The Arizona factbook on aging

              1
Arizona Factbook on Aging, 2nd Edition
Table of Contents
Table of Tables 1
Acknowledgements 5
Introduction 6
Demographics 7
Table 1.1: Population by Age Groups, Arizona and U.S., 2000. 7
Table 1.2: Comparison of Population 65 Years and Over, U.S. and
Arizona, 1990-2000.
7
Table 1.3: Change in 65 and Older Population, U.S. and Arizona, 1990-
2000.
8
Table 1.4: Population 60 Years and Older for Arizona and U.S., 2000. 9
Table 1.5: Population 60 Years and Older for Arizona and U.S., 1990 and
2000.
9
Table 1.6: Projections for 65 Years and Older Population, 1995-2025,
Arizona
10
Table 1.7: Population by Age Group and County of Residence, 2000. 10
Table 1.8: Older Population by Ten-Year Age Group, Gender, and
County of Residence, 2000.
11
Table 1.9: Percent of Population 65 Years and Over by County, 2000. 12
Table 1.10: Population of Elderly (65 Years or Older) by Gender in
Urban and Rural Areas, Arizona, 1999.
12
Table 1.11: Households by Type and Age, Arizona, 2000. 13
Table 1.12: Percent of Householders 65 Years and Over Living Alone,
Arizona, 2000.
14
Table 1.13: Number and Percent of Persons 65+ by Race and Hispanic
Origin, Arizona, 2000.
14
Table 1.14: Indian Reservations Population, 65 Years and Older,
Arizona, 2000.
15
Health 16
Table 2.1: Behavioral Risk Factors, Arizona, 1999. 16
Table 2.2: Average Age at Death from All Causes by Gender and
Ethnicity, Arizona, 1989-1999.
17
Table 2.3: Mortality Rates for the Five Leading Causes of Death among
Elderly (65 Years and Older) by Gender, Arizona, 1989-1999.
19
Table 2.4: Mortality Rates for the Five Leading Causes of Death among
Elderly (65 Years and Older) in Urban and Rural Areas,
Arizona, 1989-1999.
20
Table 2.5: Mortality Rates for the Five Leading Causes of Death among
Elderly (65 Years and Older) by Gender in Urban and Rural
Areas, Arizona, 1989-1999.
21
Table 2.6: Leading Causes of Death among Elderly 65 Years and Over 22
2
by Gender, Area, and Ethnic Group, Arizona, 1999.
Table 2.7: Comparison of Causes of Mortality by Age Group, Arizona,
1999.
23
Table 2.8: Number of Deaths by Age Group and County, Arizona, 1999. 24
Table 2.9: Mortality by Five-Year Age Groups and County of Residence,
Arizona, 1999.
25
Table 2.10: Rates for the Leading Causes of Death among Elderly 65
Years and Over by County of Residence, Arizona, 1999.
26
Table 2.11: Death Rates by Age Group and Year for Injury by Firearms,
Arizona, 1990-2000.
27
Table 2.12: Suicide Mortality Rates by Age Group among Elderly 65
Years and Older, Arizona (1998) and U.S. (1997).
28
Table 2.13: Age-Specific and Total Age-Adjusted Suicide Mortality
Rates, Arizona, 1988-1998.
28
Table 2.14: Suicide Mortality Rates by Age Group and Gender, Arizona,
1998.
29
Table 2.15: Percentage of Persons Age 70 or Older Who Reported
Having Selected Chronic Conditions, by Selected
Characteristics, U.S., 1984 and 1995.
29
Table 2.16: Percentage of Persons Age 65 or Older with Moderate or
Severe Memory Impairment, by Age Group and Sex, U.S.,
1998.
30
Table 2.17: Percentage of Persons Age 65 or Older with Severe
Depressive Symptoms, by Age Group and Sex, U.S., 1998.
30
Table 2.18: Percentage of Persons Age 65 or Older Who Reported Good
to Excellent Health, by Age Group, Sex, and Race and
Hispanic Origin, U.S., 1994 to 1996.
31
Table 2.19: Percentage of Persons Age 70 or Older Who Are Unable to
Perform Certain Physical Functions, by Sex, U.S., 1984 and
1995.
32
Health Care 33
Table 3.1: Hospital Insurance and Supplementary Medical Insurance
Enrollment, U.S., Selected Years July 1, 1980-99, (in
thousands).
33
Table 3.2: Medicare Enrollment as of July 1 of Each Year, Arizona,
1988-1998.
34
Table 3.3: Medicare County Enrollment as of July 1, 1999, Arizona. 34
Table 3.4: Medicare Estimated Benefit Payments for the U.S., 1997-
2000.
35
Table 3.5: Medicare Estimated Benefit Payments, 1997-2000, Arizona. 35
Table 3.6: Arizona Medicare Personal Health Care Expenditures for
Selected Years.
36
Table 3.7: Arizona Percent Distribution of Medicare Personal Health 36
3
Care Expenditures for Selected Years.
Table 3.8: Annual Growth in Medicare Personal Health Care
Expenditures, Arizona, 1988-1998.
37
Table 3.9: Distribution of Out-of-Pocket Spending on Health Care by
Medicare Beneficiaries, U.S., 1999.
38
Table 3.10: Average Out-of-Pocket Spending on Health Care by
Medicare Beneficiaries, by Income Level, U.S., 1999.
38
Table 3.11: Average Out-of-Pocket Spending on Health Care by
Medicare Beneficiaries, by Income Level, U.S., 1999.
39
Table 3.12: Distribution of Medicare Beneficiaries by Income as a
Percent of Federal Poverty Level, U.S., 1999.
39
Table 3.13: Out-of-Pocket Spending on Prescription Drugs, U.S., 2000. 40
Table 3.14: Out-of-Pocket Spending on Drugs by Beneficiaries With and
Without Drug Coverage, U.S., 2000.
40
Table 3.15: Projections of the Number of Older Persons Needing Long
Term Care, U.S., 1997-2030.
40
Table 3.16: Recipients of Long-Term Care for Selected Years, Arizona
and U.S.
41
Table 3.17: Assisted Living Residents’ Needs for Assistance, U.S., 1998. 41
Table 3.18: Non-Medical Home & Community Based Participants-3
Year Growth Trend, Arizona, FY 1998-2000.
42
Economic Status 43
Table 4.1: Median Income of Householders by Age, U.S., 1989, 1995,
1996, 1997.
43
Table 4.2: Percent of All Persons Below Poverty by Age, U.S., 1989,
1995, 1996, and 1997.
43
Table 4.3: Poverty Status in the Past 12 Months by Age, Arizona, 1989
and 1999.
44
Table 4.4: Labor Force Under Age 55 and Aged 55 and Over, U.S., 1999
and 2000.
45
Table 4.5: Labor Force Participation Rates by Sex and Selected Age
Group, U.S, 1999 and 2000 (in percentages).
46
Table 4.6: Employment Status for the 65+ Population, Arizona, 2000. 46
Table 4.7: Employment Status of the Civilian Noninstitutional
population, 65 Years and Over, 2000 Annual Averages, U.S.
(numbers in thousands).
47
Table 4.8: Sources of Income for Those Age 65 or Older, U.S., 1999. 47
Table 4.9: Share of Income for the Population Aged 65 or Older, by
Source of Income, U.S., 1999.
48
Table 4.10: Percentage of Income from Social Security for Those Age 65
or Older, U.S., 1999.
48
Table 4.11: Social Security’s Role in Reducing Poverty for the Aged, by
Marital Status and Race, U.S., 1999.
48
Table 4.12: Percent of Population Age 65 or Older Receiving Social 49
4
Security Benefits, Arizona and U.S., 1997-2000.
Table 4.13: Number of Social Security Beneficiaries Age 65 and Older
with Benefits in Current-Payment Status, Arizona, December
1997-2000.
49
Table 4.14: Number of Persons Receiving Federally Administered SSI
Payments and Amount of Payments, Arizona, December
2000.
50
Crime and Victimization 51
Table 5.1: Number of Field Investigations Alleging Abuse, Neglect or
Exploitation, Arizona, FY 2000.
51
Table 5.2: Percent of Reports Alleging Abuse, Neglect, and/or
Exploitation by County, Arizona, FY 2000.
52
Table 5.3: Perpetrators of Neglect, Abuse, or Exploitation, Arizona, FY
2000.
52
Table 5.4: Percent of Victimizations by Victims or Heads of Households,
U.S., 1992-1997.
53
Table 5.5: Rates of Violent Crime and Personal Theft, U.S., 2000. 53
Table 5.6: Victimizations of Persons Age 65 or Older of Households with
a Head of Household Age 65 or Older, U.S., 1992-1997.
54
Table 5.7: Rates per 1,000 Persons or Households, by Type of Crime,
U.S., 1992-97.
54
Table 5.8: Department of Corrections Admissions by Age and Gender for
Fiscal Year 1999.
55
Recreation and Leisure 56
Table 6.1: Incidence of Monthly Travel, on Average, by Age of
Household Head, U.S., 1999.
56
Table 6.2: Demographic Profile of Trips Taken by Mature Travelers*,
U.S.
56
Table 6.3: Trip Characteristics by Total and Age Group, U.S., 1999. 57
Table 6.4: Demographic Characteristics by Mature Age Group, U.S.,
1999.
58
Table 6.5: Percentage Reporting Participating in Outdoor Activity at Least
Monthly by Age, U.S., 1999 and 2000.
58
References 59
5
Acknowledgments
This volume, The Arizona Fact Book on Aging (2nd Edition), is one of several Fact Books
published by Arizona State University West’s Partnership for Community Development
to inform public policy and assist public and community-based organizations as they
develop programs and services to address issues relevant to residents of Arizona. The
Fact Book’s intent is not to advocate for particular programs or political agendas, but to
present data and other information that may be used as a basis for decision-making.
While not an exhaustive treatment of aging issues (in some instances statistics that would
prove useful have not been compiled), this book attempts to provide a current
examination of the set of issues facing this population in Arizona today.
I am appreciative of the contributions of Mr. Rudy Navarro, who researched, compiled,
and developed this volume. Dr. Mark Searle, Dean of the College of Human Services,
ASU West, supported this undertaking in numerous ways. In addition, Ms. Nicole Kruse
and Ms. Kellie Gutridge of the College of Human Services contributed to the
development of this book. Mr. Geoffrey Boyarsky provided design, production, and
layout preparation.
In addition to the individuals who worked to develop and produce The Arizona Fact Book
on Aging (2nd Edition), it is important to recognize the support of its sponsors. The
Arizona Community Foundation and AARP, provided generous funding and support that
made the development of this volume possible and I am grateful for the value to the State
of Arizona they saw in producing a volume of this nature.
John Hultsman, Re.D.
Director, Partnership for
Community Development
College of Human Services
Arizona State University West
April, 2002
6
Introduction
As the Baby Boom generation ages over the next 20 years the number of people age 65
and older will increase both in absolute terms and as a proportion of the population in
general. In 2025 the United States is projected to have approximately 80 percent more
elderly than in 2000 but just 15 percent more working age adults and 15 percent more
children (U.S. Census Bureau, 2002). Stated another way, one in five people in the
United States will be 65 years old or older in 2025. This group, while it is living longer
and healthier lives, will require a disproportionate share of medical and social services.
On the other hand, they also command as many if not more financial resources than other
age groups and will play a large role in shaping consumer products and services, such as
recreation and travel.
The Arizona Factbook on Aging, 2nd Edition, reports on a variety of indicators that reflect
the health and well being of people age 65 and older. It updates information contained in
the first edition and adds data about the economic status and health care of the aging
population. Where possible, facts and statistics specific to Arizona and its counties have
been included.
All information has come from existing sources readily available to the person with
access to the Internet or library. Most of the information is available from federal and
state government agencies or special interest groups such as the American Association of
Retired Persons. Internet addresses have been provided for all tables and sources when
possible and the reader is encouraged to visit these sites for further information about
topics of particular interest to them.
For the most part, information has been presented as reported in the original source. Data
has not been interpreted or manipulated with the exception of computing percentages for
comparison purposes. At times the relevance of a particular indicator may be discussed
so the reader can understand why it might be important. Attempts to argue a position
have been avoided.
Terms such as “older adult” or “elderly” are used throughout the book. Unless otherwise
noted, these terms refer to people who are 65 years old and older.
7
Demographics
According to the 2000 Census, Arizona is home to over five million people. Of these,
667,839, or approximately 13 percent of the total state population, are 65 years of age or
older. As can be seen in Table 1.1, Arizona’s population distribution is very similar to
that of the U.S.
Table 1.1: Population by Age Groups, Arizona and U.S., 2000.
Arizona U.S.
Number Percent Number Percent
Total population 5,130,632 100.0 281,421,906 100.0
Under 5 years 382,386 7.5 19,175,798 6.8
5-9 years 389,869 7.6 20,549,505 7.3
10-14 years 378,211 7.4 20,528,072 7.3
15-19 years 367,722 7.2 20,219,890 7.2
20-24 years 362,860 7.1 18,964,001 6.7
25-34 years 742,665 14.5 39,891,724 14.2
35-44 years 768,804 15.0 45,148,527 16.0
45-54 years 627,904 12.2 37,677,952 13.4
55-59 years 238,675 4.7 13,469,237 4.8
60-64 years 203,697 4.0 10,805,447 3.8
65-74 years 363,841 7.1 18,390,986 6.5
75-84 years 235,473 4.6 12,361,180 4.4
85 years and over 68,525 1.3 4,239,587 1.5
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000 Summary File 1. Available: http://factfinder.census.gov.
As shown in Table 1.2, approximately 12.4 percent of people in the U.S. are 65 years old
or older and 13 percent of people in Arizona are 65 years or older. From 1990 to 2000,
the percentage of people 65 years old and older in both Arizona and the U.S. remained
almost the same.
Table 1.2: Comparison of Population 65 Years and Over, U.S. and Arizona, 1990-2000.
2000 1990
Total
population
Population 65 years
and over
Total
population
Population 65 years and
over
Number Percent Number Percent
United
States
281,421,906 34,991,753 12.4 248,709,873 31,241,831 12.6
Arizona 5,130,632 667,839 13.0 3,665,228 478,774 13.1
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000 Summary File 1; 1990 Census of Population, General
Population Characteristics,United States (1990 CP-1-1).
8
Differences between the U.S. and Arizona elderly population become apparent when
comparing the rate of growth in this age group over the last decade as shown in Table
1.3. Since 1990, the number of people 65 years and older in Arizona has increased by
almost 40 percent. The nation as a whole saw this population increase by only 12
percent. Arizona’s total population experienced a similar rate of growth, 39.9 percent,
over the past decade.
Table 1.3: Change in 65 and Older Population, U.S. and
Arizona, 1990-2000.
Change 1990-2000
Number Percent
U.S. +3,749,922 12.0
Arizona +189,065 39.5
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000 Summary File 1; 1990
Census of Population, General Population Characteristics,United
States (1990 CP-1-1).
Additional comparisons between the U.S. and Arizona over time and more specific
information about elderly age groups are presented in Tables 1.4 and 1.5.
9
Table 1.4: Population 60 Years and Older for Arizona and U.S., 2000.
Total
population
60 to 64
years
65 to 74
years
75 to 84
years
85 years
and over
60 years
and over
65 years
and over
Percent
60+
Percent
65+
U.S. total 281,421,906 10,805,447 18,390,986 12,361,180 4,329,587 45,797,200 34,991,753 16.3% 12.4%
Arizona 5,130,632 203,697 363,841 235,473 68,525 871,536 667,839 17.0% 13.0%
Source: Administration on Aging, 2000. Summary Table of Age Characteristics of the Older Population for the Unites States and for States: 2000.
Available http://www.aoa.gov/Census2000/stateprofiles/ageprofile-states.html
Table 1.5: Population 60 Years and Older for Arizona and U.S., 1990 and 2000.
2000 1990 % increase 1990-2000
60 years and
over
65 years and
over
Percent 60+ Percent 65+ 60 years and
over
65 years and
over
60 years and
over
65 years and
over
U.S. total 45,797,200 34,991,753 16.3% 12.4% 41,857,998 31,241,831 9.4% 12.0%
Arizona 871,536 667,839 17.0% 13.0% 631,648 478,774 38.0% 39.5%
Source: Administration on Aging, 2000. Summary Table of Age Characteristics of the Older Population for the Unites States and for States: 2000.
Available http://www.aoa.gov/Census2000/stateprofiles/ageprofile-states.html
10
It is anticipated that the size of the elderly population will increase across the U.S. as
those people born between the years 1946 and 1964, the Baby-Boom generation, begin to
reach retirement age in 2011 (U.S. Census Bureau, 1997). As can be seen in Table 1.6,
the percentage of elderly in Arizona will remain stable through the next decade at which
point this population is expected to rapidly increase.
Table 1.6: Projections for 65 Years and Older Population, 1995-2025, Arizona
July 1, 1995 July 1, 2000 July 1, 2005 July 1, 2015 July 1, 2025
Total pop. 4,218 4,798 5,230 5,808 6,412
65+ 560 635 707 967 1,368
Percent 13.3% 13.2% 13.5% 16.6% 21.3%
Source: U.S. Census Bureau. Available: http://ww.census.gov/population/projections/state/stpjpop.txt.
Tables 1.7 and 1.8 present population statistics for the 65 and older age group by county
and gender. As can be expected, more people in this age group reside in Maricopa and
Pima Counties than all other counties combined.
Table 1.7: Population by Age Group and County of Residence, 2000.
Age Group
60-64 65-74 75-84 85+ All ages
Total state 203,697 363,841 235,473 68,525 5,130,632
Apache 2,454 3,478 1,635 628 69,423
Cochise 6,147 10,187 5,670 1,508 117,755
Coconino 3,661 5,105 2,434 694 116,320
Gila 3,174 5,748 3,426 985 51,335
Graham 1,251 2,191 1,366 428 33,489
Greenlee 310 505 270 74 8,547
Maricopa 107,290 188,816 130,036 40,127 3,072,149
Mohave 10,763 19,067 10,407 2,254 155,032
Navajo 4,022 6,063 2,882 813 97,470
Pima 33,745 62,916 43,499 13,072 843,746
Pinal 9,687 17,990 9,173 2,008 179,727
Santa Cruz 1,559 2,399 1,364 351 38,381
Yavapai 10,545 20,257 13,030 3,529 167,517
Yuma 7,603 15,941 8,736 1,779 160,026
La Paz 1,486 3,268 1,545 275 19,715
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2000 Census of Population and Housing. Profiles of General Demographic
Characteristics – Arizona. Available online at http://www.census.gov/prod/cen2000/index.html.
11
Table 1.8: Older Population by Ten-Year Age Group, Gender, and County of Residence, 2000.
Age group
65-74 75-84 85+ Total
Arizona Total 363,841 235,473 68,525 5,130,632
Male 171,689 101,550 23,028 2,561,057
Female 192,152 133,923 45,497 2,569,575
Apache Total 3,478 1,635 628 69,423
Male 1,640 708 252 34,403
Female 1,838 927 376 35,020
Cochise Total 10,187 5,670 1,508 117,755
Male 5,060 2,592 532 59,357
Female 5,127 3,078 976 58,398
Coconino Total 5,015 2,434 694 116,320
Male 2,455 1,040 239 58,357
Female 2,560 1,394 455 58,259
Gila Total 5,748 3,426 985 51,335
Male 2,767 1,550 360 25,249
Female 2,981 1,876 625 26,086
Graham Total 2,191 1,366 428 33,489
Male 1,040 572 141 17,728
Female 1,151 794 287 15,761
Greenlee Total 505 270 74 8,547
Male 234 132 25 4,462
Female 271 138 49 4,085
La Paz Total 3,268 1,545 275 19,715
Male 1,757 784 127 10,123
Female 1,511 761 148 9,592
Maricopa Total 188,816 130,036 40,127 3,072,149
Male 87,063 54,457 12,942 1,536,473
Female 101,753 75,579 27,185 1,535,676
Mohave Total 19,067 10,407 2,254 155,032
Male 9,751 4,881 852 77,099
Female 9,316 5,526 1,402 77,933
Navajo Total 6,063 2,882 813 97,470
Male 2,954 1,271 313 48,427
Female 3,109 1,611 500 49,043
Pima Total 62,916 43,499 13,072 843,746
Male 28,873 18,350 4,326 412,562
Female 34,043 25,149 8,746 431,184
Santa Cruz Total 2,399 1,364 351 38,381
Male 1,101 586 122 18,363
Female 1,298 778 229 20,018
Yavapai Total 20,257 13,030 3,529 167,517
Male 10,065 5,924 1,214 82,121
Female 10,192 7,106 2,315 85,396
Yuma Total 15,941 8,736 1,779 160,026
Male 7,928 4,310 778 80,799
Female 8,013 4,426 1,001 79,227
Source: Arizona Department of Health Services, 2001.
Available: http://www.hs.state.az.us/plan/pop00b.pdf.
12
However, some counties have a higher percentage of elderly than do Maricopa and Pima.
For example, Table 1.9 shows that more that one fifth of La Paz, Mohave, and Yavapai
Counties are elderly compared with 11.7 percent in Maricopa and 14.2 percent in Pima.
Table 1.10 shows the distribution of this age group between rural and urban areas. Urban
areas are defined as Maricopa, Pima, Pinal, and Yuma Counties.
Table 1.9: Percent of Population 65 Years and Over by County, 2000.
Total population Percent total population 65
years and over
Arizona 5,130,632 13.0
Apache 69,423 8.3
Cochise 117,755 14.7
Coconino 116,320 7.0
Gila 51,335 19.8
Graham 33,489 11.9
Greenlee 8,547 9.9
La Paz 19,715 25.8
Maricopa 3,072,149 11.7
Mohave 155,032 20.5
Navajo 97,470 10.0
Pima 843,746 14.2
Pinal 179,727 16.2
Santa Cruz 38,381 10.7
Yavapai 167,517 22.0
Yuma 160,026 16.5
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000 Summary File 1, Matrices PCT12 and P13. Available:
http://factinder.census.gov/bf.
Table 1.10: Population 65 Years or Older by Gender in Urban and Rural Areas, Arizona,
1999.
65+ Total
Urban Total 548,190 4,064,300
Male 239,519 2,027,107
Female 308,671 2,037,193
Rural Total 131,041 766,650
Male 62,272 383,973
Female 68,769 382,677
Total state Total 688,562 4,924,350
Male 306,155 2,458,453
Female 382,407 2,465,897
Source: Arizona Department of Health Services. 2000. Arizona Health Status and Vital Statistics 1999
Annual Report. Available: http://www.hs.state.az.us/plan/1999ahs/pdf/430.pdf.
13
Information about the makeup of Arizona’s households in 2000 is presented in Table
1.11. The U.S. Census Bureau defines a household as all the people who occupy a
housing unit as their usual place of residence. The householder is the person, or one of
the people, in whose name the home is owned, being bought or rented. Almost a quarter
of Arizona’s households have an individual living there who is 65 years old or older.
This age category also has the greatest number of householders, 22 percent.
Table 1.11: Households by Type and Age, Arizona, 2000.
Subject Number Percent
Total households 1,901,327 100
Family households 1,287,367 67.7
Non-family households 613,960 32.3
Householder living alone 472,006 24.8
Householder 65 years and over 162,822 8.6
Households with individuals
65 years and over
465,062 24.5
Age of householder
15-24 years 121,120 6.4
25-34 years 339,435 17.9
35-44 years 411,230 21.6
45-54 years 355,075 18.7
55-64 years 255,514 13.4
65 years and over 418,953 22.0
65 to 74 years 223,730 11.8
75-84 years 154,467 8.1
85 years and over 40,756 2.1
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000 Summary File. Available: http://factfinder.census.gov/bf
The percent of householders over the age of 65 and who live alone by county is presented
in Table 1.12. Again, even though Maricopa and Pima Counties have the most
households, La Paz, Yavapai, Gila, Mohave, and Graham have a higher percentage of
householders who live alone and are 65 years old or older.
Table 1.13 presents population statistics for the 65 and older age group by race and
ethnicity. It is interesting to note that White, non-Hispanics make up a larger proportion
of this age group than they do Arizona’s population in general. This is also true for the
nation but the older non-Hispanic White population is growing more slowly than other
groups (National Center for Health Statistics, 1999).
14
Table 1.12: Percent of Householders 65 Years and Over Living Alone, Arizona, 2000.
County Total households Percent householders 65
years and over living alone
Arizona 1,901,327 8.6
Apache 19,971 6.9
Cochise 43,893 10.1
Coconino 40,448 4.5
Gila 20,140 12.3
Graham 10,116 9.9
Greenlee 3,117 7.3
La Paz 8,362 12.9
Maricopa 1,132,886 7.9
Mohave 62,809 11.3
Navajo 30,043 7.2
Pima 332,350 9.4
Pinal 61,364 9.2
Santa Cruz 11,809 7.1
Yavapai 70,171 12.4
Yuma 53,848 8.9
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000 Summary File 1, Matrices P17, P18, P23, and P33. Available:
http://factinder.census.gov/bf.
Table 1.13: Number and Percent of Persons 65+ by Race and Hispanic Origin,
Arizona, 2000.
65+ Percent of 65+
population
Percent of total
population
White, Non-Hispanic 579,262 86.7% 75.5%
Hispanic (of any race) 55,504 8.3% 25.3%
Black 9,532 1.4% 3.1%
American Indian 13,181 2.0% 5.0%
Asian 5,869 0.9% 1.8%
All groups 667,839
Source: Administration on Aging, 2000, 2000 Census Figures for the Older Population, for States.
Available: http://www.aoa.gov/aoa/STATS/2000pop.
15
Finally, Table 1.14 provides information about the elderly living on reservations in
Arizona. It should be noted that some reservations encompass two or more states. The
numbers here reflect only those individuals who reside in Arizona.
Table 1.14: Indian Reservations Population, 65 Years and Older, Arizona, 2000.
Total
population
65-66 67-69 70-74 75-79 80-84 85+
Cocopah 1,025 48 50 196 71 13 11
Colorado River* 7,466 117 146 204 152 98 82
Fort Apache 12,429 101 112 141 71 38 15
Fort McDowell 824 5 12 6 2 3 1
Fort Mojave* 773 20 19 38 21 6 6
Fort Yuma* 36 0 0 0 1 0 0
Gila River 11,257 98 117 152 126 89 104
Havasupai 503 4 3 2 6 2 2
Hopi 6,815 83 130 151 125 86 75
Hualapai 1,353 8 17 13 20 9 0
Kaibab 196 1 0 0 1 0 1
Maricopa 742 3 4 8 3 8 1
Navajo* 104,532 1077 1583 1918 1335 764 818
Pascua Yaqui 3,315 13 29 32 11 11 4
Salt River 6,405 90 125 198 52 35 31
San Carlos 9,385 83 100 128 52 35 31
Tohon O’odham 10,483 139 155 184 136 67 58
Tonto Apache 132 0 0 0 0 1 0
Yavapai-Apache 743 3 9 11 12 6 5
Yavapai-Prescott 182 3 2 1 5 0 2
Zuni* 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
*Reservations encompass two or more states. Figures given are for population residing in Arizona.
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000 Summary File 1, Table P12.
16
Health
The social and behavioral aspects of an individual’s life can affect his or her health and
well being (Federal Interagency Forum on Aging Related Statistics, 2000). For example
behaviors, referred to as high-risk behaviors, such as smoking, lack of physical activity,
and alcohol consumption have been shown to contribute to disease and death (Arizona
Department of Health Services, 2000a). Arizona participates in an annual federal effort
to track a variety of high-risk behaviors. Findings from the 1999 Behavioral Risk Factor
Survey are presented in Table 2.1. In most instances, persons over 65 years of age are
less likely than other groups to report a high-risk behavior. Exceptions include the
percent of older people who have been told they have high blood pressure and the percent
who have been told they have high cholesterol.
Table 2.1: Behavioral Risk Factors, Arizona, 1999.
Behavior Percent of Arizona adults age 65
and over who report engaging in
or avoiding the behavior
Do not have health care coverage 3.4
Told by a doctor that they have diabetes 5.2
Have not had their blood pressure taken by health professional in past two years 1.4
Have had their blood pressure checked and told that their blood pressure is high 37.4
Have never had cholesterol checked 6.9
Have been told by a health professional that their cholesterol was high 40.0
Women age 18 and older never having a Pap smear 4.6
Overweight 18.9
Have had five or more drinks on one or more occasions in past month 1.9
Have had on average 60 or more drinks per month 3.3
Have not consumed at least 5 servings of fruits and vegetables per day 66.7
Have not visited a dentist in past 12 months 33.8
Have driven after having too much to drink one or more times in past month 0.2
Currently smoke 65-74 75+
20.8 6.8
Source: Arizona Department of Health Services, 2000. 1999 Arizona Behavioral Risk Factor Survey,
Annual Report. Available: http://www.hs.state.az.us/edc/brfs/rpt99.pdf.
Americans are living longer than ever before and people who reach the age of 65 can
expect to live an average of 18 more years (National Center for Health Statistics, 1999).
Table 2.2 shows the average age of death for Arizonans from 1989 to 1999. The average
age of death increased from 68.2 to 71.7 over this eleven-year period. Non-Hispanic
Whites exceeded this average age by about two to three years. Individuals from other
ethnic and racial groups died at an age substantially lower than the state average.
17
Table 2.2: Average Age at Death from All Causes by Gender and Ethnicity, Arizona, 1989-1999.
Year Gender All ethnic
groups
Non-
Hispanic
Whites
Hispanic Black American
Indian
Asian
1989 Total 68.2 70.4 57.1 56.9 53.0 NA
Male 65.3 67.7 54.1 55.7 49.4 NA
Female 71.7 73.6 61.0 58.6 58.4 NA
1990 Total 68.4 70.6 58.5 58.1 51.4 NA
Male 65.4 67.9 54.6 55.5 48.7 NA
Female 72.2 73.9 64.1 61.6 56.1 NA
1991 Total 68.5 70.8 57.6 58.8 52.3 NA
Male 65.6 68.1 54.7 54.4 50.4 NA
Female 71.9 73.7 61.5 64.4 54.8 NA
1992 Total 68.7 71.1 58.3 57.8 52.8 NA
Male 65.8 68.5 54.8 54.7 49.0 NA
Female 72.4 74.2 63.7 62.3 58.7 NA
1993 Total 68.6 71.1 57.9 56.2 51.9 NA
Male 65.6 68.3 54.7 54.1 49.3 NA
Female 72.2 74.3 62.7 59.2 55.8 NA
1994 Total 68.4 71.0 56.6 56.8 52.0 NA
Male 65.2 68.2 52.5 54.5 48.7 NA
Female 72.2 74.2 62.3 60.6 57.2 NA
1995 Total 68.5 71.0 57.4 57.4 52.2 NA
Male 65.2 68.2 53.1 53.7 48.2 NA
Female 72.4 74.2 63.6 62.9 57.8 NA
1996 Total 69.6 72.4 56.5 57.8 52.9 62.1
Male 66.1 69.2 52.6 54.9 49.9 60.6
Female 73.6 75.9 62.4 61.3 57.2 63.9
1997 Total 71.0 73.1 61.3 61.9 55.4 64.2
Male 67.5 70.1 57.2 57.6 51.2 61.4
Female 74.9 76.3 67.4 67.7 61.4 68.0
1998 Total 71.2 73.4 61.8 62.5 56.5 62.7
Male 67.9 70.5 57.4 59.4 53.2 60.8
Female 74.9 76.5 68.0 66.3 61.2 62.7
1999 Total 71.7 74.1 59.2 60.5 55.7 63.9
Male 68.8 71.5 56.2 57.8 51.8 62.3
Female 74.9 77.0 63.3 63.9 60.6 65.5
Source: Arizona Department of Health Services, 2000. Arizona Health Status and Vital Statistics, 1999.
Available: http://www.hs.state.az.us/plan/1999ahs/toc99.htm.
18
Table 2.3 presents death rates for the five leading causes of death among people age 65
and older. Heart disease and cancer (malignant neoplasms) are the leading causes of
death in this age group. Decreases in deaths attributable to heart disease, cancer, and
stroke have been recorded in the period from 1989 to 1999. Deaths related to chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease and pneumonia and influenza have increased in this time
period. In 1999 the mortality rate among elderly females increased by 5.5 percent
compared with rates in 1989 (Arizona Department of Health Services, 2000b). The
elderly male morality rate decreased by 9.5 percent in this same period.
Table 2.4 provides death rates for the five leading causes of death in urban and rural
areas. During the period reported in the table, rural elderly death rates were consistently
lower than death rates for the urban elderly. Rural elderly also showed a larger decrease
in heart disease, cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and stroke death rates
than their urban counterparts.
As shown in Table 2.5, both urban and rural females experienced an increase in death
rates from 1989 to 1999. Mortality rates for rural and urban males were lower over this
same time period.
The leading causes of death by gender, area, and ethnic group are presented in Table 2.6.
Diabetes, unintentional injuries, and Alzheimer’s disease are the next most common
causes of death after heart disease, cancer, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,
and pneumonia/influenza.
Table 2.7 compares the causes of death among age groups. As expected, those people 65
years old and older are more likely to die from a variety of conditions such as heart
disease, Alzheimer’s disease, and cancer than people in other age groups. A few
differences should be noted. More 20 to 44 year olds died from motor vehicle injuries
than did those people 65 years and older. Deaths from suicide, homicide, and alcoholism
were more prevalent among 20 to 44 year olds and 45 to 64 year olds than among the
elderly population.
Information about death rates in Arizona’s counties is provided in Tables 2.8, 2.9, and
2.10. According to Table 2.10, Graham County had the highest rate of death among the
elderly and La Paz had the lowest rate.
Death by firearm rates for age groups are presented in Table 2.11. With the exception of
the years 1994 to 1997, firearm death rates for the elderly have been above the state
average. A decline in death rates attributable to fireams occurred between 1990 and
2000.
19
Table 2.3: Mortality Rates1 for the Five Leading Causes2 of Death among Elderly (65 Years and Older) by Gender, Arizona, 1989-1999.
Area/Cause 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 % change
from 1989
Male
Diseases of heart 1,866.5 1,759.5 1,675.0 1,755.2 1,861.0 1810.0 1,640.9 1,515.7 1,430.8 1,449.8 1,406.8 -24.6
Malignant neoplasms 1,243.5 1,277.2 1,323.0 1,348.5 1,357.0 1,401.5 1,242.9 1,204.3 988.8 1,114.2 1,118.4 -10.1
Chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease
373.2 308.8 385.5 364.4 422.0 390.2 357.51 340.6 368.2 364.4 354.1 -5.1
Cerebrovascular disease 303.6 351.8 297.9 312.1 306.4 339.9 300.4 304.6 295.5 285.9 297.3 -2.1
Pneumonia and influenza 219.1 253.2 228.3 208.8 244.3 208.0 194.1 199.2 172.3 210.5 238.8 9.0
All causes 5,105.7 4,981.7 4,944.5 5,167.8 5,360.8 5,342.4 4,846.0 4,671.4 4,593.8 4,603.3 4,618.9 -9.5
Number of all deaths 9,905 10,309 10,506 11,259 11,828 12,015 12,309 12,781 13,013 13,492 14,141 42.8
Female
Diseases of heart 1,342.2 1,319.9 1,275.8 1,333.0 1,396.7 1,366.0 1,270.1 1,199.8 1,191.1 1,154.1 1,117.9 -16.7
Malignant neoplasms 764.3 811.5 794.7 823.9 836.3 854.7 794.7 803.2 788.3 765.5 771.2 0.9
Cerebrovascular disease 319.5 339.9 337.9 320.4 376.7 370.3 360.3 362.8 378.9 353.2 312.5 -2.2
Chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease
219.9 223.3 216.9 224.0 254.7 247.8 260.3 272.9 278.8 282.7 293.7 33.6
Pneumonia and influenza 189.7 197.2 189.2 169.5 192.7 178.2 157.3 163.5 164.9 181.0 193.5 2.0
All causes 3,669.0 3,673.9 3,661.6 3,768.8 4,006.8 4,036.7 3,831.3 3,883.2 3,889.0 3,862.6 3,870.0 5.5
Number of all deaths 9,611 9,987 10,220 10,786 11,891 12,252 12,719 13,348 13,824 14,194 14,799 54.0
Total
Diseases of heart 1,565.3 1,509.9 1,448.4 1,515.5 1,594.7 1,554.8 1,427.5 1,339.8 1,397.4 1,285.1 1,246.5 -20.4
Malignant neoplasms 970.7 1,012.8 1,023.0 1,050.7 1,058.7 1,087.1 989.0 981.0 877.2 920.2 925.7 -4.6
Cerebrovascular disease 312.8 326.5 320.6 316.8 246.7 357.4 334.3 337.1 341.9 323.3 297.3 -5.0
Chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease
285.1 221.4 289.3 284.7 326.0 308.3 302.4 302.9 318.4 319.0 320.5 12.4
Pneumonia and influenza 202.2 221.4 206.1 186.5 214.7 190.0 173.2 179.3 168.1 194.1 213.6 5.6
All causes 4,280.3 4,239.2 4,216.1 4,373.5 4,584.2 4,596.1 4,271.5 4,232.5 4,201.6 4,191.1 4,203.4 -1.8
Number of all deaths 19,516 20,296 20,726 22,045 23,710 24,267 25,028 26,129 26,837 27,686 28,940 48.3
1 Rates are presented per 100,000 persons 65 years and older.
2 The five causes with the greatest number of deaths over the 1989-1999 period.
Source: Arizona Department of Health Services, 2000. Arizona Health Status and Vital Statistics, 1999.
Available: http://www.hs.state.az.us/plan/1999ahs/toc99.htm.
20
Table 2.4: Mortality Rates1 for the Five Leading Causes2 of Death among Elderly (65 Years and Older) in Urban and Rural Areas3, Arizona, 1989-1999.
Area/Cause 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 % change
from 1989
Urban
Diseases of heart 1,591.4 1,529.7 1,477.2 1,537.8 1,640.9 1,599.4 1,463.7 1,378.4 1,319.1 1,291.4 1,295.9 -18.6
Malignant neoplasms 973.0 1,025.9 1,045.5 1,063.4 1,093.6 1,118.7 997.5 992.2 883.1 918.9 931.6 -4.3
Cerebrovascular disease 319.5 338.3 315.3 326.2 362.0 367.5 343.0 350.5 351.9 329.1 308.5 -3.4
Chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease
282.5 287.4 289.4 286.5 326.4 314.8 310.1 304.0 327.8 322.3 328.4 16.2
Pneumonia and influenza 204.3 222.6 206.3 191.5 210.3 191.5 170.0 187.0 166.8 190.2 212.3 3.9
All causes 4,291.6 4,283.9 4,284.4 4,412.0 4,696.5 4,713.4 4,338.2 4,342.3 4,251.5 4,202.3 4,277.2 -0.4
Number of all deaths 14,829 15,918 16,209 17,260 18,604 19,866 20,311 21,409 21,687 22,179 23,447 58.1
Rural
Diseases of heart 1,483.6 1,441.3 1,348.3 1,438.1 1,443.8 1,378.3 1,300.2 1,186.6 1,211.3 1,258.3 1,052.9 -29.0
Malignant neoplasms 963.7 967.4 944.9 1,006.6 944.9 962.4 955.4 936.4 853.6 923.9 902.6 -6.4
Cerebrovascular disease 291.6 285.5 338.9 284.4 296.8 317.3 299.8 284.0 302.4 300.4 253.6 -13.0
Chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease
293.5 249.1 288.9 278.2 324.9 282.6 271.8 298.5 281.4 305.7 289.9 -1.2
Pneumonia and influenza 195.6 217.4 288.9 169.2 229.2 188.7 186.0 148.8 173.4 207.8 218.7 11.8
All causes 4,245.1 4,084.3 4,104.1 4,240.0 4,217.5 4,132.0 4,006.0 3,797.1 4,003.8 4,140.7 3,911.7 -7.8
Number of all deaths 4,687 4,378 4,517 4,785 5,115 4,401 4,717 4,720 5,150 5,499 5,491 17.2
Total
Diseases of heart 1,565.3 1,509.9 1,448.4 1,515.5 1,594.7 1,554.8 1,427.5 1,339.8 1,397.4 1,285.1 1,246.5 -20.4
Malignant neoplasms 970.7 1,012.8 1,023.0 1,050.7 1,058.7 1,087.1 989.0 981.0 877.2 920.2 925.7 -4.6
Cerebrovascular disease 312.8 326.5 320.6 316.8 246.7 357.4 334.3 337.1 341.9 323.3 297.3 -5.0
Chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease
285.1 221.4 289.3 284.7 326.0 308.3 302.4 302.9 318.4 319.0 320.5 12.4
Pneumonia and influenza 202.2 221.4 206.1 186.5 214.7 190.0 173.2 179.3 168.1 194.1 213.6 5.6
All causes 4,280.3 4,239.2 4,216.1 4,373.5 4,584.2 4,596.1 4,271.5 4,232.5 4,201.6 4,191.1 4,203.4 -1.8
Number of all deaths 19,516 20,296 20,726 22,045 23,710 24,267 25,028 26,129 26,837 27,686 28,940 48.3
1 Rates are presented per 100,000 persons 65 years and older.
2 The five causes with the greatest number of deaths over the 1989-1999 period.
3 Prior to 1990, Maricopa and Pima Counties were delineated as urbanized areas in Arizona. Beginning in 1990, Yuma County, and in 1993, Pinal County, meet
the criteria and were classified as urban. The remaining counties comprise Arizona’s rural areas.
Source: Arizona Department of Health Services, 2000. Arizona Health Status and Vital Statistics, 1999.
Available: http://www.hs.state.az.us/plan/1999ahs/toc99.htm.
21
Table 2.5: Mortality Rates1 for the Five Leading Causes of Death among Elderly (65 Years and Older) by Gender in Urban and Rural Areas2, Arizona, 1989-
1999.
Area 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 % change
from 1989
Urban
Male 5,064.8 5,021.4 4,975.6 5,220.2 5,504.6 5,542.4 4,993.2 4,804.9 4,669.5 4,632.1 4,692.7 -7.3
Female 3,738.8 3,745.5 3,717.6 3,822.0 4,122.1 4,120.8 3,899.9 3,985.2 3,870.0 3,870.0 3,954.0 5.8
Total 4,291.6 4,283.9 4,242.4 4,412.0 4,696.5 4,713.4 4,338.2 4,342.3 4,251.5 4,202.3 4,277.2 -0.4
Rural
Male 5,223.9 4,857.5 4,847.4 5,004.0 4,935.5 4,668.7 4,533.2 4,184.0 4,315.8 4,490.2 4,349.0 -16.7
Female 3,436.6 3,404.5 3,450.6 3,568.3 3,607.3 3,678.3 3,537.6 3,449.3 3,713.9 3,825.4 3,515.2 2.2
Total 4,245.1 4,084.3 4,104.1 4,240.0 4,217.5 4,132.0 4,006.0 3,797.1 4,003.8 4,140.7 3,911.7 -7.8
Statewide
Male 5,105.7 4,981.7 4,944.5 5,167.8 5,360.8 5,352.4 4,846.0 4,671.4 4,593.8 4,603.0 4,618.9 -9.5
Female 3,669.0 3,673.9 3,661.6 3,768.8 4,006.8 4,036.7 3,831.8 3,883.2 3,889.0 3,862.6 3,870.0 5.5
Total 4,280.3 4,239.2 4,216.1 4,373.5 4,584.2 4,596.1 4,271.5 4,232.5 4,201.6 4,191.1 4,203.4 -1.8
1 Rates are presented per 100,000 persons 65 years and older.
2 Prior to 1990, Maricopa and Pima Counties were delineated as urbanized areas in Arizona. Beginning in 1990, Yuma County, and in 1993, Pinal County, meet
the criteria and were classified as urban. The remaining counties comprise Arizona’s rural areas.
Source: Arizona Department of Health Services, 2000. Arizona Health Status and Vital Statistics, 1999.
Available: http://www.hs.state.az.us/plan/1999ahs/toc99.htm.
22
Table 2.6: Leading Causes of Death among Elderly 65 Years and Over by Gender, Area, and Ethnic Group, Arizona, 1999.
Gender Area Race/Ethnicity
Total Male Female Urban* Rural Unknown Non-Hispanic
White
Hispanic Black American
Indian
Asian Other/
Unknown
Diseases of Heart 8,582 4,307 4,275 7,104 1,478 1 7,636 599 153 139 29 6
Malignant Neoplasms 6,373 3,424 2,949 5,107 1,267 0 5,729 402 103 86 31 3
Cerebrovascular
Disease
2,047 852 1,195 1,691 356 0 1,818 147 36 32 10 0
Chronic Obstructive
pulmonary disease
2,207 1,084 1,123 1,800 407 0 2,079 70 27 15 5 2
Pneumonia/Influenza 1,471 731 740 1,164 307 0 1,301 96 21 40 8 2
Diabetes 742 355 387 580 162 0 507 139 25 67 4 0
Unintentional injury 603 293 310 477 126 0 519 40 6 31 4 1
Falls 337 149 188 285 52 0 304 17 1 10 2 1
Motor Vehicle-
Related
156 86 70 108 48 0 128 17 1 9 1 0
Other Injury 110 58 52 84 26 0 87 6 4 12 1 0
Alzheimer’s Disease 551 185 366 469 82 0 502 33 9 3 1 0
Atherosclerosis 424 186 238 327 97 0 383 22 8 7 1 0
Infectious & Parasitic
Diseases
367 184 183 273 94 0 288 47 12 15 5 0
HIV Infection 4 4 0 4 0 0 2 2 0 0 0 0
Septicemia 232 112 120 159 73 0 177 32 9 12 2 0
Other infectious
disease
131 68 63 110 21 0 109 13 3 3 3 0
Diseases of Arteries 357 188 169 284 73 0 320 21 3 7 4 2
Nephritis, nephrotic
syndrome, and
nephrosis
334 175 159 234 100 0 267 33 14 17 2 0
Suicide 160 132 28 119 41 0 147 7 3 1 0 0
All Causes** 28,940 14,141 14,799 23,447 5,491 5 25,554 2,031 494 632 125 25
* Maricopa, Pima, Pinal and Yuma counties.
** Includes mortality from causes of death not shown above.
Source: Arizona Department of Health Services, 2000. Arizona Health Status and Vital Statistics, 1999.
Available: http://www.hs.state.az.us/plan/1999ahs/toc99.htm.
23
Table 2.7: Comparison of Causes of Mortality by Age Group, Arizona, 1999.
Age group
All ages <1 year 1-14 years 15-19 years 20-44 years 45-64 years 65+ years Unknown
Diseases of heart 10,355 17 11 7 242 1,493 8,583 2
Malignant neoplasms 8,851 0 28 12 358 2,078 6,374 1
Chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease
2,499 0 4 1 16 269 2,207 2
Cerebrovascular disease 2,320 13 2 3 47 208 2,047 0
Unintentional injury 2,192 26 99 122 858 469 603 15
Motor vehicle related 980 7 59 100 439 214 156 5
Other injury 1,125 18 18 20 393 231 436 10
Pneumonia/Influenza 1,724 21 8 1 53 170 1,471 0
Diabetes 1,046 0 0 1 46 257 742 0
Infectious and parasitic
diseases
738 23 5 3 145 194 367 1
HIV infection 147 0 0 1 97 45 4 0
Septicemia 334 6 3 1 23 68 232 1
Other infectious disease 257 17 2 1 25 81 131 0
Suicide 773 0 7 36 350 219 160 1
Alzheimer’s disease 553 0 0 0 0 2 551 0
Homicide/legal
intervention
457 6 11 55 293 68 22 2
Atherosclerosis 452 0 0 0 2 26 424 0
Diseases of arteries 429 0 1 0 9 62 357 0
Nephritis, nephrotic
syndrome and nephrosis
419 3 2 0 10 70 334 0
Alcoholism 397 0 0 0 97 208 92 0
Ill defined conditions 240 46 6 2 45 51 85 5
Perinatal conditions 228 222 3 1 1 0 1 0
Congenital anomalies 194 128 17 1 17 17 13 1
All causes 39,673 547 246 277 2,929 6,696 28,943 35
Source: Arizona Department of Health Services, 2000. Arizona Health Status and Vital Statistics, 1999.
Available: http://www.hs.state.az.us/plan/1999ahs/toc99.htm.
24
Table 2.8: Number of Deaths by Age Group and County, Arizona, 1999.
County Total <1 1-14 15-19 20-44 45-64 65+ Unknown
Apache 436 11 7 5 92 85 236 0
Cochise 1,005 12 5 5 55 179 747 2
Coconino 486 4 5 7 67 12 283 0
Gila 636 6 3 6 41 108 472 0
Graham 290 3 4 4 15 39 225 0
Greenlee 67 1 1 1 2 18 44 0
Maricopa 22,348 366 132 137 1,664 3,642 16,393 14
Mohave 1,752 14 8 14 62 329 1,323 2
Navajo 682 15 13 14 80 144 416 0
Pima 7,229 64 33 41 486 1,187 5,412 6
Pinal 1,426 18 9 14 114 319 950 2
Santa Cruz 197 3 3 0 19 32 139 1
Yavapai 1,899 8 8 7 84 300 1,489 3
Yuma 928 18 5 7 47 154 692 5
La Paz 165 3 0 0 12 33 117 0
Source: Arizona Department of Health Services, 2000. Arizona Health Status and Vital Statistics, 1999.
Available: http://www.hs.state.az.us/plan/1999ahs/toc99.htm.
25
Table 2.9: Mortality by Five-Year Age Groups and County of Residence, Arizona, 1999.
Total, all ages 65-69 70-74 75-79 80-84 85-89 90-94 95-99 100+
Arizona 39,673 3,216 4,495 5,721 6,095 5,102 3,078 1,008 228
Apache 436 39 48 35 43 34 19 12 6
Cochise 1,005 96 136 159 158 109 60 24 5
Coconino 486 38 44 67 57 43 21 7 6
Gila 636 67 83 109 85 70 48 8 2
Graham 290 21 27 46 43 44 36 8 0
Greenlee 67 4 11 7 14 5 1 2 0
Maricopa 22,348 1,676 2,398 3,167 3,510 3,068 1,840 601 133
Mohave 1,752 199 293 278 272 165 84 26 6
Navajo 682 67 66 90 83 52 40 11 7
Pima 7,229 565 800 1,084 1,118 996 610 197 42
Pinal 1,426 153 187 189 178 127 88 24 4
Santa Cruz 197 21 2 26 22 27 16 3 2
Yavapai 1,899 149 235 280 338 244 166 64 13
Yuma 928 102 116 158 155 97 46 16 2
La Paz 165 18 29 24 18 20 3 5 0
Unknown 127 1 0 2 1 1 0 0 0
Source: Arizona Department of Health Services, 2000. Arizona Health Status and Vital Statistics, 1999.
Available: http://www.hs.state.az.us/plan/1999ahs/toc99.htm.
26
Table 2.10: Rates* for the Leading Causes of Death among Elderly 65 Years and Over by County of Residence, Arizona, 1999.
Total state
Apache
Cochise
Coconino
Gila
Graham
Greenlee
Maricopa
Mohave
Navajo
Pima
Pinal
Santa Cruz
Yavapai
Yuma
La Paz
Diseases of heart 1,246.5 969.9 1,333.3 756.0 1,003.4 1,338.4 1,395.8 1,329.1 1,162.6 1,007.4 1,298.6 1,136.2 552.4 960.2 903.7 949.1
Malignant neoplasms 925.7 825.4 909.6 658.5 994.3 1,242.8 997.0 967.1 1,020.9 1,007.4 876.7 826.0 640.7 842.9 783.8 486.7
Cerebrovascular disease 297.3 350.8 220.3 390.2 164.2 382.4 199.4 323.5 176.4 353.7 293.8 275.3 397.7 281.0 179.8 121.7
Chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease
320.5 165.1 327.7 195.1 328.4 310.7 398.8 346.8 309.4 278.6 290.7 337.4 88.4 290.7 230.5 389.4
Pneumonia/Influenza 213.6 288.9 209.0 292.6 182.4 310.7 99.7 208.0 162.0 267.9 245.7 151.2 154.7 261.4 156.8 73.0
Diabetes 107.8 309.5 129.9 73.2 200.7 143.4 99.7 112.8 101.2 246.5 75.5 186.1 243.0 44.0 73.8 48.7
Unintentional injury 87.6 82.5 90.4 97.5 118.6 143.4 0.0 85.2 66.5 192.9 98.4 62.0 66.3 68.4 78.4 170.4
Falls 48.9 20.6 45.2 12.2 45.6 47.8 0.0 49.8 34.7 64.3 63.3 34.9 22.1 34.2 41.5 48.7
Motor vehicle-related 22.7 20.6 22.6 36.6 27.4 95.6 0.0 19.5 26.0 85.7 19.8 19.4 44.2 24.4 23.1 97.3
Other injury 16.0 41.3 22.6 48.8 45.6 0.0 0.0 16.0 5.8 42.9 15.3 7.8 0.0 9.8 13.8 24.3
Alzheimer’s disease 80.0 20.6 50.8 73.2 127.7 47.8 0.0 86.0 34.7 64.3 103.0 58.2 154.7 61.1 4.6 0.0
Disease of arteries 51.8 61.9 62.1 36.6 73.0 47.8 0.0 55.2 57.8 53.6 44.3 54.3 0.0 48.9 36.9 24.3
Atherosclerosis 61.6 0.0 5.6 24.4 337.5 119.5 99.7 57.6 57.8 53.6 45.8 27.1 0.0 58.6 216.7 48.7
Nephritis, nephrotic
syndrome, and nephrosis
48.5 165.1 90.4 48.8 63.9 71.7 199.4 39.8 72.3 75.0 51.1 31.0 88.4 48.9 55.3 97.3
Infectious & parasitic
diseases
53.3 144.4 129.9 109.7 54.7 95.6 0.0 49.5 37.6 107.2 48.1 69.8 22.1 44.0 41.5 73.0
HIV infection 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Septicemia 33.7 123.8 107.3 61.0 36.5 23.9 0.0 26.5 31.8 96.5 31.3 50.4 0.0 36.6 32.3 73.0
Other infectious disease 19.0 20.6 22.6 48.8 18.2 71.7 0.0 22.2 5.8 10.7 16.0 19.4 22.1 7.3 9.2 0.0
Suicide 23.2 20.6 16.9 24.4 45.6 47.8 0.0 17.9 26.0 10.7 32.8 15.5 0.0 39.1 27.7 48.7
All causes 4,203.4 4,870.0 4,220.1 3,450.8 4,305.4 5,377.6 4,386.8 4,434.7 3,826.1 4,458.3 4,129.4 3,684.0 3,071.1 3,637.9 3,190.7 2,847.4
* Number of deaths per 100,000 elderly 65+ in specified county.
Source: Arizona Department of Health Services, 2000. Arizona Health Status and Vital Statistics, 1999.
Available: http://www.hs.state.az.us/plan/1999ahs/toc99.htm.
27
Table 2.11: Death Rates1 by Age Group and Year for Injury by Firearms, Arizona, 1990-2000.
Age Group 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
Under 5 0.3 0.7 1.0 0.3 1.2 0.9 0.6 0.0 0.9 0.3 0.0
5-14 1.9 2.0 408 5.3 2.5 4.1 2.4 2.2 2.7 1.1 1.0
15-19 20.7 34.3 26.9 39.5 43.9 45.3 36.7 37.3 26.2 22.6 19.6
20-44 25.8 22.9 24.0 28.1 34.0 35.4 28.7 29.0 29.5 23.7 20.9
45-64 20.2 18.9 21.2 17.8 20.7 19.5 17.8 16.4 18.7 18.2 15.8
65 and over 24.9 23.6 23.8 26.9 22.7 23.9 19.3 19.1 20.4 19.9 21.4
Total, all ages 18.9 18.3 19.2 21.1 23.3 24.1 19.8 19.6 19.8 16.9 15.3
1 Number of deaths by firearms per 100,000 population in specified age group.
Source: Arizona Department of Health Services. Available: http://www.hs.state.az.us/plan/2kdeathratesfirearms.pdf
28
Tables 2.12, 2.13, and 2.14. provide information about suicide rates among the elderly.
According to Table 2.12, Arizona’s suicide rate is higher than the U.S. rate among all
elderly age groups.
Table 2.12: Suicide Mortality Rates* by Age Group among Elderly 65 Years and Older, Arizona (1998)
and U.S. (1997).
65-69 70-74 75-79 80-84 85+
U.S 13.2 15.7 18.5 20.6 20.8
Arizona 14.9 17.6 34.2 26.1 40.0
* Number of suicides per 100,000 persons in specified age group per year.
Source: Arizona Department of Health Services, 2000. Suicide Mortality, Arizona, 1988-1998.
In the 11 years between 1988 and 1998, suicide rates have decreased for Arizonans 65
years old and older (Table 2.13). Suicide rates for the elderly during this time period
were well above Arizona’s total suicide mortality rate.
Table 2.13: Age-Specific1 and Total Age-Adjusted2 Suicide Mortality Rates, Arizona, 1988-1998.
Year Area Age group Total age
adjusted suicide
mortality rate
15-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65+
1988 AZ 24.0 24.0 21.7 19.9 22.5 32.6 17.8
U.S. 12.8 15.5 14.3 14.8 15.7 21.1 11.3
1989 AZ 20.3 20.3 25.5 17.7 25.1 34.2 17.1
U.S. 13.8 15.8 14.7 16.0 16.2 20.3 11.7
1990 AZ 21.5 25.2 21.2 22.0 24.0 31.3 17.7
U.S. 13.6 15.1 14.4 14.4 15.2 20.5 11.5
1991 AZ 20.0 19.3 20.5 26.5 20.5 29.3 16.6
U.S. 13.1 14.1 14.6 14.0 14.3 19.7 11.4
1992 AZ 16.0 19.5 23.5 20.4 23.5 29.4 15.9
U.S. 12.9 14.2 14.4 14.5 14.5 19.1 11.1
1993 AZ 25.3 24.0 23.6 22.4 21.7 29.2 18.5
U.S. 13.8 14.9 14.5 14.1 14.2 18.9 11.2
1994 AZ 30.8 25.8 26.3 23.9 20.5 26.7 20.0
U.S. 14.9 16.0 15.4 13.2 14.5 18.1 11.6
1995 AZ 21.6 30.0 30.0 22.5 19.8 29.0 19.5
U.S. 13.3 15.4 15.2 14.6 13.3 18.1 11.2
1996 AZ 20.9 22.3 24.4 21.8 14.9 23.3 16.3
U.S. 12.1 12.0 14.5 15.5 14.9 17.3 10.8
1997 AZ 23.4 22.4 26.3 20.3 14.6 24.1 16.9
U.S. 11.4 14.3 15.3 14.7 13.5 NA 10.6
1998 AZ 18.5 23.6 26.3 24.2 17.6 23.6 17.0
U.S. 10.8 NA NA NA NA NA 10.0
1 Number of suicides per 100,000 population in specified age groups.
2 The age-adjusted rates presented in this table were computed by the direct method, that is by applying the
age-specific death rate for suicide to the standard population distributed by age. The total U.S. Population
as enumerated in 1940 was selected as the standard. The “age-adjustment” or “age-standardization”
removes the effects of the age differences in population composition.
Source: Arizona Department of Health Services, 2000. Suicide Mortality, Arizona, 1988-1998
29
In 1998, elderly males were more likely to commit suicide than elderly females (Table
2.14).
Table 2.14: Suicide Mortality Rates by Age Group and Gender, Arizona, 1998.
Male rate Female rate Total rate
<15 5.5 1.2 3.5
15-19 25.5 3.9 15.2
20-24 37.3 4.6 21.9
25-34 36.5 10.0 23.6
35-44 41.3 11.5 26.3
45-54 37.7 11.3 24.2
55-64 24.4 11.5 17.6
65+ 44.7 6.8 23.6
Total 28.6 7.2 17.9
Source: Arizona Department of Health Services, 2000. Suicide Mortality, Arizona, 1988-1998.
The rest of the tables in this section report on health conditions and physical limitations
in the older population. Chronic conditions are long term illnesses that can affect the
health and finances of the individual, their family, and the nation’s health care system
(Federal Interagency Forum on Aging Related Statistics, 2000). Five of the six leading
causes of death among older adults are chronic diseases. Table 2.15 presents the
percentage of persons age 70 or older in the U.S. who reported a chronic illness in 1984
and 1995.
Table 2.15: Percentage of Persons Age 70 or Older Who Reported Having Selected Chronic Conditions, by
Gender, U.S., 1984 and 1995.
1984 1995
Total
Arthritis 55.0 58.1
Diabetes 9.9 12.0
Cancer 12.4 19.4
Stroke 7.8 8.9
Hypertension 45.6 45.0
Heart disease 16.4 21.4
Men
Arthritis 44.9 49.5
Diabetes 9.9 12.9
Cancer 13.8 23.4
Stroke 8.3 10.4
Hypertension 36.8 40.5
Heart disease 18.7 24.7
Women
Arthritis 61.1 63.8
Diabetes 10.0 11.5
Cancer 11.6 16.7
Stroke 7.3 7.9
Hypertension 50.8 48.0
Heart disease 14.9 19.2
Source: Federal Interagency Forum on Aging Related Statistics, 2000, Older Americans 2000: Key
Indicators of Well-Being and Supplement on Aging and Second Supplement on Aging. Available:
http://www.agingstats.gov/chartbook2000/olderamericans2000.pdf
30
Table 2.16 presents information on memory loss among older adults. Memory skills are
an important part of cognitive functioning (Federal Interagency Forum on Aging Related
Statistics, 2000). As cognitive functioning diminishes, the individual is more likely to
enter a nursing home.
Table 2.16: Percentage of Persons Age 65 or Older with Moderate or Severe Memory
Impairment, by Age Group and Sex, U.S., 1998.
Moderate or severe memory
impairment
Severe memory impairment
Total Men Women Total Men Women
65 to 69 4.4 5.3 3.8 0.9 0.8 0.9
70 to 74 8.3 10.1 6.9 2.1 2.6 1.8
75 to 79 13.5 16.2 11.7 5.2 6.4 4.4
80 to 84 20.1 22.8 18.5 7.6 9.2 6.7
85 or older 35.8 37.3 35.0 18.3 19.6 17.6
Note: Definition of moderate or severe memory impairment: Four or fewer words recalled (out of 20) on
combined immediate and delayed recall tests. Persons are described as having severe memory impairment
if two or fewer words are recalled. Respondents who reported “don’t know” on either the immediate or
delayed recall test (implying that they were unable to recall any words) were assigned a score of zero for
that test. Respondents who refused to participate in either test are excluded from the analysis.
Source: Federal Interagency Forum on Aging Related Statistics, 2000. Older Americans 2000: Key
Indicators of Well-Being and the Health and Retirement Study. Available:
http://www.agingstats.gov/chartbook2000/olderamericans2000.pdf
Depression is an important indicator of over all well-being and physical health (Federal
Interagency Forum on Aging Related Statistics, 2000). Depression is associated with
physical illness, greater functional limitations, and higher health care resource utilization.
Table 2.17 presents information about the extent of severe depression among the elderly.
Table 2.17: Percentage of Persons Age 65 or Older with Severe Depressive Symptoms,
by Age Group and Sex, U.S., 1998.
Total Men Women
65 to 69 15.4 12.1 18.0
70 to 74 14.3 10.3 17.2
75 to 79 14.6 10.4 17.4
80 to 84 20.5 17.1 22.4
85 or older 22.8 22.5 23.0
Note: Definition of severe depressive symptoms: four or more symptoms out of a list of eight depressive
symptoms from an abbreviated version of the Center of Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D)
adapted by the Health and Retirement Study.
Source: Federal Interagency Forum on Aging Related Statistics, 2000. Older Americans 2000: Key
Indicators of Well-Being and the Health and Retirement Study. Available:
http://www.agingstats.gov/chartbook2000/olderamericans2000.pdf
31
Table 2.18 provides information on health status as reported by people age 65 and older.
Rating one’s own sense of health is a good indicator of physical, emotional, and social
well being (Federal Interagency Forum on Aging Related Statistics, 2000). Self-reports
of good to excellent correlate with lower risk of death.
Table 2.18: Percentage of Persons Age 65 or Older Who Reported Good to Excellent
Health, by Age Group, Sex, and Race and Hispanic Origin, U.S., 1994 to 1996.
All persons Non-Hispanic
White
Non-Hispanic
Black
Hispanic
Total
65 or older 72.2 74.0 58.4 64.9
Men
65 or older 72.0 73.5 59.3 65.4
65 to 74 74.6 76.3 61.6 68.7
75 to 84 68.3 69.4 56.4 59.7
85 or older 65.0 67.3 45.0 50.9
Women
65 or older 72.4 74.3 57.8 64.6
65 to 74 75.2 77.5 59.3 68.5
75 to 84 69.8 71.7 55.3 59.3
85 or older 65.1 66.4 56.0 55.1
Note: Data are based on a three-year average from 1994 to 1996. Hispanics may be of any race.
Source: Federal Interagency Forum on Aging Related Statistics, 2000. Older Americans 2000: Key
Indicators of Well-Being and the National Health Interview Survey. Available:
http://www.agingstats.gov/chartbook2000/olderamericans2000.pdf
32
Changes in a persons’ ability to perform tasks associated with everyday activities have
important implications for the overall health of the individual as well as work and
retirement policy and health and long-term care needs (Federal Interagency Forum on
Aging Related Statistics, 2000). Data about limitations in physical activities is presented
in Table 2.19.
Table 2.19: Percentage of Persons Age 70 or Older Who Are Unable to Perform Certain
Physical Functions, by Sex, U.S., 1984 and 1995.
1984 1995
Men
Walk 12.9 12.3
Climb stairs 9.3 8.2
Stoop, crouch, or kneel 11.5 9.7
Reach up 3.4 3.0
Any one of nine 22.5 19.6
Women
Walk 20.9 17.8
Climb stairs 16.0 12.3
Stoop, crouch, or kneel 20.2 16.3
Reach up 5.6 3.9
Any one of nine 34.3 28.9
Note: Rates for 1984 are age-adjusted to the 1995 population. The nine physical functioning activities are:
walking a quarter mile; walking up ten steps without resting; standing or being on your feet for about two
hours; sitting for about two hours; stooping, crouching or kneeling; reaching up over your head; reaching
out as if to shake someone’s hand; using your fingers to grasp or handle; lifting or carrying something as
heavy as ten pounds. A person is considered disabled if he or she is unable to perform an activity alone and
without aids.
Source: Federal Interagency Forum on Aging Related Statistics, 2000. Older Americans 2000: Key
Indicators of Well-Being and the Supplement of Aging, Second Supplement on Aging. Available:
http://www.agingstats.gov/chartbook2000/olderamericans2000.pdf
33
Health Care
Health care and health care expenditures are closely tied to age and disability (Federal
Interagency Forum on Aging Related Statistics, 2000). In 1997, 54.5 percent of people
65 years old or older reported having at least one disability of some type and over a third
reported at least one severe disability (Administration on Aging, 2001). Approximately
14 percent in this age group reported having difficulty in carrying out activities of daily
living compared to 2.8 percent of the population age 25 to 64. Older adults also
experience a greater need for medical care and hospitalization. In 1999, people 65 years
of age and older had four times the number of days of hospitalization (1.6 days) as did
people under the age of 65 (0.4 days). The average length of stay in a hospital was 6
days for older people compared to 4.1 days for those under the age of 65. The elderly
also had more contact with doctors in 1999 than did younger people (6.8 contacts vs. 3.5
contacts).
Given the increasing importance of health and health care for the aged population, it is
important to look at the medical system that is responsible for their care. Medicare is the
federal health insurance program for adults who are 65 years old and older, disabled
workers, and eligible individuals with end-stage renal disease. It covers 95 percent of the
nations aged population (Social Security Administration, 2000). The program is
composed of two parts. Part A, also known as Hospital Insurance, is provided free of
charge and covers inpatient hospital care, skilled nursing facility, home health care, and
hospice care. Part B, or Supplementary Medical Insurance, is provided for a monthly
premium and covers additional services such as doctor visits and laboratory tests. In
1999, Medicare spent $209.4 billion for benefits to 39 million enrollees in Part A and 37
million enrollees in Part B (Social Security Administration, 2000). Table 3.1 shows the
trend in Medicare enrollment in the U.S. between 1980 and 1999.
Table 3.1 Hospital Insurance and Supplementary Medical Insurance Enrollment, U.S., Selected Years July
1, 1980-99, (in thousands).
1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
Total 25,515 28,176 30,948 33,142 33,424 33,630 33,802 33,929
Age:
65-69 8,459 8,956 9,695 9,517 9,445 9,317 9,184 9,077
70-74 6,756 7,441 7,951 8,756 8,745 8,737 8,725 8,656
75-79 4,809 5,453 6,058 6,563 6,749 6,932 7,055 7,232
80-84 3,081 3,463 3,957 4,470 4,554 4,619 4,707 4,735
85 or older 2,410 2,861 3,286 3,837 3,930 4,025 4,130 4,229
Source: Social Security Administration, 2000. Annual Statistical Supplement, 2000. Available:
http://www.ssa.gov/statistics/supplement/2000/supp2000.pdf.
34
Table 3.2 displays the trend in Medicare enrollment in Arizona from 1988 to 1998. Medicare enrollment as of July 1, 1999 for
Arizona’s counties is shown in Table 3.3.
Table 3.2: Medicare Enrollment as of July 1 of Each Year, Arizona, 1988-1998.
1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998
461,619 479,565 498,116 517,186 538,406 561,112 583,041 601,782 621,782 636,450 651,498
Source: Health Care Financing Administration. Available: http://www.hcfa.gov/stats/histenr.xls.
Table 3.3: Medicare County Enrollment as of July 1, 1999, Arizona.
Aged HI and/or
SMI
Aged HI Aged SMI Aged and Disabled
HI and/or SMI
Aged and
Disabled HI
Aged and
Disabled SMI
Apache 5,218 4,828 4,686 6,250 5,860 5,584
Cochise 15,262 15,079 14,606 17,627 17,444 16,688
Coconino 10,703 10,415 10,290 12,388 12,100 11,788
Gila 9,508 9,459 9,286 10,930 10,881 10,546
Graham 3,598 3,561 3,477 4,170 4,133 4,001
Greenlee 941 930 917 1,049 1,038 1,014
La Paz 3,053 3,033 2,905 3,455 3,435 3,260
Maricopa 313,595 311,316 304,541 355,749 353,467 341,133
Mohave 27,766 27,709 27,091 31,913 31,856 30,863
Navajo 8,918 8,654 8,431 10,686 10,421 9,994
Pima 107,649 106,621 103,653 123,255 122,227 117,215
Pinal 20,367 20,199 19,753 24,042 23,874 23,012
Santa Cruz 4,121 3,847 3,906 4,600 4,326 4,347
Yavapai 30,276 30,137 29,214 34,156 34,017 32,567
Yuma 15,810 15,525 15,200 17,758 17,473 16,976
Unknown 131 129 119 165 163 149
Total 576,916 571,442 558,075 658,193 652,715 629,137
HI = Hospital insurance. SMI = Supplemental medical insurance.
Source: Health Care Financing Administration. Available: http://www.hcfa.gov/STATS/ENROLL/070199/ARIZONA.HTM
35
Medicare spending per beneficiary is projected to increase, on average, by 5.3 percent per
year between 2000 and 2010 (American Association of Retired Persons, 2001a). Tables
3.4 and 3.5 show data on Medicare payments and enrollment for recent years. In 2000 it
is estimated that Medicare will spend $5,490 per enrollee (Table 3.4). In Arizona,
Medicare will spend $4,464 per beneficiary (Table 3.5).
Table 3.4: Medicare Estimated Benefit Payments for the U.S., 1997-2000.
1997 1998 1999 2000
Fee for service $181,418,698,301 $177,586,359,882 $171,256,180,306 $175,063,856,656
Managed care 25,704,799,722 32,515,455,895 37,367,383,232 39,803,776,122
Total estimated
benefit payments
207,123,498,023 210,101,815,777 208,623,563,538 214,867,632,778
HI and/or SMI
Medicare
enrollment
38,341,718 38,567,298 39,027,270 39,140,386
Per enrollee 5,402 5,448 5,346 5,490
Source: Health Care Financing Administration. Available:
http://www.hcfa.gov/stats/BENEPAY/bnpay00i.htm
Table 3.5: Medicare Estimated Benefit Payments, 1997-2000, Arizona.
1997 1998 1999 2000
Fee for service $2,129,050,045 $1,745,752,051 $1,458,155,553 $1,510,366,375
Managed care 1,081,702,200 1,239,778,917 1,369,579,205 1,427,609,856
Total estimated
benefit payments
3,210,752,245 2,985,530,968 2,827,734,758 2,937,976,231
HI and/or SMI
Medicare enrollment
632,233 641,425 658,751 658,193
Per enrollee 5,078 4,655 4,293 4,464
Source: Health Care Financing Administration. Available:
http://www.hcfa.gov/stats/BENEPAY/bnpay00i.htm
Tables 3.6, 3.7, and 3.8 provide more detailed trend information on the kinds of services
that are used with Medicare funds, the percentage of funds spent on these services, and
percent changes in these service categories over time.
Medicare does not cover all the health care services required by older adults and it may
require beneficiaries to help cover the cost for some of the services it does cover
(American Association of Retired Persons, 1999). Many beneficiaries obtain
supplemental coverage through government or private sources to help cover these
expenses but many still incur substantial costs. In 1999, it was projected that Medicare
beneficiaries age 65 and older would spend about $2,430 or 19 percent of their income on
out-of-pocket health care costs. Premium payments for Medicare programs and private
insurance accounted for just under half of these costs. Medicare deductibles and
coinsurance and payments for services such as dental care and prescription drugs
accounted for 54 percent.
36
Table 3.6: Arizona Medicare Personal Health Care Expenditures for Selected Years.
1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998
Personal health care (millions of dollars) $1,335 $1,709 $2,002 $2,481 $2,942 $3,170
Hospital care 866 1,047 1,181 1,371 1,549 1,620
Physician services 396 512 571 688 804 931
Dental services1 0 0 0 5 4 6
Other professional services 29 53 86 125 166 182
Home health care 9 30 54 98 131 89
Drugs and other medical nondurables 2 4 7 33 81 114
Vision products and other medical durables 23 33 50 65 74 79
Nursing home care 11 30 53 95 133 148
Enrollees (millions) 0.461 0.498 0.538 0.583 0.621 0.651
1 Most of these amounts represent benefits paid by Managed Care/Medicare+Choice plans to enrolled Medicare beneficiaries.
Source: Health Care Financing Administration. Available: http://www.hcfa.gov/stats/nhe-oact/statestimates/states98/az.htm.
Table 3.7: Arizona Percent Distribution of Medicare Personal Health Care Expenditures for Selected Years.
1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998
Hospital care 64.8 61.3 59.0 55.3 52.7 51.1
Physician services 29.7 30.0 28.5 27.7 27.3 29.4
Dental services 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.2
Other professional services 2.2 3.1 4.3 5.0 5.6 5.7
Home health care 0.6 1.7 2.7 3.9 4.4 2.8
Drug and other medical nondurables 0.2 0.2 0.4 1.3 2.8 3.6
Vision products and other medical durables 1.7 1.9 2.5 2.6 2.5 2.5
Nursing home care 0.8 1.8 2.6 3.8 4.5 4.7
Source: Health Care Financing Administration. Available: http://www.hcfa.gov/stats/nhe-oact/statestimates/states98/az.htm.
37
Table 3.8: Annual Growth in Medicare Personal Health Care Expenditures, Arizona, 1988-1998.
1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998
Annual growth in personal
health care expenditures
12.9 16.0 10.4 9.7 6.7 9.1 13.6 10.4 7.4 6.1 1.5
Hospital care 13.1 10.1 9.9 9.5 3.0 5.9 9.6 8.6 4.0 4.7 -0.1
Physician services 11.3 18.5 9.1 5.2 5.8 7.2 12.5 6.4 9.7 10.3 5.0
Dental services1 16.4 53.0 23.2 30.2 139.3 12414.5 91.9 13.4 -35.0 26.6 17.6
Other professional
services
9.3 33.1 37.6 30.3 25.2 17.3 23.4 23.1 8.2 5.1 4.2
Home health care 10.0 55.4 123.9 30.4 40.0 36.3 32.5 18.5 12.9 -11.9 -22.3
Drug and other medical
nondurables1
14.0 47.8 20.9 41.6 36.5 69.7 173.1 95.7 24.5 23.7 13.5
Vision products and
other medical durables
15.2 21.2 18.7 26.7 20.2 16.8 11.6 4.0 9.1 7.8 -1.1
Nursing home care 85.4 297.2 -30.2 15.5 49.7 39.9 28.7 13.8 23.5 5.1 5.7
Enrollees 3.8 3.9 3.9 3.8 4.1 4.2 3.9 3.2 3.2 2.5 2.4
1 Large growth rates may result from small expenditure increases in very small spending estimates.
Source: Health Care Financing Administration. Available: http://www.hcfa.gov/stats/nhe-oact/statestimates/states98/az.htm.
38
In general, the higher an individual’s income, the more will be spent on out-of–pocket
expenses. In 1999, families in the lowest income bracket were projected to spend $1,770
on average on health care compared to the $2,600 spent by the highest income bracket.
The following tables present information on the income levels of Medicare beneficiaries
and the amount of out-of-pocket expenditures they will incur. Table 3.9 shows the
distribution of out-of-pocket spending of Medicare beneficiaries. The majority of
beneficiaries, 55 percent, will spend less than $2,000 on medical costs not covered by
Medicare.
Table 3.9: Distribution of Out-of-Pocket Spending on Health Care by Medicare
Beneficiaries*, U.S., 1999.
<$1,000 28%
$1,000-$2,000 27%
$2,000-$3,000 20%
$3,000-$4,000 11%
$4,000-$5,000 6%
>$5,000 8%
*Non-institutionalized Medicare beneficiaries age 65 and older.
Source: American Association of Retired Persons, 1999. Out-of-Pocket Spending on Health Care by
Medicare Beneficiaries Age 65 and Older: 1999 Projections. Available:
http://research.aarp.org/health/ib41_hspend.pdf.
Table 3.10 shows the average out-of-pocket spending on health care by income level.
Table 3.10: Average Out-of-Pocket Spending on Health Care by Medicare Beneficiaries*
by Income Level, U.S., 1999.
Income as a percent of the federal poverty
level
Out-of-pocket spending
Total $2,430
<100% $1,770
100-125% $2,080
125-200% $2,420
200-400% $2,480
400-600% $2,700
600%+ $2,605
*Non-institutionalized Medicare beneficiaries age 65 and older.
Source: American Association of Retired Persons, 1999. Out-of-Pocket Spending on Health Care by
Medicare Beneficiaries Age 65 and Older: 1999 Projections. Available:
http://research.aarp.org/health/ib41_hspend.pdf.
While low-income families will spend less on health care costs than higher income
families, they must spend a larger portion of their income on these expenses as shown in
Table 3.11. Families below the federal poverty level will spend approximately 33
percent of their income on health care compared to 8 percent for the wealthiest families.
39
Table 3.11: Average Out-of-Pocket Spending on Health Care by Medicare Beneficiaries*
by Income Level, U.S., 1999.
Income as a percent of the federal poverty level Percent of income
Total 19%
<100% 33%
100-125% 25%
125-200% 24%
200-400% 17%
400-600% 13%
600%+ 8%
*Non-institutionalized Medicare beneficiaries age 65 and older.
Source: American Association of Retired Persons, 1999. Out-of-Pocket Spending on Health Care by
Medicare Beneficiaries Age 65 and Older: 1999 Projections. Available:
http://research.aarp.org/health/ib41_hspend.pdf.
Table 3.12 shows the distribution of Medicare beneficiaries by income as a percent of
federal poverty level.
Table 3.12: Distribution of Medicare Beneficiaries* by Income as a Percent of Federal
Poverty Level, U.S., 1999.
Poverty level Percent of beneficiaries
<100% 9%
100-125% 6%
125-200% 20%
200-400% 40%
400-600% 14%
600%+ 11%
*Non-institutionalized Medicare beneficiaries age 65 and older.
Source: American Association of Retired Persons, 1999. Out-of-Pocket Spending on Health Care by
Medicare Beneficiaries Age 65 and Older: 1999 Projections. Available:
http://research.aarp.org/health/ib41_hspend.pdf.
Prescription drugs are another uncovered Medicare cost that has received considerable
attention recently due to rising drug costs. After premium payments, prescription drugs
costs constitute the largest spending category for Medicare beneficiaries (American
Association of Retired Persons, 2000b). Beneficiaries were expected to spend an average
of $480 on prescription drugs in 2000. Table 3.13 shows how much is expected to be
spent on prescription drugs based on income as a percent of poverty. Table 3.14
compares spending on prescription drugs between those with and without drug coverage.
40
Table 3.13: Out-of-Pocket Spending on Prescription Drugs, U.S., 2000.
Income as a percent of poverty
<135% 135-175% 175-250% 250%+
$420 $510 $535 $485
Source: American Association of Retired Persons, 2000. FYI: The Cost of Prescription Drugs: Who Needs
Help? Available: http://research.arp.org/health/fyi_cost.pdf.
Table 3.14: Out-of-Pocket Spending on Drugs by Beneficiaries With and Without Drug
Coverage, U.S., 2000.
Income as a percent of poverty
<135% 135-175% 175-250% 250%+
With drug coverage $280 $390 $410 $380
Without drug coverage $625 $690 $760 $745
Source: American Association of Retired Persons, 2000. FYI: The Cost of Prescription Drugs: Who Needs
Help? Available: http://research.arp.org/health/fyi_cost.pdf.
Another important aspect of older adults’ health care needs is long term care. Many
people will require some assistance with daily activities as a result of physical or mental
impairments. Such care may be provided in the home or in institutional settings such as
nursing homes. In general, long term care services consist of personal care, nursing and
home health care, adult day care, habilitation and rehabilitation, case management, social
services, and assistive technology (American Association of Retired Persons, 1998).
Approximately 7 million persons age 65 and older required long-term cares services in
1997 (Table 3.15). This will increase to 10.8 million in 2030.
Table 3.15: Projections of the Number of Older Persons Needing Long Term Care, U.S.,
1997-2030.
1997 2005 2018 2030
7 million 9 million 9.9 million 10.8 million
Source: National Academy for an Aging Society, 1999 in American Association of Retired Persons, 2000,
Long-Term Care. Available: http://research.aarp.org/health/fs27r_care.pdf.
41
Table 3.16 displays statistics for recipients of long-term care services funded by
Medicare and Medicaid.
Table 3.16: Recipients of Long-Term Care for Selected Years, Arizona and U.S.
Arizona U.S.
Home and community based care
Medicaid home health recipients per 1,000 recipients (1996) 19.1 45
Medicaid personal care recipients per 1,000 recipients (1992) 0 5.7
Medicare home health beneficiaries per1,000 beneficiaries
(1995)
56 94
Institutional care
Total nursing home residents (1996) 13,510 1,479,653
Percent change in nursing home residents (1995-1996) 9.1 -0.2
Percent of nursing home population age 65+ (1990) 88.1 89.8
Nursing home residents per 1,000 65+ population (1997) 23.1 43.7
Total Medicaid nursing home recipients (1996) 7,907 1,009,640
Source: American Association of Retired Persons. Across the States, 1998: Profiles of Long Term Care
Systems. Available: http://research.aarp.org/health/dlb550_states.pdf.
Assisted living is a type of care provided in a congregate residential setting (American
Association of Retired Persons, 2001b). This care strives to create a home-like
environment and tries to maximize the individual’s independence, privacy, and choice.
The average age of people receiving assisted living services is 84. Generally, assisted
living residents will require fewer services than nursing home residents will. About 24
percent of those people living in assisted living environments have problems with three
or more activities of daily living compared to 83 percent of nursing home residents.
Table 3.17 provides information on the kinds of things for which assisted living residents
require assistance.
Table 3.17: Assisted Living Residents’ Needs for Assistance, U.S., 1998.
Need help with dressing 23.5%
Need help with eating 7.4%
Need help with toileting 13.9%
Need help with bathing 63.3%
Cognitive impairment 44.4%
Source: ALFA/NID National Survey of Assisted Living Residents: Who is the Customer? 1998 in American
Association of Retired Persons, 2001, Assisted Living in the United States. Available:
http://research.aarp.org/il/fs62r_assist.html.
In Arizona, the Non-Medical Home and Community Based Services System provides a
variety of services to help older adults live in their homes and communities as
independently as possible (Department of Economic Security, 2000). Funded by a
variety of federal, state, and local sources, services include adult day health care, home
health aid, personal care, and respite care to name a few. Table 3.18 shows the growth in
services for the state fiscal years 1998, 1999, and 2000.
42
Table 3.18: Non-Medical Home & Community Based Participants-3 Year Growth Trend, Arizona, FY 1998-2000.
Adult day
health care
Home delivered
meals
House-keeping
Case
management
Home health
aid
Personal care Respite care Home
nursing
Total
SFY-98 372 16,714 13,506 1,932 7,402 1,502 380 1,669 21,415
SFY-99 401 16,447 12,407 1,486 6,786 1,801 535 1,541 21,168
SFY-00 386 16,238 11,722 711 7,482 1,934 516 1,250 20,353
Source: Arizona Department of Economic Security. Aging and Adult Administration: Annual Report SFY 2000. Available:
http://www.de.state.az.us/links/aaa/pdf/AAA-AR-2000.pdf
43
Economic Status
The economic status of older people has improved over the past few decades (Federal
Interagency Forum on Aging Related Statistics, 2000). Between 1989 and 1997, median
real income for people 65 years old and older increased by about 4.4 percent, the largest
increase for any age group (Table 4.1). The number of elderly living in poverty also
decreased by about one percent during this same period of time (Table 4.2).
Table 4.1: Median Income of Householders by Age, U.S., 1989, 1995, 1996, 1997.
Age of
householder
Median income in 1997 dollars Percent change
in real income
1989 1995 1996 1997 1996-1997
All ages 37,327 35,932 36,352 37,005 *1.9
15-24 years 24,042 22,121 21,958 22,583 3.0
25-34 year 38,466 36,592 36,758 38,174 *4.0
35-44 years 48,585 45,832 45,497 46,359 *2.0
45-54 years 53,771 50,676 51,695 51,875 0.5
55-64 years 39,971 40,151 40,780 41,356 1.5
65 + 20,415 20,136 19,919 20,761 *4.4
* Statistically significant change at 90 percent confidence level
Source: U.S. Department of Commerce and American Association of Retired Persons, 1998. Income,
Poverty, and Health Insurance in the United States in 1997. Available:
http://research.aarp.org/econ/fs71_income.html.
Table 4.2: Percent of All Persons Below Poverty by Age, U.S., 1989, 1995, 1996, and
1997.
Age Percent of all persons below poverty Changes in poverty rate
1989 1995 1996 1997 1996-1997 1989-1997
All ages 13.1 13.8 13.7 13.3 *-0.5 0.2
Under 18 20.1 20.8 20.5 19.9 -0.6 -0.2
18-24 years 15.4 18.3 17.9 17.5 -4.0 *2.2
25-34 years 11.1 12.7 12.7 12.1 -0.6 *0.9
35-44 years 8.1 9.4 9.9 9.6 -0.3 *1.3
45-54 years 7.5 7.8 7.6 7.2 -0.5 -0.3
55-59 years 9.5 10.3 9.4 9.0 -0.4 -0.6
60-64 years 9.4 10.2 11.5 11.2 -0.3 *1.7
65+ 11.4 10.5 10.8 10.5 -0.2 *-0.9
* Statistically significant change at 90 percent confidence level
Source: U.S. Department of Commerce and American Association of Retired Persons, 1998. Income,
Poverty, and Health Insurance in the United States in 1997. Available:
http://research.aarp.org/econ/fs71_income.html.
44
Information about poverty among the elderly in Arizona is presented in Table 4.3. The
number of older Arizonans in poverty decreased from approximately 10.4 percent in
1989 to 9.1 percent in 1999.
Table 4.3: Poverty Status in the Past 12 Months by Age, Arizona, 1989 and 1999.
1989 1999
Under 5 years 71,011 89,656
5 years 13,799 17,289
6 to 11 years 70,732 102,218
12 to 17 years 56,459 89,362
18 to 24 years 91,405 110,483
25 to 34 years 89,792 107,038
35 to 44 years 56,865 88,324
45 to 54 years 32,714 60,296
55 to 64 years 31,668 54,139
Total population 65+ 478,774 667,839
65 to 74 years 26,745 35,629
75 years and over 23,172 25,295
Source: U.S. Census Bureau. Census 2000 Supplementary Survey Summary Tables. Available:
http://factfinder.census.gov/
Labor force participation for men age 65 and over has decreased steadily since 1900,
when approximately 2 out of every 3 men in this age group worked, to current rates of 16
to 18 percent (Administration on Aging, 2001). Approximately 1 in 12 older women
worked in 1900. That rate has increased to about 10 percent.
Tables 4.4 and 4.5 provide more detailed information about older workers. Work force
participation increased in 2000 and the unemployment rate fell. The percent of elderly
employed because they needed the money decreased slightly.
45
Table 4.4: Labor Force Under Age 55 and Age 55 and Over, U.S., 1999 and 2000.
1999 2000
Participation rate
Under 55 79.9% 80.0%
55 and over 31.8% 32.3%
Number employed (in thousands)
Under 55 116,291 117,511
55 and over 17,197 17,697
Unemployment rate
Under 55 4.4% 4.2%
55 and over 2.8% 2.6%
Employed part time for economic
reasons*
Under 55 2.6% 2.5%
55 and over 2.0% 1.9%
Multiple jobholders
Under 55 6.0% 5.7%
55 and over 4.8% 4.8%
* In nonagricultural industries
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment and Earnings, January 2000 and January 2001 and
American Association of Retired Persons, 2001. Update on the Older Worker: 2000. Available:
http://research.aarp.org/econ/dd62_worker.html.
46
As Table 4.5 shows, increases in labor force participation is evident for almost all age
groups as well as for both men and women.
Table 4.5: Labor Force Participation Rates by Sex and Selected Age Group, U.S, 1999 and 2000 (in
percentages).
Sex/age 1999 2000
Both sexes 59.3 59.2
55-64 59.3 59.2
65-69 23.0 24.4
70-74 13.1 13.5
75 and over 5.1 5.3
Men
55-64 67.9 67.3
65-69 28.5 30.1
70-74 17.4 17.9
75 and over 8.0 8.0
Women
55-64 51.5 51.8
65-69 18.4 19.4
70-74 9.6 9.9
75 and over 3.3 3.5
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment and Earnings, January 2000 and January 2001 and
American Association of Retired Persons, 2001. Update on the Older Worker: 2000. Available:
http://research.aarp.org/econ/dd62_worker.html.
Table 4.6 provides employment status information for older Arizonans.
Table 4.6: Employment Status for the 65+ Population, Arizona, 2000.
Male Female
65 to 69 years 89,266 97,604
In labor force 20,743 13,827
Employed 18,511 12,943
Unemployed 2,232 884
Not in labor force 68,523 83,777
70 to 74 years 82,052 95,926
In labor force 10,592 7,586
Employed 10,401 6,505
Unemployed 191 1,081
Not in labor force 71,460 88,340
75 years and over 114,674 160,486
In labor force 7,508 3,644
Employed 7,274 3,594
Unemployed 234 50
Not in labor force 107,166 156,842
Source: U.S. Census Bureau. Census 2000 Supplementary Survey Summary Tables. Available:
http://factfinder.census.gov/
47
Information about labor force participation with limited data for racial and ethnic groups
in show in Table 4.7.
Table 4.7: Employment Status of the Civilian Noninstitutional population, 65 Years and Over, 2000
Annual Averages, U.S. (numbers in thousands).
Civilian labor force Employment Unemployment
Population
group
Civilian non-institutional
population
Number Percent of
population
Number Percent of
population
Number Rate
Total 32,705 4,200 12.8 4,070 12.4 131 3.1
Men 13,925 2,439 17.5 2,357 16.9 82 3.4
Women 18,780 1,762 9.4 1,713 9.1 49 2.8
White 28,947 3,749 13.0 3,643 12.6 106 2.8
Black 2,778 322 11.6 302 10.9 20 6.1
Hispanic 1,791 218 12.2 206 11.5 12 5.7
Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics. Available: http://stats.bls.gov/laus/table12full00.pdf.
Income for the elderly comes from a variety of sources as shown in Table 4.8. Ninety
percent of the elderly benefit from Social Security or Old-Age, Survivors, and Disability
Insurance (OASDI) as it is formally known. This federal program provides monthly
benefits to eligible retired workers, survivors of insured workers, and disabled workers.
Benefits are determined by the worker’s contributions into the system. It provides 50
percent or more of total income for 64 percent of its beneficiaries (Social Security
Administration, 2000).
Table 4.8: Sources of Income for Those Age 65 or Older, U.S., 1999.
Source of income Percent
Social Security 90%
Asset income 62%
Retirement benefits other than Social Security 43%
Earnings 22%
Public assistance 5%
Veteran’s benefits 5%
Source: Social Security Administration, 2000. Annual Statistical Supplement, 2000, to the Social Security
Bulletin. Available: http://www.ssa.gov.statistics/Supplement/2000/supp2000.pdf
48
As can be seen in Table 4.9, Social Security also makes up the largest share of income for
older Americans.
Table 4.9: Share of Income for the Population Age 65 or Older, by Source of Income,
U.S., 1999.
Source of income Percentage
Social Security 38%
Earnings 21%
Pensions 19%
Asset income 19%
Other 3%
Source: Social Security Administration, 2000. Annual Statistical Supplement, 2000, to the Social Security
Bulletin. Available: http://www.ssa.gov.statistics/Supplement/2000/supp2000.pdf
In 1999, 70.8 percent of the people receiving Social Security were age 65 and older
(American Association of Retired Persons, 2000a). Table 4.10 shows the percentage of
income from Social Security for those aged 65 or older.
Table 4.10: Percentage of Income from Social Security for
Those Age 65 or Older, U.S., 1999.
Percentage of income Percentage of beneficiaries
100% 18%
90-99% 11%
50-89% 35%
<50% 36%
Source: Social Security Administration, 2000. Annual Statistical Supplement,
2000, to the Social Security Bulletin. Available:
http://www.ssa.gov.statistics/Supplement/2000/supp2000.pdf
Social Security also plays a large part in keeping people age 65 and older out of poverty
(Table 4.11).
Table 4.11: Social Security’s Role in Reducing Poverty for the Aged, by Marital Status
and Race, U.S., 1999.
Type of beneficiary Poor with Social Security Kept out of poverty by Social Security
Total beneficiaries 8% 40%
Married 3% 38%
Nonmarried 15% 42%
White 7% 40%
Black 21% 39%
Source: Social Security Administration, 2000. Annual Statistical Supplement, 2000, to the Social Security
Bulletin. Available: http://www.ssa.gov.statistics/Supplement/2000/supp2000.pdf
49
The next two tables present data on Social Security specific to Arizona. Table 4.12
compares the percent of elderly receiving Social Security in Arizona to the nation as a
whole for years 1997 through 2000. Table 4.13 displays the number of people in
Arizona’s counties that received Social Security in the years 1997 through 2000.
Table 4.12: Percent of Population Age 65 or Older Receiving Social Security Benefits,
Arizona and U.S., 1997-2000.
Percent receiving Social Security, U.S. Percent receiving Social Security,
Arizona
1997 91.6 89.8
1998 91.0 89.1
1999 91.0 89.3
2000 91.5 86.4
Source: Social Security Administration, 2000. Annual Statistical Supplement, 2000, to the Social Security
Bulletin. Available: http://www.ssa.gov.statistics/Supplement/2000/supp2000.pdf
Table 4.13: Number of Social Security Beneficiaries Age 65 and Older with Benefits in Current-Payment
Status, Arizona, December 1997-2000.
1997 1998 1999 2000
Men Women Men Women Men Women Men Women
Arizona total 233,572 307,429 238,002 312,025 243,444 317,654 252,643 324,548
Apache 1,915 2,270 1,970 2,300 2,055 2,375 2,130 2,440
Cochise 6,520 7,650 66,70 7,725 6,860 7,895 7,085 8,115
Coconino 3,265 3,925 3,305 3,995 3,380 4,15 3,545 4,200
Gila 4,185 4,865 4,205 4,935 4,270 5,065 4,380 5,110
Graham 1,490 1,930 1,485 1,935 1,485 1,935 1,500 1,945
Greenlee 450 500 445 480 430 4990 425 495
La Paz 1,440 1,365 1,530 1,380 1,580 1,475 1,600 1,485
Maricopa 124,695 173,590 126,620 175,830 128,890 178,065 134,015 181,585
Mohave 12,385 13,590 12,815 14,000 13,345 14,505 13,795 14,950
Navajo 3,565 3,985 3,650 4,090 3,735 4,215 3,920 4,375
Pima 42,105 57,755 42,805 58,365 43,720 59,210 45,065 60,105
Pinal 9,025 10,125 9,430 10,485 9,850 11,000 10,410 11,525
Santa Cruz 1,610 1,905 1,600 1,950 1,655 1,980 1,755 2,045
Yavapai 14,145 16,665 14,465 17,045 14,950 17,485 15,435 18,080
Yuma 6,780 7,295 7,005 7,500 7,245 7,845 7,580 8,095
Source: Social Security Administration, 2000. Annual Statistical Supplement, 2000, to the Social Security
Bulletin. Available: http://www.ssa.gov.statistics/Supplement/2000/supp2000.pdf
Supplemental Security Income (SSI) is another federal program that provides financial
assistance to low income persons aged 65 or older, blind or disabled adults, and blind or
disabled children. The elderly make up about 20 percent of the people receiving SSI
benefits. The number of people, including those age 65 and older, receiving SSI
payments are shown in Table 4.14.
50
Table 4.14: Number of Persons Receiving Federally Administered SSI Payments and Amount of Payments, Arizona, December 2000.
Category Age SSI recipients
with OASDI
Amount of payments (in
thousands of dollars)
State and
county
Total Aged Blind and
disabled
Under 18 18-64 65 or older
Arizona 81,493 13,196 68,297 12,217 47,548 21,728 27,381 31,547
Apache 4,440 1,076 1,810 223 1,327 801 948 824
Cochise 2,351 541 1,810 223 1,327 801 948 824
Coconino 2,988 496 2,492 322 1,535 1,131 1,192 1,118
Gila 1,121 147 974 158 733 230 401 427
Graham 848 128 720 128 506 214 308 310
Greenlee 109 17 92 11 63 35 42 39
La Paz 352 60 292 38 221 93 123 137
Maricopa 38,557 5,312 33,245 6,820 23,098 8,639 11,591 15,451
Mohave 2,429 250 2,179 351 1,705 373 844 1,006
Navajo 4,250 712 3,538 683 2,200 1,367 1,383 1,679
Pima 14,396 2,359 12,037 1,755 8,859 3,782 4,815 5,481
Pinal 3,387 440 2,947 512 2,076 799 1,239 1,293
Santa Cruz 1,212 611 601 102 327 783 556 386
Yavapai 2,397 278 2,119 290 1,687 420 932 888
Yuma 2,603 767 1,836 302 1,247 1,054 1,118 873
Source: Social Security Administration. Available: http://www.ssa.gov/statistics/ssi_st_cty/2000/az.ht
51
Crime and Victimization
As the elder population grows over the next few decades, victimization of older adults
will become even more of a concern than it is now. This section reports on two facets of
this issue, elder abuse and neglect and crimes perpetrated against the elderly.
The National Elder Abuse Incidence Study estimates that over 550,000 persons, aged 60
and over, experienced abuse, neglect, and/or self-neglect in 1996 (Administration on
Aging, 1998). Persons who were 80 years and older were the victims of abuse and
neglect two to three times their proportion of the older population. It is also believed that
four times as many new incidents of abuse, neglect, and self-neglect went unreported as
those that were reported and substantiated by the adult protective service agencies.
Table 5.1 provides the number of allegations of abuse, neglect, or exploitation reported
and substantiated in Arizona for the state fiscal year 2000. Abuse refers to the willful
infliction of pain or injury; neglect refers to the failure of a caretaker to provide goods or
services necessary to avoid physical harm, mental anguish, or mental injury; and
exploitation refers to an unauthorized use of an older persons resources for someone
else’s benefit (Administration on Aging, Elder Abuse Prevention Factsheet). In fiscal
year 2000, 21.3 percent of allegations were for abuse, 72.1 percent for neglect, and 22.7
percent were for exploitation.
Table 5.1: Number of Field Investigations Alleging Abuse, Neglect or Exploitation,
Arizona, FY 2000.
Total Substantiated Not substantiated
Total allegations 9,396 5,040 4,356
Exploitation 1,837 918 919
Neglect 5,837 3,719 2,118
Abuse 1,722 403 1,319
Source: Arizona Department of Economic Security. Aging and Adult Administration: Annual Report SFY
2000. Available: http://www.de.state.az.us/links/aaa/pdf/AAA-AR-2000.pdf
County information about abuse, neglect, and exploitation allegations is presented in
Table 5.2. Maricopa County reported the highest rate of abuse allegations. Greenlee
County had the highest percentage of neglect allegations, and Pima County experienced
the highest rate of allegations of exploitation.
52
Table 5.2: Percent of Reports Alleging Abuse, Neglect, and/or Exploitation by County,
Arizona, FY 2000.
Total
number
reports
Reports
investigated
Percent
abuse
Percent
neglect
Percent
exploitation
Apache 66 62 11.29% 77.42% 19.35%
Cochise 607 518 11.97% 82.43% 17.95%
Coconino 175 128 14.84% 79.69% 13.28%
Gila 191 173 15.03% 80.92% 16.18%
Graham 120 105 23.81% 75.24% 16.19%
Greenlee 49 44 9.09% 90.91% 13.64%
La Paz 82 62 11.11% 79.17% 18.06%
Maricopa 4,452 3,372 26.45% 68.48% 22.75%
Mohave 755 668 12.13% 80.09% 20.51%
Navajo 159 139 23.74% 72.66% 19.42%
Pima 2,161 1,759 21.09% 69.02% 27.86%
Pinal 408 328 24.39% 70.73% 20.12%
Santa Cruz 60 52 25% 86.54% 23.08%
Yavapai 567 463 17.71% 74.95% 20.30%
Yuma 254 209 9.09% 77.03% 27.75%
Source: Arizona Department of Economic Security. Aging and Adult Administration: Annual Report SFY
2000. Available: http://www.de.state.az.us/links/aaa/pdf/AAA-AR-2000.pdf
A perpetrator is a person who is alleged to have committed neglect, abuse, or exploitation
of an older adult. Nationally, perpetrators were family members 90 percent of the time
and two-thirds of the perpetrators were adult children or spouses (Administration on
Aging, 1998). Table 5.3 reports on the type of perpetrators alleged in reports of abuse,
neglect, and exploitation in Arizona during the fiscal year 2000. In 41.2 percent of the
cases the victim of the neglect was considered the perpetrator since they were unable or
unwilling to care for themselves.
Table 5.3: Perpetrators of Neglect, Abuse, or Exploitation, Arizona, FY 2000.
Perpetrator category Percent
Family member(s) 27.9%
Self 41.2%
Friend/neighbor 4.1%
Caregiver(s)/residential management 13.3%
Other 13.5%
Source: Arizona Department of Economic Security. Aging and Adult Administration: Annual Report SFY
2000. Available: http://www.de.state.az.us/links/aaa/pdf/AAA-AR-2000.pdf
53
When it comes to crime other than abuse, neglect, and exploitation, people who are 65
years old or older generally experience fewer crimes than people in other age categories
(Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2000). The elderly are about five times less likely to be
robbed, twelve times less likely to be the victims of aggravated or simple assault, and
about three times less likely to have their car or other property stolen. Older adults
experience violent crime at about a tenth the rate for persons younger than 65. Table 5.4
displays comparison data for the 65 and older and less than 65 age groups for major
categories of crime.
Table 5.4: Percent of Victimizations by Victims or Heads of Households, U.S., 1992-
1997.
Type of victimization Age 65 or older Ages 12-64
Violent 6.2% 27.3%
Pocket picking/purse snatching 1.7% 0.9%
Property 92.1% 71.8%
Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2000. Crimes against Persons Age 65 or Older, 1992-1997. Available:
http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/pub/pdf/cpa6597.pdf
A more detailed age and crime category breakdown for the year 2000 is provided in
Table 5.5. Personal theft is the only category where the elderly experienced the same rate
of victimization as younger groups.
Table 5.5: Rates of Violent Crime and Personal Theft, U.S., 2000.
Victimization per 1,000 persons age 12 or older
All Rape/ sexual
assault
Robbery Total assault Aggravated
assault
Simple
assault
Personal
theft
12-15 60.1 2.1 4.2 53.8 9.9 43.9 1.8
16-19 64.3 4.3 7.3 52.7 14.3 38.3 3.0
20-24 49.4 2.1 6.2 41.2 10.9 30.3 1.1*
25-34 34.8 1.3 3.9 29.5 6.8 22.7 1.5
35-49 21.8 0.8 2.7 18.4 4.7 13.7 0.9
50-64 13.7 0.4* 2.1 11.1 2.8 8.4 0.5*
65+ 3.7 0.1* 0.7* 2.9 0.9 2.0 1.2
* Based on 10 or fewer sample cases
Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics: National Crime Victimization Survey, 2001. Criminal Victimization
2000: Changes 1999-2000 with Trends 1993-2000. Available:
http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/pub/pdf/cvoo.pdf.
54
Table 5.6 displays crime victimization data for people who are 65 years old or older.
Property crimes are by far the most common type of crime experienced by this
population.
Table 5.6: Victimizations of Persons Age 65 or Older of Households with a Head of Household Age 65 or
Older, U.S., 1992-1997.
Average number per year, 1992-97 Percent
Total crimes 2,694,290 100.0%
Personal crimes 212,420 7.0%
Crimes of violence 166,330 6.2%
Murder 1,000 0.04%
Nonfatal violence 165,330 6.1%
Rape/sexual assault 3,280 0.12%
Robbery 40,950 1.5%
Total assault 121,100 4.5%
Aggravated assault 34,050 1.3%
Simple assault 87,050% 3.2%
Personal theft 46,090 1.7%
Property crimes 2,481,870 92.1%
Household burglary 623,790 23.2%
Motor vehicle theft 124,930 4.6%
Theft 1,733,160 64.3%
Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2000. Crimes against Persons Age 65 or Older, 1992-1997. Available:
http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/pub/pdf/cpa6597.pdf
Victimization rates from 1992 to 1997 are shown in Table 5.7. With the exception of
motor vehicle thefts, all categories of crime have fallen.
Table 5.7: Rates per 1,000 Persons or Households, by Type of Crime, U.S., 1992-97.
Rates per 1,000 persons or households
Type of crime and age of victim 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997
Total violence 52.4 55.1 54.3 47.5 43.9 41.0
65+ 5.3 6.0 5.3 6.0 4.8 4.5
Total personal theft 1.8 2.4 2.3 1.7 1.6 1.5
65+ 1.6 2.2 2.1 1.0 1.0 1.0
Total property crime 329.4 326.7 311.2 282.6 266.2 240.8
65+ 126.7 133.4 126.4 116.7 105.7 95.7
Total household burglary 59.3 60.7 55.1 48.0 48.2 44.2
65+ 35.1 34.4 33.1 26.3 25.6 22.8
Total motor vehicle theft 18.6 19.7 17.6 16.2 13.3 13.3
65+ 6.6 5.7 6.5 5.0 5.2 6.5
Total theft 251.6 246.3 238.5 218.4 204.8 183.2
65+ 85.0 93.3 86.8 85.4 74.9 66.4
Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2000. Crimes against Persons Age 65 or Older, 1992-1997. Available:
http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/pub/pdf/cpa6597.pdf
55
As might be expected, the elderly comprise a very small percentage of people
incarcerated in Arizona. Table 5.8 provides admission data for Arizona’s Department of
Corrections. Less than one percent of new admissions in fiscal year 1999 were over the
age of 60.
Table 5.8: Department of Corrections Admissions by Age and Gender for Fiscal Year
1999.
Male % Female % Total %
17 and under 160 1.3% 5 0.3% 165 1.2%
18-20 995 7.8% 62 3.9% 1,057 7.4%
21-24 1,844 14.5% 153 9.7% 1,998 14.0%
25-29 2,269 17.9% 310 19.7% 2,579 18.1%
30-34 2,256 17.8% 344 21.9% 2,600 18.2%
35-39 2,144 16.9% 322 20.5% 2,466 17.3%
40-44 1,507 11.9% 237 15.0% 1,744 12.2%
45-49 856 6.7% 102 6.5% 958 6.7%
50-54 362 2.9% 27 1.7% 389 2.7%
55-59 172 1.4% 9 0.6% 181 1.3%
60+ 125 1.0% 3 0.2% 138 0.9%
Total 12,690 100.0% 1,574 100.0% 16,264 100.0%
Source: Arizona Department of Corrections. 1999 Annual Report. Available:
http://www.adc.state.az.us/AR99/99Admission.htm
56
Recreation and Leisure
According to the Travel Industry Association of America (2000), mature travelers
defined as aged 55 and older, are just as financially sound as other age groups and have
the highest net worth of all age groups. Older individuals have more time available for
leisure activities and have more discretionary income since they no longer have the
expense of setting up a household or raising children. The mature traveler already
accounts for one-third of the domestic travel market. This market will increase over the
next two decades as the Baby Boomers age and begin to retire. Given these factors,
travel and leisure activities have a prominent role in the lives of the elderly.
Table 6.1 presents the rate of travel among various age groups.
Table 6.1: Incidence of Monthly Travel, on Average, by Age of Household Head, U.S.,
1999.
Age group Percent of traveling households
Total 30%
18-34 32%
35-54 32%
55-64 33%
65+ 25%
Source: Travel Industry Association of America, 2000. The Mature Traveler, 2000 Edition.
As shown in Table 6.2, several differences can be seen for mature travelers between 1994
and 1999. In 1999, travelers over the age of 55 were more likely to have completed
college, have an annual income over $75,000, have a higher median household income,
and own a cell phone and/or computer.
Table 6.2: Demographic Profile of Trips Taken by Mature Travelers*, U.S.
1994 1999
Household head age 55 to 64 45% 48%
Household head age 65+ 56% 52%
Have children in household 3% 7%
Have completed college or more 41% 48%
Have an annual household income of
$75,000 and over
17% 27%
Median annual household income $34,000 $45,100
Own a cellular phone 12% 39%
Own a personal computer 28% 51%
* Based on demographics of household or household head.
Source: Travel Industry Association of America, 2000. The Mature Traveler, 2000 Edition.
57
Table 6.3 provides information about the reasons for travel and activities conducted at
travel destinations. Mature travelers are more likely to travel for pleasure and visit
friends or relatives. Once the traveler arrives, mature travelers are more likely to visit
historical places or museums, attend a cultural event or festival, and gamble.
Table 6.3: Trip Characteristics by Total and Age Group, U.S., 1999.
Age group
Total 18-34 35-54 55+
Base = millions of trips 572.0 133.6 259.4 178.8
Primary Purpose of Trip
Pleasure travel (net) 59% 59% 53% 66%
Visit friends/relatives 36 39 31 42
Entertainment 15 12 14 17
Outdoor recreation 8 8 9 7
Business travel (net) 29% 30% 35% 20%
Business (unspecified) 21 23 26 11
Convention/Seminar 5 4 5 5
Combined business/Pleasure 4 4 4 4
Personal 9% 9% 9% 10%
Other 3% 2% 3% 4%
Activities at Destination*
Shopping 31% 33% 30% 29%
Outdoor activities 14 16 15 11
Historical laces/Museums 13 11 12 15
Beaches 8 9 9 7
National/State parks 8 9 8 8
Cultural events/Festivals 9 8 8 12
Theme/Amusement parks 6 8 7 4
Nightlife/Dancing 8 14 8 5
Gambling 8 6 7 11
Sports event 5 5 6 4
Golf/Tennis/Skiing 4 4 4 3
* Multiple responses allowed.
Source: Travel Industry Association of America, 2000. The Mature Traveler, 2000 Edition.
Table 6.4 takes another look at trip characteristics and makes a distinction between
travelers ages 55 to 64, junior mature travelers, and those who are 65 years old or older,
senior mature travelers. Senior mature travelers are more likely than their junior
counterparts to travel for pleasure and visit friends and relatives. They are more likely to
visit historical places or museums, attend a cultural event or festival, and gamble.
58
Table 6.4: Demographic Characteristics by Mature Age Group, U.S., 1999.
Age group
Total 55+ 55-64 65+
Base = millions of trips 178.8 86.2 92.6
Primary Purpose of Trip
Pleasure travel (net) 66% 61% 71%
Visit friends/relatives 42 37 46
Entertainment 17 16 19
Outdoor recreation 7 8 7
Business travel (net) 20% 26% 15%
Business (unspecified) 11 17 6
Convention/Seminar 5 5 5
Combined business/Pleasure 4 4 4
Personal 10% 9% 10%
Other 4% 4% 4%
Activities at Destination*
Shopping 29% 31% 28%
Historical places/Museums 15 14 16
Cultural events/Festivals 12 11 13
Gambling 11 11 12
Outdoor activities 11 13 9
National/State parks 8 8 8
Beaches 7 8 7
Nightlife/Dancing 5 6 4
Sports event 4 5 4
Theme/Amusement parks 4 5 3
Golf/Tennis/Skiing 3 4 3
* Multiple responses allowed.
Source: Travel Industry Association of America, 2000. The Mature Traveler, 2000 Edition.
According to the Recreation Roundtable’s annual survey, outdoor recreation has
increased among all age groups with the largest jump seen among those age 60 and over
(Table 6.5).
Table 6.5: Percentage Reporting Participating in Outdoor Activity at Least Monthly by
Age, U.S., 1999 and 2000.
1999 2000
Total 67% 78%
18-29 77% 86%
30-34 73% 86%
45-59 62% 73%
60+ 48% 62%
Source: The Recreation Roundtable, 2000. Outdoor Recreation in America 2000: Addressing Key Societal
Concerns. Available: http://www.funoutdoors.com/Rec00/index.html.
59
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