es, reprcsentth Gan (It" oellefi erH dc ·tic. They
carry s~mbolic swords to fight ~he forces of e\"il, and the large wooden ,CrOwns bear s}'ffibol~ of the heavens which are also pain1..(.'(1 on theil" bodies.
TIlc stran!;c ma k and c owns al'l~ unique in ~hc Sout.h ,'est, Thc l nn "Devil Dance,'" sometimes "' ~ ,)lied ro th· ,town Dan e, i.~ a rn; nomer.
The drawing to the left and top of this pa'e pictures a crown danoer.
E GL DA CE ( Pueblo) ften perform·d at Flagstaff by th Hopi and the . ew & fexican puebl~ of ochiti, Jem Z. and San Juan, the dance
dramatizes the r ·latloo. belween the eagJ , rnan, and the deities. he symholism is dil'ect and ea~il y ecogtli~cd . n realistic costUIll , with {eatll red
wings attached to outstretched arms and wearing eagle-beake.d headdress, the dan rs woop and glide and wheel in imuJatcd f1ight_ Indians
\'ellcrMe the. cagle fOI' his power_ om pueblos usc the dance in healingaeremonies, because the eag.le is alwa.ys strong, The Hopi u e e.agle feath­ers,
called pahos, in their ceremonies.
FRW NACKARD WHOLESALE LIQUOR - PEPSI COLA
HOOP DA ~ . • F...-This mosl ~pm::Lactilar dance is chiefly a pJcasure dance and le t
of Sur --fooh;dncs ' nd tamina. t originated with the Taos I nd ians some fift), yca "
ago but is now <Ie favorit illllOng many tribe:;, At first only one willow hoop wa· u~ ~
now as many as 7 or 8 hoops arc manipulated with arna",'ng . kdl and dexterity.
''VAT R HA (Zuni Maidens) - nalancing pottery ja on th ir h ad with
djgnilr and !!;I'a e, the maidens go to a . pl'ing near ZunJ village to bring hac.k that
p iOlJ S comnlOd~t)' wat r. t the 'pr" fig lhey si ng songs of happjne and of hope
that thc)' wdl ar!'}' th ~ water safely home. The maiden wear handwoven lllanla.
and the be.autiful j 'W "It}' fo which Zuni naflf>J 1 n are noted.
R FF ALO DA- E-A dance pedorrned by aU pueblo~ usu By in m]d-~ in! r, it
the relurn of sucCc 'sful hlll'ltel'8. ome danccn; afc dressed a. hLlIlle.:
othel im.p' ouat . the buffalo and a 'ymbolic killil1g of the animals i e aet d. The
women r "pr ". 'nl ~hc Ruffalo Mother, and the hllnter-Ieader will wcar the feathc )(j
P1ains headck' s to . hm th a t the buffalo came from the land of the Plains ndians.
RUTI"ERFL Y D N .E [Hopi) - Usually h(."ld in ugl1. t to celebrate abundant
crops and in thanksgi\'ing for a ""ood liumm.~r, thi~ :;adal dance is also a prayer for
ra'n and for \ ~rything to bloom, Th,e elaborate hcadd ~ , called a tableta d picl!>
the Lrigh t ~m,l varied colom tion of bu lterflies and the diUlCt: IUO emcnl !' ~p '~ent
the motion of butlernie~. Young Hopi girl. us.ea to we.ar t he..ir hair in traditiotlal
"buut:dly" ~wirJs around their ears to sig if)' they lV'ere of marriageable ~Igc,
LA TeE AND H n ::'LD ( h yenne) -1 t is said that th.i:; contest dance wa:; old
before the wllhe man anl. Th· dancel's go thn;lUgh the motions of batt~e with
I an e and sh ielci, and each JIlU- t keep step with the d urn beat and song as th·y a oid
the other lances . .Dano ~ 01 til "Plains Indians an.: war dances or contest da.nce!, in
ontrast to the Pll blo danccs whi I • . .l'e primarily cnacted prayen:.
K rIFE \ ING D. :\feE (Zuni ) - Aj -o caH;xI the ight Bird Dancc~ it caU' upon
the night bird 0 nighth \. k to prot oct lll~ Zuni villag . As the bird Hi·· ovm- at
dusk it warns young pl:ople to retum hom' ". The Zuni moe the bin i as a model for
the Knife V,,'ing Hird in thei jeh'elr}'. aJ; il~ wing~ are lh'in and cUI"",ed Ij~e. knife
blades.
PARRa DANCE (Cochiti) - Ol1e of the old Sl and most sacred of Pueblo dances~
it lS often performed at Flag taff by the chili from Ne~ \01 xico . Archaeologists
have t "aced back the ccrt:llIon iali. 1'l1 inyoh'ing parrots f m' 0 e 1 ~IOO years. Parrot
bone:; al"t: oft!.: 1 f~)LlIld in prehi$tori !"uins. The skulls of a ~ Ie 'iean ivla . wand naw
tive Arizona parrot &l1o,,\'n at dlc 'iu"cum of Northern Arizona oat' IrOln ] 100
1300 A.D.
),1 EXrCO- " laya ' ]~east Dancc (Bail de'ic~ta ) - Fin;t p ·rfonlLcd in FI gun
at the J 95-9 ce emonials, thi fie:;ta dance has been handed down, it is aid, from
the clap of lh" "pani h conquest of Me. LCO_ It i. performed to celt:bl"atc Catbo1ic
feast day in th" nato,.·. villages. The dance lea: 11 fron1 Dutl:! of tl1:e border consists
of rnusi iam (drummer' and J"('cd playe.r) and five dan ,. from the Yaqui tribe in
lower 'on ora, Mexico, Th · danCI'I's ~ ear 'hell-like objec called " tenovaJes" strung
from knee to ankl ' , producing a licking sound during the dance teps. '1 e masks
and flowers arc pureJ}' deoorative.
HAGST AFFOFf CE a FIRST IfED~RAl SAVIN6S
MEMSER FEDeRAL SAVING-S AND LOAN I SURANCif CORP,
HOPI
CRA 'TIMA
An anllual c,·cnt a:l th ,III, f'um of - onhem i".ona is the Hopi Cmftsman
E. hibit.ion, widely known for its fine sdc lioll o} Hopi ]ndian arts anu cr~f . Alway!>
scheduled at Puw \Vow tinw, the current exhibit i~ open to \'isitors July 1-2-3-4 fmm
9 a.m. to 6 p.m. daily, Admission l rree.
The trad itional Hopi arts and craft .~r' of great varicly .md al'ti t ic d(' ign,
Th�� worn 'n afl~ skill -·J ill potlf'ry-making and ba kellY thc men in 91verwork,
weaving and the carvin' of Kach ina cioll.. Vi itors to the 28th annual exhibil "i ll
not only sec the handicrafts displayed but may watch demonstrations of how the
articles ar' made,
The craftsmen Iiv nonheast. of F13h"!;u[r on a resen'ation which is compkt '1),
surrounded by 1he Tavajo Indian Rc c..-atio[J, Th' me. a-LOp ,illa l;l"e of Oraibi is
the oldest in the United. tat·, as it h::t.~ been occupied conti lUously 'incc bdor'
1300 A.D. The other ele\'en Hopi \'ilbgc'~ are ~l~ located 0 ]) or ncar he tops of
Fir t, econd, and Third Me. a. il'. ~ Mesa is the l'lI'the 1 a t.
[n the museum patio, hundred· or woven baskl?ts, decorated ]JQttcry and tcx ­tiles
are groupf'cI Ilnder the nameo of the \,jlla~c wht·, l~ Llw> <Ire made. Hana-can'cd
Kachina dolls arC .l. majo1' :lit 1 r::\crion of the !>JJecial 'xhibi l room where the di·­linCli\'
e Hopi silv rwork i· al 0 dj~pla}' [1
Ka hina doll~ ha\'e long been popular ", ilh \'i.ilors to the SQlILhwest. Hopi
Kachinas arc sup'U «lu ,~I beings impersonated h)' 1Jl<t ·kell Ill' in r ·ligiou. ere­moniC'"
and the dolls ar' int 'nded lo lea .h lhe Hopi children to distingui~h be­tween
more til n 250 different Ka hina.s.
The uul ~andin~ e~mpl s of handicraftH afC hf()lI~ht in hy III "(II~ wn staff
from the opi \." lh~f'~ on Fi . t, Second and Third ,\II '~a~ nOl-dlea t of Flaf,"Staif.
raitsm n enter their product· t(l COlllpet for prizcs olfcred by the Musellm for
ex ell .l1ce and mo. [ entries ar for ale.
wide v:H'iery of pOLtery ill decor. led 01" plain ware i~ made in ' ir"t ,ics,a
villages. Three type· of bJ kNS al'e produced: lhe \.:l1ih·d yucca ba!k ts made e~ ­elu
'iv '1), on Second M S<.1.; the wick(~r h •. kers typical f hird . '.', LUlU the wu\'ell
}'ucca trays or ifl I made ill all the "illagc . .
mong ~he Hopi, thc mcn do Lhe we "ing and looms ar set up during the
exhibit for Hopi crafl·nu.:n 10 d monstratc the we;.i,·ing of blank('t and belLS. l\.as­kcllllakcr
, a potter and sil\'enmith <II!\(] dl"monstral' th 'il" crafts. The pUlter show~
the entire procC'·s from l"l1olding the first lump of ,,'et lay to firinrr the decorated
pi 'Ce in a baking fire,
" Pik· House" b hind the musc'lJrn i. a kind of outdoor bak'1'Y wh"l C VCI"Ol Ncv­ahoima
mak piki. a paper-Lhin Hopi bi'c'lrl, on the traditiona flat cookiIlg 'lone,
Visitors buy and cat th . piki a~ fa_ t as it is made. It com s in ,'aricd colors for til
cornmeal battcr may be made from 1J1uc, ycllm.,,; red or white Indian com.
BRUCE LEADBETIER and ASSOCIATES
wo memb rs of the mus.cum staff ar
noted Hopi ·craftsmen .Tim K ewanwytewa
as a c.arver 0 Kachina dolb, and illie
Coin as a silversmith. Both are on hand fol"
the exhibit and \I ilJ take pccial orders
from visi tors.
For the last w~ek in July; the Ml~scum
of o.rthel'n Arizona pr . 'ent a spe<:ial di:.­pia}'
of Navajo. TUgS and silver j w Iry in
the annual a"'"jo CraftSl an Exhibi6on.
Prile are awarded for the be!<t ark be­fore
tbe exhibit op ns and most entries ar
fo sale.
Rugs woven in different parts of de
!"e;serva tion vary greatly in de:;ign and
color. Th ~ mucurn collect;s rugs fmn1 th
western part representati c of Navajo
wea ving in til ~ vi inity of Kayenta, Tuba
City, Cedar Ridge Kaibito, Rough ~ock
and ndian \"t'. lis. Rugs from the eastern
pa t I)t~r'd by the Na ajo Al't and
Crafts guiM inc! ude characteristic exam­ple;!;
from Chinl', , ry . tal and wo Gray
HHls.
orne of tbe finest Navajo iivcrwork
handled by the Guild is xbibited fo ..
sale. Squ b los50m necklaces, concha
belts, hrac~lelsj eal'rings buckles and rings
are turquoi~ - e Or of plain si ver. Be­sides
j w-'Iry, the craftsmen now make sil­vel'
tableware and other nat pi'Bees.
pc ial feature ill the daily demollSUat­tion
of craft ~echnic: ues. Visitors ~·Hl:iCC a
Navajo weaver at her loom a. si.lver-smlth
and an artist at work. A avajo a d­painter
recreate tlle sand paintings used
in healing ccremonie.~. He makes a cliffe -
ent d ign each day and destroys it before
sunset as tradition require;.
The Navajo Cmftsman Exhibition is
chedul xi for J ul y 23-30, 1961 and i'
open daily from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m.
'ON that well known date when Columbus di co ' red the New World .. the prc-histor
of the Flagstaff at"ea wa ah"ead r old. he pn:blstoric Indian \I e now can
th Anas ri. "th ' an ;" t on(~," had li\'ed hen: tOt" nturies. The ... had seen a land
ru, l1 arid a 'population boom after, unsN Crater erupt d. Yet th~'Y had ompletel),
abandoned the area by 1300 A.D.
Evidence of their long. occupal.ion is al.l around 1.1 in the brok n pottery and
chipp d stone implemcnt till lying on the ground, and in the more than 1500 sites
recorded by the . [useum of orthern ri'lona in the Flag'L.af[ area alone, Th ruin.
of pueblos and cliff dwellings, now prote ted by nat.ional monuments at , 'alnut
Canyon to the astJ " lJpatki and avajo to tl north at Montezuma Ca'dc and
Tuz:igoot to the south ar survi aL f om a prehjstorjc way of life,
rchaeologists have ix-.cn e ·e<n'at.i g sUes iind studying d1 e idf'nce fo half a
century, and have pieced togethcl' t.h Anasazi story.
Back in 500 I .D., only a handful of 1Ia.~al.i inhabited the sec ion of the '1\ ­leni~'"
volcanic field surrounding thc n Francisco p 'ak , whichim the ,'rate of
our .an ieflt and scenic vol ano , cientists c. t.imalf' that ear y population at around
:100 from survey ' of t arliest site', h;.~ Indian {amili " lh'cd inca:rth lodge',
which were hollo\,'s scooped out of th grollnd and roofed Oycr with pol sand bru h.
They hu II d game with dar t-thro\'I{ r., gath red nu ' and .e d:! and farmed patches
of corn and beans. h y wore sandals woyC! of yucca fibers, animal skin' fOl' cloth­ing,
and wove yucca bags and ha k ts for household u '.
By 950 A. " in the natural cour'c uf :'vents the fX>pulation had in ['eased 10
around 800, They had acq ull'cd lh OOW and arrow, Icam d to make pottery and
lived in pithou cs, dug d p enough for the ground to form lhc 'Nalls, and pro iding
l L r shelter. omc grOlipS began to utiliz the ov('rhan ing ledg s in \ alnut Can-yon
a! d v~made roof for ro m walled with 1"0 ks and cem nted \ ith adob
mud. h:y \~'ere the first cliff dwdl 'rs in th . vicinity of Flagstaff.
At the end of th. folio ing century came the event that changcd thcvotl 'C
of pre-history. The all Franci. 0 \'olcanic fidd, after geological ages of inactivit},
"ploded into violent eruption in the cinder-cone area east of the p :aks. un t
PENNEY'S
J. C. PENN~Y co .. INC.
Crater, the newest and SO far the last of the cones;
was created from redhot lavll.~ ash; and cinders
ej ected from a volcanic vent Scattered by the
wind, the cinders and ash blanketed the Jand fo
miles around_ Tht: date was 1064, and how that
was determined is a story in itse1f.
}Vhat seemed at first a ca t:astrophe set the
stage fol' a prehistoric land bQom. he layer of
cinders and ash, cover:ing 800 square miJe.s around
the newly form d Sunset era ter, acted as a. mulcb
to hold \\i'ater from summer rains and win ter ,snows_
'n e nasan who cau liousJy returned after the
erup tion soon discovered they could grow good - -r\.. -
crops of com and he..am in previously urrtillable
oiL GradualJy this amazing news spread throughw
out the outhwest and the migrations started. From
the Verde VaU~ to the fiOUth came prehistoric Indians now ~l1ed the Hohokam~ from the White
Mountain region came olhl..."T.'> called the MogoUon; many more A nasa?i moved in from the north, and
f mm the west a group of stil.1 u ndetennined origin_
\. 'thin fifty years of th great eruption, the population in the Flagstaff area had mom than
quadrupled from an estimated 375 to a.ound 4,OJO. By 1160 .D.] the pO'pulation had dOl1bled
again and r ached a peak of over 8,000.
n i was the "Great Pueblo" period; and the high poi t of cultural contacts and pro~perity_
F Or two. centurie~ the Flagstaff area held on' of the densest populations in northern Arizona. Trade
routes wel'e di vertocl into the region, bringing abalone shells r rom California parrots and . opper
belJs from Mexico via ~uthern Arizona, salt from the Verde, turquoise from Ne'I"" Mel{lco_ A va­ri
l)' of decorated pottery types was 1I1troducBd by the newcomers.
During thi~ time the spectacular red sandstone pueblo of Wupatki C'TalJ House") was built
thi ty m'les no.rtne.ast of Flagstaff. In the 110010 it contained mQr than JOO rooms and some parts
wer at least three stoti· high.
The Kayenta. branch of the Anasv:i built their In. onry "apartment houses" at Koot eel, B la.­mkin.
aI d Inscription House, the three cliff dwellingsoontained within the Na\rajo National Mon­un
n. In tbe Verde VaJley the pueblo-builders placed their struclUreson hilltops or set them into
Cav,erns in the r rnestone djUs, and worked out a ll irrigation system to chanllcJ water onto their
field.<:_
As the years pasied in the F]ag~taff area; hO\Y\everj the protective bhmket of ash and cinders dJs­appeared
through wind action and erosion_ U ndoubtedl>' other factors eontr-ibuted to a gradual
abandonment of tht: entire region .. By 12flO A,D. the population had shrunk to' approximately 600.
During theexoal.ls, many J nd·ian moved into tbe Verde VaJJey where there is evidence of a popu]a.
tion increase during the 12005. Montezuma Castl·e and TU?jgOOl continued to flourish for another
centu.ry" K et eel, now tbelargest c1iU nun in Arirona~ was one .of the last to be abandoned in
the north.
he expansion which followed the eruption of Sunset Grater had utterly eoUapsed by 1300.
lncl-eclible as it I . Y sc.cm, there were no perman en~ inhabitants in the Flagstaff region fo.r the next
500 years tiltH pione r settlers founded Flagstaff in W80. The first Al,glo-Americans ""ho C);;~
plared the a.rea in the 18JOs had foundoruy Yava pai • nd H avasupai hunters and not a sj 19le per­manent
Indian vill.agc" E"C.R..
FIRST NAJIlONAL BANK OF ARIZONA
. MfMBU F~D~RAl DEPOSIT I NSURANCE CORP.
E (AMPM NT
ANOTHER interesting feature at Pow Wow
time is the Indian encampment in the pines
a,t City Park, where thou nds of tribemlcn camp
for the three-day celebration. They begin to ar­rive.
well ,in advance to el ct the he~t . ,and
some groups by tacit agreement u c the sam lo­cation
yeru: afte:r y,car. At one time the Hualapai
al ways camped in the area where the Flagstaff
I ndian Dormitory now stands.
Vis.itors are welcome, for the ndians not only Ii"" h rc during Pow \"o"ow; but do a brisk trade in
handicrafts. It is a b -hind the scenes" C'XP rienceto walk through the encamp lent. Here th In­dians
set up tents and in provis.cd shelters, ,or sJeep in til ~ back of trucks. The wagons that roll d
in the parade are parked near the own r's amp' and hop.;es are ,tethered h re and there. Every
family Or gl"OUp has its own cooking fire, and the air is full of th ~mell of burning pine and
juniper. trips of "jerky' hang from ropes strung between branch~ ,
The ndian crowd into ,every availabl pace, sandwiched in bctwc-~n the early oruers \~'ho had
a choice of 't'" Trucks and p~!lenger ' an art: parkcd between tent8. In the e~'cnillg hundreds of
campfires burn bright])' among th,e tree . ornething is alwa)'~coo.ki 19, and coffee bubb!es iuoe antly
in smoke-smudged pots. After the 'e eUlng p {ormance, the Indians gather arou d their campfi r~~
to vil; 't and r LaLte the highlights of the da~"~ ents.
From the rescrvatiom the Indians bring many handicrafts to sell at Pow Wow, avajo women
hang their ga)·Jy colored rugs iron ropes strung be weell the trees, or drape them over the tailgate
of a truck. Jewelry and native crafts of e ry description are dispLayed fo sale along the main mad.
Temporary wooden booths are .also :ret up in the Pow Wow grounds, where members of many
dUfercnt tribes spr,ead out their wares ~ sh II necklaces fom an Domingo; mosaic~l)'Vc Zuni
pins, oil paint'ngs ,and waterco]ors by avajo artists.
There is alwa}'S someth ing of inlere t to ob 'nrc. I ndian children ar p iaJry deliglllfu,
whether eating a large chunk of watennclon, hiding behind their mothers' skirts or ventuing
a shy smil-, Before the ,evening performance begins, the early vi itor can troll about the encampment
and watch preparations. for the c.eremonial dances.
Far 'nto the night the Jndian s\ ap stories and ide.as make deal and trades, d perhaps
chant and dance around their own campfi,re~, The strange sounds which arry eve into the cen er
of town af~er midnight wHl COme from the I ndian ncampment. July, after all is the month of the
fuLl "buc.k" moon.
H SKILL % I
Tale~ of gold and gems in the legendary "Seven Cities of Cibola" lured Span­ish
explorc:r: to tl eanciem Zuni plleb]o~ in ]540. Now the m.yth is true. fo1' there
i much silver and turquoise in present day Zuiii~ the Indian pueblo south of Gallup;
and it is fashioned into magnificent jewelry by the skilled sil ersmith .
The Zuiii had been clever workers in copper and bra:Js long before 'tbey learned
the art of wOTking in ~ilvcr from ilie . avajo amund 18'72. Mexicans had brought
metals to the 01d pueblo to be made into jrewelry and for one good piece theY WQuld
pay a sheep. The first Zuni to learn sihe.rsmithing was Lanyade and the Navajo
f.r~cnd ' .... ho taught him wa the famous "Ogly Smitl1.," At jdi Chon, Gradually other
Zunis leamcd t.he art and today ther· are mOTe than a hundred cxpe t si.l ersmiths
wor ki ng in their village homes_
The first Zuni ailver wa!l simple in pattern and mas ive ill form. 'Wh en they
learned to set tHrquoise around 1890, the designs be arne more complex. Of the five
major styles in Zuni jev'I'cky, the oldest has large ston~ set in patterns which re­semble
old Na ajo st. les. Jewelry set whh s.mall stone.s in rOwS or clll.s~ers-a many
a 150 in one bracdet-beearn possible when t.he craftsmen got better tools and
more turquoise wa~ available. The inlay style is mosaic work with pieces of many
colors laid on a si Ivel" backing. The intricate pattern is of ten made of turquoise. b]u ,
je t black white ben, and red eoral.
In the channe1 style dating from about 194.0, narrow silver strip~ are SQldered
down to form "channels" into which stOlles are then fitted. It adapts well to geomet­ric
p .. tterns. The "nugge~" tyle, created by Zuni craftsmen around 1948, makes use
of stones wiu all their natural irreg-ul ari ties.
Several popular designs in the inlay style are taken from Zuni IIli'tho]ogy­th
SUIl; rainbow, and knife-wing gods. Closely fitted pieces of abalone shell; tur­quoise,
co al and jet are skiLlfully '""0 ked into the paue n of ~his deco ative jewelry.
The Knifc~\ "ing design known to Anglo-~ as the " thunderbird"> is modcUed. after
the CUl'ved wing'S of the nighthawk which m· over the village at dusk and which
also inspired the Zuni Knife-Wing 0 Night Bird Dance.
Silversmithing is a how~ehold affair in th pueblo and an important soW'ce
of income. There i~ a smith in almos every family. The craft!lman works at home,
using the cornel" fireplace for his forge, and he may be assisl d by h·s wife or by
datives who arc learning the art by watching and helping.
For many yearS tbe Zuii women made finc potter>T but when the craft of bead­work
was jntroduced a1'ound 1934, 't gradually supplanted potter-y.mahlng.
ARI~ONA PUBLIC SERViCE
L
33rd Annual Southwes,t
• DA ow ow
SPONSORED BY pow wow, INC., FLAGSTAFF, ARIZONA
BOARD OF DiRECTORS - 1961
Pow Wow, Inc, is a non-profit organ-
1 @tion whose s.ole fundion is the stag­ing
of ~he annual Pow Wow celebra­tron.
Tne Boord of Di re ctors serve
without p/ly. The president is eleded
from the Board of Direc Ors for 0 i"wo
year period.
Robert Pro eh new
Pr&pd.n~
AI Grasmoen
T. M. Knoles .• Jr.
Pla,tf Clin e
Mar~'hilin Knoles
Andy Wo!f
Robert alaser
Sturg eo III Gromer
Fran~ Didilllson
Noel Miller
Log an tv! orri,&
A r~na Dfr1tclClr
COVER CREDIT
Th!!l pa i n I ng reprod uced on the cover
is from the pri .... ate c:olledion of Clay
Lockett, TI.JC$on and Flags aff. ' Leftfas
Out Hun ing" was pointed in 1959 by
Bruce Timeche. a Hopi who i~ consid­ered
one of the greMest contempo rllry
Indien paj.,hm.
SOUVEN R
MAGAZ'INE
Offi cial Pu blica ti on of Pow W ctw,
Inc.
Published Annu~l'Iy
Prin ted and Publ i shed by
NORTHLAND PRESS
I I 0 No rth Aglls$ i% Street
Flagstll ff, Arizona
Editor ................. Paul E. Weaver. J .
Artteles ............. ....... Evelyn C. Roart
Art Dirc;.tor .. ..... ... Margaret McKeen
Color Sepa ratio illS •.. .. .. W estc n lee
Special than s to the G allup. N.M.
Chamber of Commerce for the use of
their picture$ in He S~ ill~d Zuni ar·
ti cle.
TN NKS •••
Jle a nan d T fo~ Photo Sup plie~
Fla gstaH P hOI rmacy
Bel"'g&r'j; Flagstaff Pnoto Supply
Tissa..... Electric Co.
FrierKl"s Office Supplies
B o,ic~- Baker Fire stoneSto re
Andy'~ Sporting Goods & Liquors
Shu c~ I nnuance i!I nd Re alty
Gr~nd COl nyon T r~""eI Age Dey
Price Quality Dep!lrhnent Stor,e
Flagstaff TV and Cabla Company
W eathe Mord Hotel
Harper Furniture Company
Ragifaff Auto Supply CQ mpany
rQod Town Super Market
Hu lisa ker Re alty
El Patio Cafe and Coe +""il LOllnge
ArKler$oni~ Trading Comp(!ny
Flagst n Travelodge
GQrd on i ~ L iqu or and Spo rtin 9 '5oods
RUrff'~ Pi! I c:kage Store
M t. Eld e n Pharmacy
S+ah,~'s Courteou~ Richfield Service
THE PUBLtCAnON OF THIS MA6A­ZlNE
HAS BEEN POSSIBLE BY TH
SUPPORT OF THE FULL PAGE SPON.
SORS AND THE SPONSORS USTED
ON THIS PAGE.
Mi1: Zip'~ Restaurant
Ari10na Su'p ply Com pa ny
Viott j Furn i,tllre
DeVaney's Bootery
Vandeviet Motel ,and Dining Room
Bill Pnl don Ch evrO n Servic,e
Robert W .. Prochnow Insurl!lnc&
Bob's Liquor and Sporting Good~
Burlilu$ Realty
Klick mstfibutor~
Steves Bros.
Miller's
Fre nC n G I~$$ Com pi! ny
Morris Motorr$
C~~ nire Motors
Northern Arizona Am u~em ent Co.
F'ag$taff Lumber Company
M oorll [l ru 9 Compa,ny-Rexa II
Fine'~ Heady-T oaWear
COCd-Cola Bottling Co.
SOUTHWEST AllANDIAN
POW WOW
EVIERY JULY 4 - FLAGSTAFF