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Economic impact of aviation in Arizona

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Arizona Aviation System Plan ~ ~~_~ _
Prepared for the
Arizona Department of Transportation
Aeronautics Division
by
Arizona State University
College of Business
Tempe, AZ 85287
An Element of the
Continuous Aviation System
Planning Program
October 1999
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A viation is vital to the Arizona economy.
Air travel and airports play the same
role today as ships and seaports or
trains and railways in by- gone years. Just as sea-ports
formed the first settlements in America
and railroads opened the West, airports now
provide the essential linkages for Arizona's
people and commerce to
connect with the world. In
the future as in the past,
Arizona's economy rides the
wings of aviation.
Arizona's economic growth
in the past decade consis-tently
ranks the state among
the nation's leaders in new
residents and job creation.
Population in 1990s increased
by more than one third and
employment increased by a
striking 42 percent. Combined
passenger enplanements at
Phoenix Sky Harbor and Tucson International
airports increased by 46 percent in the same
period.
Suppliers of aviation goods and services create
jobs and income in their own right, on airports
and in the cities and towns across the state. For
example, airlines now employ more than twice
as many persons as copper mining, historically
a fundamental Arizona economic sector, and
aviation- related jobs in the state outnumber
those in the construction
industry.
If the economy can be
thought of as a machine
that produces goods
and services, then
aviation is the lubricant
that makes the gears
turn in the Grand
Canyon State.
If the economy can be thought of as a
machine that produces goods and services, then
aviation is the lubricant that makes the gears
turn in the Grand Canyon State.
Aviation and airports move more than just
people and cargo for business or personal travel.
Aviation's importance in the
dynamic growth of Arizona
in the second half of the
20th Century is unquestioned.
But, growth is a " two- edged
sword"; it produces economic
development, but it is not sus-tainable
without maintenance
of the infrastructure and
enhancement of the system to
meet future needs. We must
insure that resources are made
available to the system so it
can continue to grow and contribute to the
State's economy. It is estimated that more dollars
will be needed to just maintain the present sys-tem
than projected income from all the current
revenue sources. Now, as we look toward the
new millennium, it is essential that private and
public stakeholders in Arizona's future provide
for the infrastructure and develop aviation poli-cies
that will keep Arizona at the forefront of
global economic development.
2~ #
A viation's total impact on the Arizona
economy was $ 28.2 billion in 1998. The
jobs of more than 420,000 workers are
supported by or linked in some way to aviation.
These total impact figures include the influence
of " multiplier effects" that come into play as avi-ation
firms purchase goods and services and
make wage payments to Arizona employees.
The primary impact of aviation without
including multiplier effects was $ 15.1 billion
with 167,325 workers whose jobs involved
supplying or using aviation services. Arizona's
employees with aviation- related jobs received
$ 4.3 billion in wage payments in 1998.
PRIMARY
IMPACT
Economic Activity
$ 15.1 Billion
Employment
167,325 Jobs
Payroll
$ 4.3 Billion
INDUCED
IMPACT
Multiplier Effects
As spending by i
suppliers and users of i
aviation circulates in
Arizona's economy
TOTAL
IMPACT
Economic Activity
$ 28.2 Billion
Employment
420,847 Jobs
Payroll
$ 9.2 Billion
Arizona Aviation Total Economic Impact
( includes all multiplier effects)
Commercial Aviation
General Aviation
Aviation Education
Aerospace Manufacturing
Military Aviation
Air Travel
TOTAL
Payroll Economic Activity
Employment ($ Millions) ($ Millions)
75,081 1,782.4 5,635.3
22,329 476.4 1,466.0
7,965 90.9 249.2
99,664 3,043.9 9,429.4
30,641 741.3 2,386.0
185,167 3,016.0 9,007.1
420,847 9,150.9 28,173.0
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C ommercial aviation ranks among the
fastest- growing components of the
Arizona economy. The sector includes
firms and government agencies involved with
transporting people and cargo at Arizona's com-mercial
service airports.
In addition to scheduled air passenger service,
commercial aviation includes air freight,
overnight delivery services, and a myriad of
on- site support functions that allow airports
to operate smoothly and efficiently. Businesses
on airports provide goods and services for
passengers such as auto rental and other ground
transport, food services, retail products, and
parking. Other firms and agencies provide air-craft
fuel and maintenance and airport security.
The primary impact of Arizona's commercial
aviation as measured by combined revenues of
private firms and budgets of government agen-cies
was $ 3.6 billion in 1998. Employment in
these businesses and agencies was 29,432 with
payroll of $ 884.1 million.
Since 1990, the primary impact of commercial
aviation has increased two and one half times,
while employment in commercial aviation has
risen by more than one fourth.
The greatest economic impact of the
commercial aviation sector is created by airlines,
whose economic activity is $ 2.7 billion and
employment exceeds 15,000. Air carrier employ-ment
in Arizona has increased 65 percent since
1990.
Economic Impacts:
Commercial Aviation and Airports
Primary Impact
Employ- Payroll
ment ($ Millions)
Air Carriers 15,063 549.1
Air Cargo and
Courier Agents 1,627 46.1
Terminals
Delivery
Courier service
Airport Businesses 7,236 126.5
Auto rental
Airport shops
Food services
Parking
Security
Sky caps
Ground
Transportation 2,408 55.7
Taxis
Limo service
Van service
Govt. Services 588 27.2
Air traffic control
Other FAA
Customs
Postal service
Weather service
Airport Admin. 1,013 40.4
Airport Construction 1,497 39.1
Maintenance
Capital
improvements
TOTAL 29,432 884.1
Economic
Activity
($ Millions)
2,663.2
133.7
421.5
133.8
67.9
100.9
100.4
3,621.3
Total Impact
Economic
Employ- Payroll Activity
ment ($ Millions) ($ Millions)
50,731 1,237.9 4,047.7
3,044 73.6 237.0
12,090 258.6 775.4
4,281 93.1 236.3
1,117 33.9 110.4
1,747 35.8 111.8
2,071 49.4 116.7
75,081 1,782.4 5,635.3
4
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A rizona has over 5,000 general aviation
aircraft used by corporate, government,
tribal and private pilots for travel across
the state and throughout the nation. Arizona,
21st in population size, ranks 11th among all
states in number of private pilots and registered
general aviation aircraft.
General aviation aircraft are used for business
and recreational travel. Arizona records more
than three million general aviation operations
( take offs and landings) each year.
Over 10,500 Arizona workers have jobs direct-ly
related to general aviation. Economic activity
from general aviation aircraft owners and gen-eral
aviation airports was nearly $ 1 billion in
1998. After allowing for multiplier effects, the
total impact of general aviation was $ 1.5 billion.
Economic Impacts: General Aviation
Non- scheduled Carriers
Commuter
Unscheduled
Aircraft Sales and Service
Sales
Rentals
Parts
FBO service
Storage
Aerial Services
Agricultural
Photography/ maps
Primary Impact
Economic
Employ- Payroll Activity
ment ($ Millions) ( S Millions)
1,112 34.9 153.7
8,299 227.9 741.5
496 11.8 43.0
Government Services 248 10.4 26.0
Airport Administration 218 7.4 18.5
Construction 221 6.1 15.4
TOTAL 10,594 298.6 998.1
Total Impact
Economic
Employ- Payroll Activity
ment ($ Millions) ($ Millions)
3,025 71.9 229.8
16,737 351.1 1,085.5
1,456 26.0 72.2
370 11.0 35.7
277 5.6 17.3
463 10.9 25.5
22,329 476.4 1,466.0
5
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A rizona is a favored location for
aerospace research and manufacturing.
World- class firms including Allied-
Signal, Boeing, Honeywell and Raytheon com-pete
globally from sites in Arizona where they
enjoy unrivaled flying weather, a skilled labor
force and a tradition of aviation progress.
Arizona's aerospace manufacturing firms pro-duced
output valued at $ 4.4 billion in
1998. Although products were shipped across
the nation and around the globe, one out
of every four of these dollars stayed within
the Grand Canyon State as $ 1.4 billion of earn-ings
for Arizona aerospace workers. And
aerospace firms contribute more dollars to the
state economy as they purchase goods and serv-ices,
support community- based charities and pay
taxes.
Arizona's 26,936 aerospace workers are
among the highest paid among all workers
in the state, with average annual salaries exceed-ing
$ 50,000.
m J ~
The total impact of aerospace manufacturing
was $ 9.4 billion in 1998. Aerospace research and
manufacturing supports nearly 100,000 jobs in
the Arizona economy.
o.
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Economic Impacts: Aerospace Manufacturing
Primary Impact
Economic
Employ- Payroll Activity
ment ($ Millions) ($ Millions)
Aircraft & Parts 18,468 917.9 3,197.8
Missiles & Parts 8,448 446.4 1,235.6
TOTAL 26,936 1,364.3 4,433.4
Total Impact
Economic
Employ- Payroll Activity
ment ( S Millions) ( S Millions)
68,597 2,130.0 61,853.2
31,067 913.9 2,576.2
99,664 3,043.9 9,429.4
6
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T here are 21,886 persons employed at
military aviation bases or with the Air
National Guard throughout the state.
Military aviation accounts for $ 1.3 billion of
spending and over one half million dollars in
annual payrolls. The total economic impact of
military aviation is $ 2.4 billion, including all
multiplier effects.
Aviation Education
i n 1998 there were 1,324 persons working in
the field of aviation education, creating
primary economic activity of $ 94.3 million.
Arizona has an active aviation education com-munity.
Private and public organizations offer
opportunities ranging from basic flight training
to advanced theoretical courses at the post- grad-uate
level. Favorable flying weather and skilled
flight instructors at local airports make it possible
for people of all ages to experience the thrill and
advantages of travel by general aviation aircraft.
Those seeking a complete foundation in aviation
theory or wishing to pursue a career in aviation
engineering or administration can select courses
of study at the state's universities or Embry-
Riddle Aeronautical University.
Economic Impacts: Aviation Education
Primary Impact
Economic
Employ- Payroll Activity
ment ( S Millions) ( S Millions)
1,324 $ 37.7 $ 94.3
Total Impact
Economic
Employ- Payroll Activity
ment ( S Millions) ( S Millions)
7,965 $ 90.9 $ 249.2
7
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A rizona's resorts, scenery and thriving
economy attracted some seven million
visitors who traveled to the state by
commercial air carrier in 1998. An additional one
million persons arrived on private general avia-tion
aircraft. Air visitors came to the state to see
relatives, to play golf or relax in the sunshine, to
participate in conventions or meet business
clients, or as spectators at events such as the
Fiesta Bowl. Whatever the purpose of their trav-el,
visitors to Arizona found a modern aviation
system in place to meet their travel needs.
Air travelers and tourists spent $ 4.5 billion in
Arizona in 1998, creating 77,000 jobs in lodging,
retailing, and the service sector, including travel
agencies. Air traveler dollars recirculated in the
economy to create a total economic impact of $ 9
billion.
J
Economic Impacts: Air Travelers and Tourists
Primary Impact Total Impact
Travel Agencies
Economic
Employ- Payroll Activity
ment ( S Millions) ($ Millions)
3,052 62.0 131.8
Air Passengers
Lodging 30,449 535.9 1,501.9
Food and drink 28,081 344.7 1,413.5
Retail 6,144 108.8 750.9
Transportation 2,246 43.8 441.7
Entertainment 7,180 87.6 309.2
TOTAL 77,153 1,182.8 4, 549.1
Economic
Employ- Payroll Activity
ment ( S Millions) ( S Millions)
3,234 83.8 281.36
73,211 1,150.7 3,035.5
47,011 688.4 2,729.3
29,582 533.5 1,493.4
15,567 369.0 852.5
16,562 190.7 615.0
185,167 3,016.0 9,007.1
8
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A viation creates jobs and income for
Arizona residents while stimulating
economic development in the state.
Moreover, aviation " pays its way" as a source of
tax dollars, creating income, sales and special
aviation tax revenues. The largest source of tax
revenues was sales tax collections from spending
by suppliers and users of aviation services.
Income taxes on payroll earned was the second
largest source of revenues.
Most of these tax dollars are returned
to the general fund of state government or to
local governments for education and public serv-ices.
Of the total collections of one half billion
dollars, only $ 17 million is allocated to aviation
through the budget of the Aeronautics Division
of the Arizona Department of Transportation.
Tax Revenues From Aviation Activity: $ 586.1 Million
Lieu Tax,
Registration Flight
and Other Property Tax
. . . . . . . $ 17.7 Mil.
Avia
Sales Tax
$ 305.1 Mil.
Income Tax
$ 242.9 Mil.
9
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T he 1998 Arizona aviation impact study
was developed based on a methodology
recommended by the Federal Aviation
Administration and is consistent in approach
with earlier studies dating back to 1980. All pre-vious
studies used multipliers from the Regional
Input Output Modeling System ( RIMS) of the U. S.
Department of Commerce and all were based on
employment figures by Standard Industrial
Classification ( SIC) code as provided by the
Arizona Department of Economic Security. Thus,
the studies are comparable and can be used to
show a strong pattern of growth of the impact
of aviation in Arizona.
Arizona Aviation Employment
The first phase of data collection for the study
involved identifying aviation related employ-ment
sectors state wide and compiling 1998
employment and payroll for these sectors. The
employment figures are shown in the accompa-nying
table.
Not all types of aviation employment are
available as a separate SIC category from the
Arizona Department of Economic Security.
These sectors were estimated as follows: airport
businesses ( retail, food service, auto rental, secu-rity)
and ground transportation were computed
using ratios of employees/ passenger from report-ed
data at Arizona commercial service airports;
airport construction payroll was computed as
40 percent of total reported construction outlays
and employment was estimated based on
county average construction wage; air traveler
employment in lodging, retail, food services, etc.
was estimated from figures made available by
the Arizona Office of Tourism by county and
summed to a statewide total. Payroll figures for
each employment category were from the
Arizona Department of Economic Security.
Arizona Aviation Employment: 1998
Category
Aerospace Manufacturing
Military Aviation
Air Carriers
Airport Businesses*
Rental & Charter
Ground Transportation
. Airport Administration
Airport Construction*
Air Cargo/ Couriers
Aviation Education
• Fueling
Aerial Services
Subtotal
Air Travelers*
.._ TOTAL
* Estimated
Source: Arizona Department of Economic Security.
Workers
26,936
21,886
16,175
7,236
3,959
2,408
2,067
1,718
1,627
1,324
973
496
90,172
77,153
167,325
10
Aviation Economic Activity
Economic activity is a measure of total
revenue flows for private businesses, or total
budget for government agencies. Published
information on value of output was used to
compile economic activity figures for the aero-space
sector. Air carrier revenues in Arizona
were based on annual reports and passenger
activity at commercial service airports. Arizona
military bases provided their economic impact
figures for use in this study. Ratios of economic
activity to payroll as published from survey
data for Arizona airports were used to estimate
economic activity for on- airport businesses
including FBO firms and other aviation related
employers. Airport construction and budget
figures were obtained from a survey of Arizona
airport managers.
Expenditures for commercial air travelers in
Arizona as compiled by the Arizona Office
of Tourism were used to represent economic
activity for each spending category ( lodging,
retail goods and services, transportation, enter-tainment).
Expenditures by general aviation
travelers were compiled through surveys of 800
visitors who arrived via GA aircraft at Arizona
airports during 1998. State- wide, the average
Arizona airline visitor stayed 3.5 days, according
to the Arizona Office of Tourism, and spent $ 111
per day. General aviation visitors were grouped
into two components. GA travel parties who did
not stay overnight spent an average of $ 68 per
trip while overnight travel parties spent an
average $ 555 per trip.
Multiplier Analysis
To obtain the statewide induced and total
economic impact of the various aviation sectors,
detailed Regional Input- Output Modeling
System multipliers from the U. S. Department
of Commerce were used for Arizona, with
separate multipliers for employment, earnings
and economic activity. For example, multiplier
impacts for commercial aviation required
separate RIMS multipliers for commercial air car-riers,
air cargo, airport service businesses, airport
retail and food service businesses, airport admin-istration,
airport construction, etc. ; for general
aviation an additional 30 separate multiplier
were used for non- scheduled airlines, aircraft
maintenance services, fuel services, aircraft
sales, etc; appropriate multipliers were used for
aerospace, military, and aviation education. Air
travel and tourism multipliers were used for
each spending category such as retail, eating
and drinking places, entertainment, etc. Thus,
there is not one " multiplier" which is associated
with the economic impact of aviation. Because
suppliers and users of aviation include a myriad
of sectors, firms, and agencies, there are many
multipliers required to compute the induced
jobs, earnings and economic activity associated
with aviation in Arizona.
Impact by County
Aviation impact by county was computed
by combining multiple sources of data. The
major components of Arizona's aviation eco-nomic
impact are commercial aviation, general
aviation, aviation education, air travelers, aero-space
manufacturing and military aviation.
Arizona Department of Economic Security data
on employment by sector by county were used
to identify the presence of each aviation impact
component in each county. Not all counties have
aerospace manufacturing or commercial avia-tion,
but all counties do have general aviation
airports and are visited by air travelers. The
impact of aerospace, military, and aviation edu-cation
were allocated to counties based on
employment. The impact of air travelers was
allocated based on two measures. Those coun-ties
with commercial service record spending by
visitors that arrive directly in the county by air
carrier, but all counties also receive visitors that
arrive at Phoenix Sky Harbor Airport and Tucson
International Airport. Spending from these
visitors was allocated by county using estimates
from the Arizona Office of Tourism for air
traveler spending in counties. A final source of
information for county impact was the impact of
individual airports within the county. Therefore,
it should be noted that aviation's impact by
county does include the impact of each airport,
but may be larger depending on the presence of
aviation education, aerospace manufacturing,
airline visitors that arrived at a major urban air-port,
or military aviation.
Arizona Aviation Economic Impact by County: 1998
County
Apache
Cochise
Coconino
Gila
Graham
Greenlee
LaPaz
Maricopa
Mohave
Navajo
Pima
Pinal
Santa Cruz
Yavapai
Yuma
Employment Payroll ($ Mil) EconomiAc ctivity ($ Mil)
Direct -- on airport 76 2.2 6.9
Indirect -- air travelers 315 4.8 18.5
Primary 391 7.0 25.5
Induced 563 9.0 22.5
Total 954 16.0 48.0
Direct -- on airport 419 11.9 38.6
Indirect -- air travelers 1,053 16.1 62.0
Primary 1,472 28.0 100.6
Induced 2,136 33.9 84.7
Total 3,608 61.9 185.3
Direct -- on airport 1,653 48.9 188.9
Indirect -- air travelers 6,125 93.9 360.7
Primary 7,778 142.9 549.7
induced 11,200 190.9 464.5
Total 18,978 333.8 1,014.2
Direct -- on airport 106 3.0 9.6
Indirect -- air travelers 546 8.4 32.1
Primary 652 11.4 41.8
Induced 934 15.1 37.6
Total 1,586 26.5 79.4
Direct -- on airport 33 0.9 3.0
Indirect -- air travelers 119 1.8 7.0
Primary 152 2.8 10.0
Induced 219 3.5 8.7
Total 371 6.3 18.7
Direct -- on airport 21 0.6 1.9
Indirect -- air travelers 117 1.8 6.9
Primary 138 2.4 8.8
Induced 198 3.2 8.0
Total 336 5.6 16.8
Direct -- on airport 88 2.5 8.0
Indirect -- air travelers 242 3.7 14.3
Primary 331 6.2 22.3
Induced 478 7.6 19.0
Total 809 13.8 41.3
Direct -- on airport 30,678 912.1 3,590.5
Indirect -- air travelers 47,292 724.7 2,787.1
Aerospace Mfg. 23,973 1,214.2 3,945.7
Military 7,267 173.0 402.5
Primary 109,210 3,024.0 10,725.8
Induced 180,816 3,547.7 9,533.7
Total 290,026 6,571.7 20,259.5
Direct -- on airport 593 17.2 60.5
Indirect -- air travelers 1,799 27.5 106.0
Primary 2,391 44.7 166.5
Induced 3,456 57.1 140.2
Total 5,847 101.8 306.7
Direct -- on airport 113 3.2 10.2
Indirect -- air travelers 1,221 18.7 72.0
Primary 1,334 21.9 82.2
Induced 1,897 31.4 77.3
Total 3,231 53.3 159.5
Direct -- on airport 4,155 122.6 468.3
Indirect -- air travelers 12,997 199.2 766.0
Aerospace Mfg. 2,694 136.4 443.4
Military 8,359 263.3 608.8
Primary 28,205 721.5 2,286.5
Induced 37,545 662.8 1,993.4
Total 65,750 1,384.3 4,279.9
Direct -- on airport 1,468 41.6 132.9
Indirect -- air travelers 1,041 15.9 61.0
Primary 2,509 57.5 193.9
Induced 3,748 54.9 141.8
Total 6,257 112.4 335.7
Direct -- on airport 75 2.1 6.8
Indirect -- air travelers 464 7.1 27.4
Primary 540 9.3 34.2
Induced 772 12.6 31.2
Total 1,312 21.9 65.4
Direct -- on airport 1,577 42.9 129.6
Indirect -- air travelers 2,630 40.2 154.8
Aerospace Mfg. 269 13.6 44.3
Primary 4,475 96.7 328.7
Induced 5,080 85.6 221.9
Total 9, 555 182.3 550.6
Direct -- on airport 294 8.6 30.7
Indirect -- air travelers 1,232 18.9 72.6
Military 6,260 133.7 334.3
Primary 7,786 161.1 437.6
Induced 3,544 87.1 348.0
Total 11,330 248.2 785.6
Aviation Activity
Operations: 19,200
Based Aircraft: 33
Operations: 171,565
Based Aircraft: 151
Enplanements: 9,822
Operations: 245,690
Based Aircraft: 233
Enplanements: 578,938
Operations: 27,000
Based Aircraft: 35
Operations: 14,500
Based Aircraft: 28
Operations: 7,300
Based Aircraft: 2
Operations: 24,000
Based Aircraft: 25
Operations: 2,018,714
Based Aircraft: 3,277
Enplanements: 15,992,591
Operations: 130,583
Based Aircraft: 453
Enplanements: 43,520
Operations: 62,800
Based Aircraft: 88
Enplanements: 2,000
Operations: 512,443
Based Aircraft: 825
Enplanements: 1,735,088
Operations: 98,500
Based Aircraft: 104
Operations: 23,000
Based Aircraft: 28
Operations: 412,915
Based Aircraft: 429
Enplanements: 8,366
Operations: 106,108
Based Aircraft: 86
Enplanements: 68,800
] 12
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A rizona's citizens are served by more
than 100 public use airports and 13
commercial service airports.
Airports create economic benefits by provid-ing
aviation- related activity on and off the
airport. Both the private sector and government
agencies are typically represented on Arizona's
airports.
General aviation airports have one or more
fixed base operators who provide maintenance
and service for aircraft. Larger or more complex
aircraft require a broad range of sophisticed
technical services as well as basics such as fuel
and storage. Airports frequently are home to
firms that provide flight training, aircraft parts,
aircraft sales and rental, and charter services.
Government agencies include the airport admin-istration
and usually, but not always, an airport
tower. Airports may provide a base for police,
fire and air ambulance units, which also serve
the local community. Larger airports have well
trained emergency response units. Airports in
Arizona often serve such important public serv-ice
agencies as the weather bureau, customs
agents, public safety, forest fire control and the
immigration service.
Commercial service airports have all the busi-nesses
found at general aviation airports and in
addition, there will be airline offices and more
extensive terminal businesses, such as auto
rental, retail and food services. Larger airports
often have air freight and courier services and
many have industrial employers that have locat-ed
on the airport for testing or ready access to
air cargo facilities. For example, the estimated
on- airport employment at Phoenix Sky Harbor
Airport is 23,655 workers with an additional
13,233 aviation- related jobs off the airport.
Many successful airports in Arizona have devel-oped
airparks on airport land where tenants
have access to runways and both scheduled and
unscheduled air service, and these sites may have
several thousand employees in a range of busi-nesses.
The combined primary economic impact ( no
multiplier effects) of Arizona's commercial serv-ice
and general aviation airports was $ 4.6 billion
in 1998, with over 40,000 aviation related jobs.
The accompanying table shows the economic
impact of Arizona airports, along with 1998
aviation activity measures ( based aircraft, opera-tions
and passenger enplanements). The ( direct)
on- airport impact was compiled from a survey of
airport managers who reported on- airport eco-nomic
data as well as airport activity. Average
capital improvement outlays for the past five
years were incorporated to provide an estimate
of the impact of airport construction on employ-ment
and spending. The ( indirect) impact of
visitor spending for each airport combines
spending by general aviation visitors with
commercial airline visitors. ( For those airports
with no commercial service, the entire visitor
spending impact is from GA travelers.) The
primary economic impact combines direct and
indirect impacts before multiplier effects. The
total economic impact includes primary and
induced or second round spending, and shows
the impact of each airport on its service area.
13
Arizona Aviation Impact by Airport
( payroll and economic activity in dollars)
Aviation Activity Direct On- Airport Impact Indirect Off- Airport Impact Primary Economic Impact
Measures ( including construction spending of Visitor Spending ( no multiplier effects)
Based Enplane- Employ- Economic Employ- Economic Employ- Economic
~ irport Opns. A/ C ments ment Payroll Activity ment Payroll Activity ment Payroll Activity
Ajo Municipal 1,500 5 3 70,148 168,887 1 17,926 68,948 4 88,074 237,835
Avra Valley Municipal 86,000 330 88 1,714,477 6,362,538 39 466,501 1,974,060 127 2,180,978 8,336,598
Bisbee Municipal 14,000 13 15 266,746 963,237 1 20,358 78,300 16 287,104 1,041,537
Bisbee- Douglas Intl. 25,650 24 3 51,127 178,537 7 116,563 448,320 10 167,690 626,857
Buckeye Municipal 150,000 60 21 533,196 1,318,998 1 17,750 68,268 22 550,945 1,387,266
Casa Grande Municipal 73,500 79 22 462,108 1,454,256 5 75,279 289,536 27 537,387 1,743,792
Chandler Municipal 196,716 308 111 3,014,753 6,836,809 7 113,757 437,528 118 3,128,511 7,274,337
Cochise College 20,000 14 3 52,116 181,454 1 1,916 7,368 4 54,032 188,822
Cochise County 8,200 21 3 58,078 197,538 3 42,453 163,280 6 100,393 360,204
Colorado City 4,000 10 7 107,688 366,821 2 23,666 91,024 9 131.354 457,845
Coolidge Municipal 5,000 2 7 139,987 434,935 1 5,881 22,620 8 145,868 457,555
Cottonwood Municipal 21,000 26 11 211,730 614,363 14 223,567 859,872 25 435,296 1,474,235
Douglas Municipal 10,000 29 13 227,906 746,866 8 124.235 477,828 21 352,141 1,224,694
Eloy Municipal 20.000 23 59 1,260,755 4,077,672 5 83,621 321,620 64 1,344,376 4,399,292
Flagstaff Pulliam 44,864 140 39,573 108 1,994,639 6,754,432 167 2,630,172 10,116,047 275 4,624,811 16,870,479
Glendale Municipal 115,056 235 118 3,044.330 7,564,560 4 61,840 237,848 122 3,106,170 7,802,408
Grand Canyon Natl. Park 164,479 47 512,365 505 9,298,469 33,337,028 279 4.379,438 16,843,993 784 13,677,907 50,181,021
HA Clark 3,800 8 21 392,020 1,221,266 1 10,843 41,704 22 402,863 1,262,970
Holbrook Municipal 15,000 18 6 118,361 315,797 1 20,767 79,872 7 139,128 395,669
Kingman 34,000 160 3,500 74 1,238,044 4,785,559 18 282,157 1,085,220 92 1,520,201 5,870,779
Lake Havasu City Mun. 46,000 221 9,633 54 897,711 3,451,000 52 810,482 3,117,239 106 1,708,193 6,568,239
Laughlin/ Bullhead Intl. 46,583 62 30,387 116 1,860,939 6,769,001 294 4,627,246 17,797,100 410 6,488,185 24,566,101
Mesa Falcon Field 220,969 867 5,950 290,543,100 595,971,169 49 835,200 2,621,600 5,999 291,378,300 598,592,769
Nogales International 23,000 28 25 372,266 1,456,354 24 371,841 1,430,156 49 744,106 2,886,510
Page Municipal 32,547 38 27,000 84 1,544,069 5,680,501 73 1,144.027 4,400,102 157 2,688,096 10,080,604
Payson Municipal 27,000 35 61 1,309,706 3,901,609 28 270,215 1,182,020 89 1,579,922 5,083,629
Phoenix Deer Valley 266,000 925 168 4,733,000 12,871,000 80 1,253,720 4,822,000 248 5,986,720 17,693,000
Phoenix Goodyear 103,795 156 652 33,016,119 48,820,373 20 318,699 1,225,765 672 33,334,818 50,046,138
Phoenix Sky Harbor Intl. 594,053 242 15,984.591 36,937 1,164,294,701 4,900,533,827 54,615 858,817,293 3,303,143,434 91,552 2,023,111,994 8,203,677,261
Prescott - Love Field 349,915 300 8,366 282 5,227,981 18,642,160 33 523,008 2.011,568 315 5,750,989 20,653,729
5afford Municipal 14,500 28 *
( ottsdale Municipal** 208,464 405 8,000 192 4,727,537 12,598,192 56 887,484 3,413,400 248 5,615,021 16,011,592
; edona 42,000 103 76 1,080,027 4,795,386 28 356,871 1,578,148 104 1,436,898 6,373,534
; how Low Municipal 19,000 40 2,000 70 1,448.527 4,385,667 56 884,411 3,401,580 126 2,332,938 7,787,247
; ierra Vista Municipal 93,715 50 9,822 43 782,171 2,526,568 36 564,367 2,170,644 79 1,346,539 4,697,212
; pringerville Municipal 4,200 15 20 392,854 1,173,610 2 27,429 105,496 22 420,283 1,279,106
St. Johns Municipal 15,000 18 12 234,344 638,642 7 108,728 418,184 19 343,072 1,056,826
Taylor Municipal 1,800 15 15 313,528 918,496 2 32,529 125,112 17 346,057 1,043,608
Tucson International ** 266,641 260 1,735,088 474 10,592,800 31,088,320 5,663 89,050,377 342,501,451 6,137 99,643,177 373,589,771
Tucson Ryan Field 158,302 230 43 969,230 2,530,514 3 53,296 204,984 46 1,022.526 2,735,498
Wickenburg Municipal 8,253 36 27 671,194 1,861,359 6 88,218 339,300 33 759,412 2,200,659
Williams Gateway 155,408 43 617 19,992,127 55,362,917 41 674,037 2,758,478 658 20,666,164 58,121,395
Winslow Municipal 27,000 15 46 965,224 3,011,291 6 97,506 375,024 52 1,062,730 3,386,315
Yuma International 106,108 86 68,800 375 10,658,116 38,174,517 597 6,121.532 24,807,222 972 16,779,648 62,981,739
Notes:
On- airport category includes aviation- related businesses, government agencies and construction based on five year average.
Some airport activity measures include industrial employers or users of aviation services with on- airport facilities.
* Figures for Safford Municipal calculated and provided by City of Safford. ** Impact may be understated because not all on- airport employers participated in the survey.
Total Economic Impact
( including multiplier effects)
Employ- Economic
ment Payroll Activity
9 176,452 490,713
234 4,885,715 14,175,260
33 692,336 2,087,158
25 407,263 1,248,929
45 949,405 2,800,921
58 1,155,940 3,491,961
246 5,133,215 14,806,091
7 129,086 378,798
13 243,096 724,633
18 358,260 958,931
15 312,154 923,058
59 1,030,286 2,992,935
46 852.100 2,483,411
135 2,793,690 8,715,428
640 11,488,218 33,734,065
254 5,338,929 19,942,612
1,305 25,160,072 75,158,340
44 936,144 2,605,156
15 296,497 818, 629
198 3,928,401 11,784,528
241 4,403,719 13,136,206
1,760 29,500,000 81,706,000
16,629 407,100,000 866,700,000
112 2,007,804 5,852,805
358 6,591,278 20,047,371
132 1,990, 540 8,067, 518
269 6,963.000 23,054,000
1,507 53,498,000 123,810,000
263,416 5,349,197,000 16,174,679,000
666 13,760,099 41,359,031
85 1,700,000 18,300,000
1,669 49,400,000 119,600,000
185 2,461,225 12,167,060
287 5,202.286 15,624,955
178 3,343,365 9,519,250
45 933,968 2,627,574
41 763,041 2,164,334
36 736,561 2,124,244
25,306 561,973,228 1,703,243,958
96 1,991,588 5,614,880
72 1,442,231 4,394.112
1,220 35,072,132 114,796,513
111 2,274,458 6,803,966
1,861 29,288,000 102,243,000
~ F
/ l _.', mid
A rizona ranks among the leaders in pop-ulation
gains and employment growth.
But in the past fifteen years, aviation in
Arizona has grown even more rapidly.
Between 1983 and 1998, Arizona's popula-tion
increased by 61 percent, second in the
nation only behind Nevada. The impact of avia-tion,
rose to $ 28.2 billion from $ 16.9 billion ( in
1998 dollars), an increase of 66%. These results
suggest that aviation responds strongly not only
to population growth, but other changes in the
economy as well, including industry mix and
technological change.
Arizona Population
61o/
Aviation Economic Impact
2,914,400
i
~ P 66 °/~
4,668,631 $ 28.2 Billion // $ 16.9 Billion //
1983 1998 1983 1998
Arizona's Future RIdes on Aviation
15
E conomic development in Arizona depends
on aviation. Suppliers of aviation services
move cargo and passengers in and out of
the state and around the globe. The state's posi-tion
as a leader in job creation and population
gains is linked to continued expansion of the
reach of Arizona commerce.
While Arizona's population is forecast to
increase 20% by the year 2010, passenger traffic
at Arizona airports is projected to rise by more
than 70%.
The total impact of aviation on the state will
exceed $ 40 billion by 2010 with over 650,000
jobs linked in some way to the supply or use of
aviation services.
I
1998 2005 2010 2020
Economic Economic Economic Economic
Employ- Activity Employ- Activity Employ- Activity Employ- Activity
ment ($ 1998 Mil) ment ($ 1998 Mil) ment ($ 1998 Mil) merit ($ 1998 Mil)
COMMERCIAL AVIATION
Air Carriers 50,731 4,047.7 66,759 5,326.5 76,271 6,085.5 99,555 7,943.3
Air Cargo 3,044 237.0 4,006 311.9 4,576 356.3 5,974 465.1
Airport Businesses 12,090 775.4 15,910 1,020.4 18,177 1,165.8 23,726 1,521.7
Ground Trans. 4,281 236.3 5,634 311.0 ,436 355.3 8,401 463.7
Govt. Services 1,117 110.4 1,470 145.3 1,679 166.0 2,192 216.7
Airport Admin. 1,747 111.8 2,299 147.1 2,627 168.1 3,428 219.4
Airport Construction 2,071 116.7 2,725 153.6 3,114 175.5 4,064 229.0
GENERAL AVIATION
Nonscheduled Carriers 3,025 229.8 3,570 271.1 3,962 301.0 4,794 364.2
Aircraft Sales/ Service 16,737 1,085.5 19,750 1,280.9 21,922 1,421.8 26,526 1,720.3
Aerial Services 1,456 72.2 1,718 85.2 1,907 94.6 2,307 114.4
Government Services 370 35.7 437 42.1 485 46.8 587 56.6
Airport Admin. 277 17.3 327 20.4 363 22.7 440 27.5
Construction 463 25.5 547 30.1 607 33.4 734 40.4
Aviation Education 7,965 249.2 9,956 311.5 11,549 361.3 15,130 473.4
Air Travelers 185,167 9,007.1 243,667 11,852.7 344,257 16,745.7 449,352 21,857.9
Aerospace
Manufacturing 99,664 9,429.4 118,469 11,209.0 137,338 12,994.0 184,571 17,463.0
Military Aviation 30,641 2,386.0 30,641 2,386.0 30,641 2,386.0 30,641 2,386.0
TOTALS 420,847 28,173.0 527,883 34,904.3 665,911 42,879.3 862,422 55,562.0
16
dADOT
Mary E. Peters, Director
Arizona Department of Transportation
Gary Adams, Director
Aeronautics Division
College of Business
Lee McPheters, Project Director
Robin Sobotta- Douglas, Research Associate
Colleen M. Crosby, Graphic Designer
Photos courtesy of City of Phoenix, City of Glendale, Mike Eller, Robin Sobotta- Douglas,
Colleen M. Crosby, Boeing and Scenic Airlines.

Description

TITLE	Economic impact of aviation in Arizona
CREATOR	Arizona State University. Bureau of Business and Economic Research.
SUBJECT	Aeronautics--Economic aspects--Arizona;
Browse Topic	Transportation
DESCRIPTION	20 pages (PDF version) File size: 8502.981 KB. Brochure. Prepared for Federal Aviation Administration and Arizona Department of Transportation by Bureau of Business and Economic Research, College of Business, Arizona State University.
Language	English
Contributor	Arizona. Dept. of Transportation.
Publisher	Arizona State University. Bureau of Business and Economic Research.
TYPE	Text
Material Collection	State Documents
Acquisition Note	Publication or link to publication sent to reports@lib.az.us
RIGHTS MANAGEMENT	Copyright to this resource is held by the creating agency and is provided here for educational purposes only. It may not be downloaded, reproduced or distributed in any format without written permission of the creating agency. Any attempt to circumvent the access controls placed on this file is a violation of United States and international copyright laws, and is subject to criminal prosecution.
DATE ORIGINAL	1999-10
Time Period	1990s (1990-1999)
ORIGINAL FORMAT	Born digital
Source Identifier	TRT 3.2:A 84 E 25
Location	ocm19763816
DIGITAL IDENTIFIER	ECON_IMPACT_BROCHURE.pdf
DIGITAL FORMAT	PDF (Portable Document Format)
REPOSITORY	Arizona State Library. Archives and Public Records--Law and Research Library.
File Size	8502.981 KB
Full Text	t'~ -, A \ ' / ' .-. - - , ' ~ ' ,-, / • 4- I_ AS VEGAS INTl. I. as Vegas I State of Arizona Existing Commercial Service \ \ L KJr~ man ,'~- ~ o~_ P~- AirportsI I PAGE MUN1 / ; Page , J ~\ / f • ~ . e LOVE FIELD LAKE HAV~ SU CITY I.. ~ ~ J l J f . J LOSA NGELESIN TL~ h, Los Angees ~ '~ qJMAIN TL Yuma 8.5~ f \ LEGEND ~ Large Hub ( Over 1% of US Enp~ 3nements) Medium Hub ( 0.25% to 1% of US ~ ~ II, I ~ Small Hub ( 005% to 0.25% of US E ~ ~ • Non- Hub ( 10.000 to 0.05% of US E ~ ~ Other Commerc= at Servce ( less man 10 000 ~ ! . i; I ... . f j • ~ / I p /. L ---... ~ k f j Tucso, q " ~ STA MUNT I ._/ / F / . J-- 20 0 20 40 i T ~ P',,,,.. ~ j D ~ - ~ T~ J Arizona Aviation System Plan ~ ~~_~ _ Prepared for the Arizona Department of Transportation Aeronautics Division by Arizona State University College of Business Tempe, AZ 85287 An Element of the Continuous Aviation System Planning Program October 1999 " , b . t f" I- J- ,- Bjw= IL A viation is vital to the Arizona economy. Air travel and airports play the same role today as ships and seaports or trains and railways in by- gone years. Just as sea-ports formed the first settlements in America and railroads opened the West, airports now provide the essential linkages for Arizona's people and commerce to connect with the world. In the future as in the past, Arizona's economy rides the wings of aviation. Arizona's economic growth in the past decade consis-tently ranks the state among the nation's leaders in new residents and job creation. Population in 1990s increased by more than one third and employment increased by a striking 42 percent. Combined passenger enplanements at Phoenix Sky Harbor and Tucson International airports increased by 46 percent in the same period. Suppliers of aviation goods and services create jobs and income in their own right, on airports and in the cities and towns across the state. For example, airlines now employ more than twice as many persons as copper mining, historically a fundamental Arizona economic sector, and aviation- related jobs in the state outnumber those in the construction industry. If the economy can be thought of as a machine that produces goods and services, then aviation is the lubricant that makes the gears turn in the Grand Canyon State. If the economy can be thought of as a machine that produces goods and services, then aviation is the lubricant that makes the gears turn in the Grand Canyon State. Aviation and airports move more than just people and cargo for business or personal travel. Aviation's importance in the dynamic growth of Arizona in the second half of the 20th Century is unquestioned. But, growth is a " two- edged sword"; it produces economic development, but it is not sus-tainable without maintenance of the infrastructure and enhancement of the system to meet future needs. We must insure that resources are made available to the system so it can continue to grow and contribute to the State's economy. It is estimated that more dollars will be needed to just maintain the present sys-tem than projected income from all the current revenue sources. Now, as we look toward the new millennium, it is essential that private and public stakeholders in Arizona's future provide for the infrastructure and develop aviation poli-cies that will keep Arizona at the forefront of global economic development. 2~ # A viation's total impact on the Arizona economy was $ 28.2 billion in 1998. The jobs of more than 420,000 workers are supported by or linked in some way to aviation. These total impact figures include the influence of " multiplier effects" that come into play as avi-ation firms purchase goods and services and make wage payments to Arizona employees. The primary impact of aviation without including multiplier effects was $ 15.1 billion with 167,325 workers whose jobs involved supplying or using aviation services. Arizona's employees with aviation- related jobs received $ 4.3 billion in wage payments in 1998. PRIMARY IMPACT Economic Activity $ 15.1 Billion Employment 167,325 Jobs Payroll $ 4.3 Billion INDUCED IMPACT Multiplier Effects As spending by i suppliers and users of i aviation circulates in Arizona's economy TOTAL IMPACT Economic Activity $ 28.2 Billion Employment 420,847 Jobs Payroll $ 9.2 Billion Arizona Aviation Total Economic Impact ( includes all multiplier effects) Commercial Aviation General Aviation Aviation Education Aerospace Manufacturing Military Aviation Air Travel TOTAL Payroll Economic Activity Employment ($ Millions) ($ Millions) 75,081 1,782.4 5,635.3 22,329 476.4 1,466.0 7,965 90.9 249.2 99,664 3,043.9 9,429.4 30,641 741.3 2,386.0 185,167 3,016.0 9,007.1 420,847 9,150.9 28,173.0 2: , ~) 11i~ ~ --- . ' . ~\/ .'" ~ , , i ' ~ . _ _ . _ _ . T C£_ Q . Q 3 C ommercial aviation ranks among the fastest- growing components of the Arizona economy. The sector includes firms and government agencies involved with transporting people and cargo at Arizona's com-mercial service airports. In addition to scheduled air passenger service, commercial aviation includes air freight, overnight delivery services, and a myriad of on- site support functions that allow airports to operate smoothly and efficiently. Businesses on airports provide goods and services for passengers such as auto rental and other ground transport, food services, retail products, and parking. Other firms and agencies provide air-craft fuel and maintenance and airport security. The primary impact of Arizona's commercial aviation as measured by combined revenues of private firms and budgets of government agen-cies was $ 3.6 billion in 1998. Employment in these businesses and agencies was 29,432 with payroll of $ 884.1 million. Since 1990, the primary impact of commercial aviation has increased two and one half times, while employment in commercial aviation has risen by more than one fourth. The greatest economic impact of the commercial aviation sector is created by airlines, whose economic activity is $ 2.7 billion and employment exceeds 15,000. Air carrier employ-ment in Arizona has increased 65 percent since 1990. Economic Impacts: Commercial Aviation and Airports Primary Impact Employ- Payroll ment ($ Millions) Air Carriers 15,063 549.1 Air Cargo and Courier Agents 1,627 46.1 Terminals Delivery Courier service Airport Businesses 7,236 126.5 Auto rental Airport shops Food services Parking Security Sky caps Ground Transportation 2,408 55.7 Taxis Limo service Van service Govt. Services 588 27.2 Air traffic control Other FAA Customs Postal service Weather service Airport Admin. 1,013 40.4 Airport Construction 1,497 39.1 Maintenance Capital improvements TOTAL 29,432 884.1 Economic Activity ($ Millions) 2,663.2 133.7 421.5 133.8 67.9 100.9 100.4 3,621.3 Total Impact Economic Employ- Payroll Activity ment ($ Millions) ($ Millions) 50,731 1,237.9 4,047.7 3,044 73.6 237.0 12,090 258.6 775.4 4,281 93.1 236.3 1,117 33.9 110.4 1,747 35.8 111.8 2,071 49.4 116.7 75,081 1,782.4 5,635.3 4 ~ r . _ _ . . . . , _ .~... J ._ A rizona has over 5,000 general aviation aircraft used by corporate, government, tribal and private pilots for travel across the state and throughout the nation. Arizona, 21st in population size, ranks 11th among all states in number of private pilots and registered general aviation aircraft. General aviation aircraft are used for business and recreational travel. Arizona records more than three million general aviation operations ( take offs and landings) each year. Over 10,500 Arizona workers have jobs direct-ly related to general aviation. Economic activity from general aviation aircraft owners and gen-eral aviation airports was nearly $ 1 billion in 1998. After allowing for multiplier effects, the total impact of general aviation was $ 1.5 billion. Economic Impacts: General Aviation Non- scheduled Carriers Commuter Unscheduled Aircraft Sales and Service Sales Rentals Parts FBO service Storage Aerial Services Agricultural Photography/ maps Primary Impact Economic Employ- Payroll Activity ment ($ Millions) ( S Millions) 1,112 34.9 153.7 8,299 227.9 741.5 496 11.8 43.0 Government Services 248 10.4 26.0 Airport Administration 218 7.4 18.5 Construction 221 6.1 15.4 TOTAL 10,594 298.6 998.1 Total Impact Economic Employ- Payroll Activity ment ($ Millions) ($ Millions) 3,025 71.9 229.8 16,737 351.1 1,085.5 1,456 26.0 72.2 370 11.0 35.7 277 5.6 17.3 463 10.9 25.5 22,329 476.4 1,466.0 5 A 4 • _/~--_- ~~__ ~'~: q~ A rizona is a favored location for aerospace research and manufacturing. World- class firms including Allied- Signal, Boeing, Honeywell and Raytheon com-pete globally from sites in Arizona where they enjoy unrivaled flying weather, a skilled labor force and a tradition of aviation progress. Arizona's aerospace manufacturing firms pro-duced output valued at $ 4.4 billion in 1998. Although products were shipped across the nation and around the globe, one out of every four of these dollars stayed within the Grand Canyon State as $ 1.4 billion of earn-ings for Arizona aerospace workers. And aerospace firms contribute more dollars to the state economy as they purchase goods and serv-ices, support community- based charities and pay taxes. Arizona's 26,936 aerospace workers are among the highest paid among all workers in the state, with average annual salaries exceed-ing $ 50,000. m J ~ The total impact of aerospace manufacturing was $ 9.4 billion in 1998. Aerospace research and manufacturing supports nearly 100,000 jobs in the Arizona economy. o. ' U Economic Impacts: Aerospace Manufacturing Primary Impact Economic Employ- Payroll Activity ment ($ Millions) ($ Millions) Aircraft & Parts 18,468 917.9 3,197.8 Missiles & Parts 8,448 446.4 1,235.6 TOTAL 26,936 1,364.3 4,433.4 Total Impact Economic Employ- Payroll Activity ment ( S Millions) ( S Millions) 68,597 2,130.0 61,853.2 31,067 913.9 2,576.2 99,664 3,043.9 9,429.4 6 . .. ~.~ n~.~_~ ! T here are 21,886 persons employed at military aviation bases or with the Air National Guard throughout the state. Military aviation accounts for $ 1.3 billion of spending and over one half million dollars in annual payrolls. The total economic impact of military aviation is $ 2.4 billion, including all multiplier effects. Aviation Education i n 1998 there were 1,324 persons working in the field of aviation education, creating primary economic activity of $ 94.3 million. Arizona has an active aviation education com-munity. Private and public organizations offer opportunities ranging from basic flight training to advanced theoretical courses at the post- grad-uate level. Favorable flying weather and skilled flight instructors at local airports make it possible for people of all ages to experience the thrill and advantages of travel by general aviation aircraft. Those seeking a complete foundation in aviation theory or wishing to pursue a career in aviation engineering or administration can select courses of study at the state's universities or Embry- Riddle Aeronautical University. Economic Impacts: Aviation Education Primary Impact Economic Employ- Payroll Activity ment ( S Millions) ( S Millions) 1,324 $ 37.7 $ 94.3 Total Impact Economic Employ- Payroll Activity ment ( S Millions) ( S Millions) 7,965 $ 90.9 $ 249.2 7 t t " I A rizona's resorts, scenery and thriving economy attracted some seven million visitors who traveled to the state by commercial air carrier in 1998. An additional one million persons arrived on private general avia-tion aircraft. Air visitors came to the state to see relatives, to play golf or relax in the sunshine, to participate in conventions or meet business clients, or as spectators at events such as the Fiesta Bowl. Whatever the purpose of their trav-el, visitors to Arizona found a modern aviation system in place to meet their travel needs. Air travelers and tourists spent $ 4.5 billion in Arizona in 1998, creating 77,000 jobs in lodging, retailing, and the service sector, including travel agencies. Air traveler dollars recirculated in the economy to create a total economic impact of $ 9 billion. J Economic Impacts: Air Travelers and Tourists Primary Impact Total Impact Travel Agencies Economic Employ- Payroll Activity ment ( S Millions) ($ Millions) 3,052 62.0 131.8 Air Passengers Lodging 30,449 535.9 1,501.9 Food and drink 28,081 344.7 1,413.5 Retail 6,144 108.8 750.9 Transportation 2,246 43.8 441.7 Entertainment 7,180 87.6 309.2 TOTAL 77,153 1,182.8 4, 549.1 Economic Employ- Payroll Activity ment ( S Millions) ( S Millions) 3,234 83.8 281.36 73,211 1,150.7 3,035.5 47,011 688.4 2,729.3 29,582 533.5 1,493.4 15,567 369.0 852.5 16,562 190.7 615.0 185,167 3,016.0 9,007.1 8 i~ r v ,- - 4 - _ -- \ / A viation creates jobs and income for Arizona residents while stimulating economic development in the state. Moreover, aviation " pays its way" as a source of tax dollars, creating income, sales and special aviation tax revenues. The largest source of tax revenues was sales tax collections from spending by suppliers and users of aviation services. Income taxes on payroll earned was the second largest source of revenues. Most of these tax dollars are returned to the general fund of state government or to local governments for education and public serv-ices. Of the total collections of one half billion dollars, only $ 17 million is allocated to aviation through the budget of the Aeronautics Division of the Arizona Department of Transportation. Tax Revenues From Aviation Activity: $ 586.1 Million Lieu Tax, Registration Flight and Other Property Tax . . . . . . . $ 17.7 Mil. Avia Sales Tax $ 305.1 Mil. Income Tax $ 242.9 Mil. 9 L T he 1998 Arizona aviation impact study was developed based on a methodology recommended by the Federal Aviation Administration and is consistent in approach with earlier studies dating back to 1980. All pre-vious studies used multipliers from the Regional Input Output Modeling System ( RIMS) of the U. S. Department of Commerce and all were based on employment figures by Standard Industrial Classification ( SIC) code as provided by the Arizona Department of Economic Security. Thus, the studies are comparable and can be used to show a strong pattern of growth of the impact of aviation in Arizona. Arizona Aviation Employment The first phase of data collection for the study involved identifying aviation related employ-ment sectors state wide and compiling 1998 employment and payroll for these sectors. The employment figures are shown in the accompa-nying table. Not all types of aviation employment are available as a separate SIC category from the Arizona Department of Economic Security. These sectors were estimated as follows: airport businesses ( retail, food service, auto rental, secu-rity) and ground transportation were computed using ratios of employees/ passenger from report-ed data at Arizona commercial service airports; airport construction payroll was computed as 40 percent of total reported construction outlays and employment was estimated based on county average construction wage; air traveler employment in lodging, retail, food services, etc. was estimated from figures made available by the Arizona Office of Tourism by county and summed to a statewide total. Payroll figures for each employment category were from the Arizona Department of Economic Security. Arizona Aviation Employment: 1998 Category Aerospace Manufacturing Military Aviation Air Carriers Airport Businesses* Rental & Charter Ground Transportation . Airport Administration Airport Construction* Air Cargo/ Couriers Aviation Education • Fueling Aerial Services Subtotal Air Travelers* .._ TOTAL * Estimated Source: Arizona Department of Economic Security. Workers 26,936 21,886 16,175 7,236 3,959 2,408 2,067 1,718 1,627 1,324 973 496 90,172 77,153 167,325 10 Aviation Economic Activity Economic activity is a measure of total revenue flows for private businesses, or total budget for government agencies. Published information on value of output was used to compile economic activity figures for the aero-space sector. Air carrier revenues in Arizona were based on annual reports and passenger activity at commercial service airports. Arizona military bases provided their economic impact figures for use in this study. Ratios of economic activity to payroll as published from survey data for Arizona airports were used to estimate economic activity for on- airport businesses including FBO firms and other aviation related employers. Airport construction and budget figures were obtained from a survey of Arizona airport managers. Expenditures for commercial air travelers in Arizona as compiled by the Arizona Office of Tourism were used to represent economic activity for each spending category ( lodging, retail goods and services, transportation, enter-tainment). Expenditures by general aviation travelers were compiled through surveys of 800 visitors who arrived via GA aircraft at Arizona airports during 1998. State- wide, the average Arizona airline visitor stayed 3.5 days, according to the Arizona Office of Tourism, and spent $ 111 per day. General aviation visitors were grouped into two components. GA travel parties who did not stay overnight spent an average of $ 68 per trip while overnight travel parties spent an average $ 555 per trip. Multiplier Analysis To obtain the statewide induced and total economic impact of the various aviation sectors, detailed Regional Input- Output Modeling System multipliers from the U. S. Department of Commerce were used for Arizona, with separate multipliers for employment, earnings and economic activity. For example, multiplier impacts for commercial aviation required separate RIMS multipliers for commercial air car-riers, air cargo, airport service businesses, airport retail and food service businesses, airport admin-istration, airport construction, etc. ; for general aviation an additional 30 separate multiplier were used for non- scheduled airlines, aircraft maintenance services, fuel services, aircraft sales, etc; appropriate multipliers were used for aerospace, military, and aviation education. Air travel and tourism multipliers were used for each spending category such as retail, eating and drinking places, entertainment, etc. Thus, there is not one " multiplier" which is associated with the economic impact of aviation. Because suppliers and users of aviation include a myriad of sectors, firms, and agencies, there are many multipliers required to compute the induced jobs, earnings and economic activity associated with aviation in Arizona. Impact by County Aviation impact by county was computed by combining multiple sources of data. The major components of Arizona's aviation eco-nomic impact are commercial aviation, general aviation, aviation education, air travelers, aero-space manufacturing and military aviation. Arizona Department of Economic Security data on employment by sector by county were used to identify the presence of each aviation impact component in each county. Not all counties have aerospace manufacturing or commercial avia-tion, but all counties do have general aviation airports and are visited by air travelers. The impact of aerospace, military, and aviation edu-cation were allocated to counties based on employment. The impact of air travelers was allocated based on two measures. Those coun-ties with commercial service record spending by visitors that arrive directly in the county by air carrier, but all counties also receive visitors that arrive at Phoenix Sky Harbor Airport and Tucson International Airport. Spending from these visitors was allocated by county using estimates from the Arizona Office of Tourism for air traveler spending in counties. A final source of information for county impact was the impact of individual airports within the county. Therefore, it should be noted that aviation's impact by county does include the impact of each airport, but may be larger depending on the presence of aviation education, aerospace manufacturing, airline visitors that arrived at a major urban air-port, or military aviation. Arizona Aviation Economic Impact by County: 1998 County Apache Cochise Coconino Gila Graham Greenlee LaPaz Maricopa Mohave Navajo Pima Pinal Santa Cruz Yavapai Yuma Employment Payroll ($ Mil) EconomiAc ctivity ($ Mil) Direct -- on airport 76 2.2 6.9 Indirect -- air travelers 315 4.8 18.5 Primary 391 7.0 25.5 Induced 563 9.0 22.5 Total 954 16.0 48.0 Direct -- on airport 419 11.9 38.6 Indirect -- air travelers 1,053 16.1 62.0 Primary 1,472 28.0 100.6 Induced 2,136 33.9 84.7 Total 3,608 61.9 185.3 Direct -- on airport 1,653 48.9 188.9 Indirect -- air travelers 6,125 93.9 360.7 Primary 7,778 142.9 549.7 induced 11,200 190.9 464.5 Total 18,978 333.8 1,014.2 Direct -- on airport 106 3.0 9.6 Indirect -- air travelers 546 8.4 32.1 Primary 652 11.4 41.8 Induced 934 15.1 37.6 Total 1,586 26.5 79.4 Direct -- on airport 33 0.9 3.0 Indirect -- air travelers 119 1.8 7.0 Primary 152 2.8 10.0 Induced 219 3.5 8.7 Total 371 6.3 18.7 Direct -- on airport 21 0.6 1.9 Indirect -- air travelers 117 1.8 6.9 Primary 138 2.4 8.8 Induced 198 3.2 8.0 Total 336 5.6 16.8 Direct -- on airport 88 2.5 8.0 Indirect -- air travelers 242 3.7 14.3 Primary 331 6.2 22.3 Induced 478 7.6 19.0 Total 809 13.8 41.3 Direct -- on airport 30,678 912.1 3,590.5 Indirect -- air travelers 47,292 724.7 2,787.1 Aerospace Mfg. 23,973 1,214.2 3,945.7 Military 7,267 173.0 402.5 Primary 109,210 3,024.0 10,725.8 Induced 180,816 3,547.7 9,533.7 Total 290,026 6,571.7 20,259.5 Direct -- on airport 593 17.2 60.5 Indirect -- air travelers 1,799 27.5 106.0 Primary 2,391 44.7 166.5 Induced 3,456 57.1 140.2 Total 5,847 101.8 306.7 Direct -- on airport 113 3.2 10.2 Indirect -- air travelers 1,221 18.7 72.0 Primary 1,334 21.9 82.2 Induced 1,897 31.4 77.3 Total 3,231 53.3 159.5 Direct -- on airport 4,155 122.6 468.3 Indirect -- air travelers 12,997 199.2 766.0 Aerospace Mfg. 2,694 136.4 443.4 Military 8,359 263.3 608.8 Primary 28,205 721.5 2,286.5 Induced 37,545 662.8 1,993.4 Total 65,750 1,384.3 4,279.9 Direct -- on airport 1,468 41.6 132.9 Indirect -- air travelers 1,041 15.9 61.0 Primary 2,509 57.5 193.9 Induced 3,748 54.9 141.8 Total 6,257 112.4 335.7 Direct -- on airport 75 2.1 6.8 Indirect -- air travelers 464 7.1 27.4 Primary 540 9.3 34.2 Induced 772 12.6 31.2 Total 1,312 21.9 65.4 Direct -- on airport 1,577 42.9 129.6 Indirect -- air travelers 2,630 40.2 154.8 Aerospace Mfg. 269 13.6 44.3 Primary 4,475 96.7 328.7 Induced 5,080 85.6 221.9 Total 9, 555 182.3 550.6 Direct -- on airport 294 8.6 30.7 Indirect -- air travelers 1,232 18.9 72.6 Military 6,260 133.7 334.3 Primary 7,786 161.1 437.6 Induced 3,544 87.1 348.0 Total 11,330 248.2 785.6 Aviation Activity Operations: 19,200 Based Aircraft: 33 Operations: 171,565 Based Aircraft: 151 Enplanements: 9,822 Operations: 245,690 Based Aircraft: 233 Enplanements: 578,938 Operations: 27,000 Based Aircraft: 35 Operations: 14,500 Based Aircraft: 28 Operations: 7,300 Based Aircraft: 2 Operations: 24,000 Based Aircraft: 25 Operations: 2,018,714 Based Aircraft: 3,277 Enplanements: 15,992,591 Operations: 130,583 Based Aircraft: 453 Enplanements: 43,520 Operations: 62,800 Based Aircraft: 88 Enplanements: 2,000 Operations: 512,443 Based Aircraft: 825 Enplanements: 1,735,088 Operations: 98,500 Based Aircraft: 104 Operations: 23,000 Based Aircraft: 28 Operations: 412,915 Based Aircraft: 429 Enplanements: 8,366 Operations: 106,108 Based Aircraft: 86 Enplanements: 68,800 ] 12 J_/ r" "~ r- A rizona's citizens are served by more than 100 public use airports and 13 commercial service airports. Airports create economic benefits by provid-ing aviation- related activity on and off the airport. Both the private sector and government agencies are typically represented on Arizona's airports. General aviation airports have one or more fixed base operators who provide maintenance and service for aircraft. Larger or more complex aircraft require a broad range of sophisticed technical services as well as basics such as fuel and storage. Airports frequently are home to firms that provide flight training, aircraft parts, aircraft sales and rental, and charter services. Government agencies include the airport admin-istration and usually, but not always, an airport tower. Airports may provide a base for police, fire and air ambulance units, which also serve the local community. Larger airports have well trained emergency response units. Airports in Arizona often serve such important public serv-ice agencies as the weather bureau, customs agents, public safety, forest fire control and the immigration service. Commercial service airports have all the busi-nesses found at general aviation airports and in addition, there will be airline offices and more extensive terminal businesses, such as auto rental, retail and food services. Larger airports often have air freight and courier services and many have industrial employers that have locat-ed on the airport for testing or ready access to air cargo facilities. For example, the estimated on- airport employment at Phoenix Sky Harbor Airport is 23,655 workers with an additional 13,233 aviation- related jobs off the airport. Many successful airports in Arizona have devel-oped airparks on airport land where tenants have access to runways and both scheduled and unscheduled air service, and these sites may have several thousand employees in a range of busi-nesses. The combined primary economic impact ( no multiplier effects) of Arizona's commercial serv-ice and general aviation airports was $ 4.6 billion in 1998, with over 40,000 aviation related jobs. The accompanying table shows the economic impact of Arizona airports, along with 1998 aviation activity measures ( based aircraft, opera-tions and passenger enplanements). The ( direct) on- airport impact was compiled from a survey of airport managers who reported on- airport eco-nomic data as well as airport activity. Average capital improvement outlays for the past five years were incorporated to provide an estimate of the impact of airport construction on employ-ment and spending. The ( indirect) impact of visitor spending for each airport combines spending by general aviation visitors with commercial airline visitors. ( For those airports with no commercial service, the entire visitor spending impact is from GA travelers.) The primary economic impact combines direct and indirect impacts before multiplier effects. The total economic impact includes primary and induced or second round spending, and shows the impact of each airport on its service area. 13 Arizona Aviation Impact by Airport ( payroll and economic activity in dollars) Aviation Activity Direct On- Airport Impact Indirect Off- Airport Impact Primary Economic Impact Measures ( including construction spending of Visitor Spending ( no multiplier effects) Based Enplane- Employ- Economic Employ- Economic Employ- Economic ~ irport Opns. A/ C ments ment Payroll Activity ment Payroll Activity ment Payroll Activity Ajo Municipal 1,500 5 3 70,148 168,887 1 17,926 68,948 4 88,074 237,835 Avra Valley Municipal 86,000 330 88 1,714,477 6,362,538 39 466,501 1,974,060 127 2,180,978 8,336,598 Bisbee Municipal 14,000 13 15 266,746 963,237 1 20,358 78,300 16 287,104 1,041,537 Bisbee- Douglas Intl. 25,650 24 3 51,127 178,537 7 116,563 448,320 10 167,690 626,857 Buckeye Municipal 150,000 60 21 533,196 1,318,998 1 17,750 68,268 22 550,945 1,387,266 Casa Grande Municipal 73,500 79 22 462,108 1,454,256 5 75,279 289,536 27 537,387 1,743,792 Chandler Municipal 196,716 308 111 3,014,753 6,836,809 7 113,757 437,528 118 3,128,511 7,274,337 Cochise College 20,000 14 3 52,116 181,454 1 1,916 7,368 4 54,032 188,822 Cochise County 8,200 21 3 58,078 197,538 3 42,453 163,280 6 100,393 360,204 Colorado City 4,000 10 7 107,688 366,821 2 23,666 91,024 9 131.354 457,845 Coolidge Municipal 5,000 2 7 139,987 434,935 1 5,881 22,620 8 145,868 457,555 Cottonwood Municipal 21,000 26 11 211,730 614,363 14 223,567 859,872 25 435,296 1,474,235 Douglas Municipal 10,000 29 13 227,906 746,866 8 124.235 477,828 21 352,141 1,224,694 Eloy Municipal 20.000 23 59 1,260,755 4,077,672 5 83,621 321,620 64 1,344,376 4,399,292 Flagstaff Pulliam 44,864 140 39,573 108 1,994,639 6,754,432 167 2,630,172 10,116,047 275 4,624,811 16,870,479 Glendale Municipal 115,056 235 118 3,044.330 7,564,560 4 61,840 237,848 122 3,106,170 7,802,408 Grand Canyon Natl. Park 164,479 47 512,365 505 9,298,469 33,337,028 279 4.379,438 16,843,993 784 13,677,907 50,181,021 HA Clark 3,800 8 21 392,020 1,221,266 1 10,843 41,704 22 402,863 1,262,970 Holbrook Municipal 15,000 18 6 118,361 315,797 1 20,767 79,872 7 139,128 395,669 Kingman 34,000 160 3,500 74 1,238,044 4,785,559 18 282,157 1,085,220 92 1,520,201 5,870,779 Lake Havasu City Mun. 46,000 221 9,633 54 897,711 3,451,000 52 810,482 3,117,239 106 1,708,193 6,568,239 Laughlin/ Bullhead Intl. 46,583 62 30,387 116 1,860,939 6,769,001 294 4,627,246 17,797,100 410 6,488,185 24,566,101 Mesa Falcon Field 220,969 867 5,950 290,543,100 595,971,169 49 835,200 2,621,600 5,999 291,378,300 598,592,769 Nogales International 23,000 28 25 372,266 1,456,354 24 371,841 1,430,156 49 744,106 2,886,510 Page Municipal 32,547 38 27,000 84 1,544,069 5,680,501 73 1,144.027 4,400,102 157 2,688,096 10,080,604 Payson Municipal 27,000 35 61 1,309,706 3,901,609 28 270,215 1,182,020 89 1,579,922 5,083,629 Phoenix Deer Valley 266,000 925 168 4,733,000 12,871,000 80 1,253,720 4,822,000 248 5,986,720 17,693,000 Phoenix Goodyear 103,795 156 652 33,016,119 48,820,373 20 318,699 1,225,765 672 33,334,818 50,046,138 Phoenix Sky Harbor Intl. 594,053 242 15,984.591 36,937 1,164,294,701 4,900,533,827 54,615 858,817,293 3,303,143,434 91,552 2,023,111,994 8,203,677,261 Prescott - Love Field 349,915 300 8,366 282 5,227,981 18,642,160 33 523,008 2.011,568 315 5,750,989 20,653,729 5afford Municipal 14,500 28 * ( ottsdale Municipal 208,464 405 8,000 192 4,727,537 12,598,192 56 887,484 3,413,400 248 5,615,021 16,011,592 ; edona 42,000 103 76 1,080,027 4,795,386 28 356,871 1,578,148 104 1,436,898 6,373,534 ; how Low Municipal 19,000 40 2,000 70 1,448.527 4,385,667 56 884,411 3,401,580 126 2,332,938 7,787,247 ; ierra Vista Municipal 93,715 50 9,822 43 782,171 2,526,568 36 564,367 2,170,644 79 1,346,539 4,697,212 ; pringerville Municipal 4,200 15 20 392,854 1,173,610 2 27,429 105,496 22 420,283 1,279,106 St. Johns Municipal 15,000 18 12 234,344 638,642 7 108,728 418,184 19 343,072 1,056,826 Taylor Municipal 1,800 15 15 313,528 918,496 2 32,529 125,112 17 346,057 1,043,608 Tucson International 266,641 260 1,735,088 474 10,592,800 31,088,320 5,663 89,050,377 342,501,451 6,137 99,643,177 373,589,771 Tucson Ryan Field 158,302 230 43 969,230 2,530,514 3 53,296 204,984 46 1,022.526 2,735,498 Wickenburg Municipal 8,253 36 27 671,194 1,861,359 6 88,218 339,300 33 759,412 2,200,659 Williams Gateway 155,408 43 617 19,992,127 55,362,917 41 674,037 2,758,478 658 20,666,164 58,121,395 Winslow Municipal 27,000 15 46 965,224 3,011,291 6 97,506 375,024 52 1,062,730 3,386,315 Yuma International 106,108 86 68,800 375 10,658,116 38,174,517 597 6,121.532 24,807,222 972 16,779,648 62,981,739 Notes: On- airport category includes aviation- related businesses, government agencies and construction based on five year average. Some airport activity measures include industrial employers or users of aviation services with on- airport facilities. * Figures for Safford Municipal calculated and provided by City of Safford. ** Impact may be understated because not all on- airport employers participated in the survey. Total Economic Impact ( including multiplier effects) Employ- Economic ment Payroll Activity 9 176,452 490,713 234 4,885,715 14,175,260 33 692,336 2,087,158 25 407,263 1,248,929 45 949,405 2,800,921 58 1,155,940 3,491,961 246 5,133,215 14,806,091 7 129,086 378,798 13 243,096 724,633 18 358,260 958,931 15 312,154 923,058 59 1,030,286 2,992,935 46 852.100 2,483,411 135 2,793,690 8,715,428 640 11,488,218 33,734,065 254 5,338,929 19,942,612 1,305 25,160,072 75,158,340 44 936,144 2,605,156 15 296,497 818, 629 198 3,928,401 11,784,528 241 4,403,719 13,136,206 1,760 29,500,000 81,706,000 16,629 407,100,000 866,700,000 112 2,007,804 5,852,805 358 6,591,278 20,047,371 132 1,990, 540 8,067, 518 269 6,963.000 23,054,000 1,507 53,498,000 123,810,000 263,416 5,349,197,000 16,174,679,000 666 13,760,099 41,359,031 85 1,700,000 18,300,000 1,669 49,400,000 119,600,000 185 2,461,225 12,167,060 287 5,202.286 15,624,955 178 3,343,365 9,519,250 45 933,968 2,627,574 41 763,041 2,164,334 36 736,561 2,124,244 25,306 561,973,228 1,703,243,958 96 1,991,588 5,614,880 72 1,442,231 4,394.112 1,220 35,072,132 114,796,513 111 2,274,458 6,803,966 1,861 29,288,000 102,243,000 ~ F / l _.', mid A rizona ranks among the leaders in pop-ulation gains and employment growth. But in the past fifteen years, aviation in Arizona has grown even more rapidly. Between 1983 and 1998, Arizona's popula-tion increased by 61 percent, second in the nation only behind Nevada. The impact of avia-tion, rose to $ 28.2 billion from $ 16.9 billion ( in 1998 dollars), an increase of 66%. These results suggest that aviation responds strongly not only to population growth, but other changes in the economy as well, including industry mix and technological change. Arizona Population 61o/ Aviation Economic Impact 2,914,400 i ~ P 66 °/~ 4,668,631 $ 28.2 Billion // $ 16.9 Billion // 1983 1998 1983 1998 Arizona's Future RIdes on Aviation 15 E conomic development in Arizona depends on aviation. Suppliers of aviation services move cargo and passengers in and out of the state and around the globe. The state's posi-tion as a leader in job creation and population gains is linked to continued expansion of the reach of Arizona commerce. While Arizona's population is forecast to increase 20% by the year 2010, passenger traffic at Arizona airports is projected to rise by more than 70%. The total impact of aviation on the state will exceed $ 40 billion by 2010 with over 650,000 jobs linked in some way to the supply or use of aviation services. I 1998 2005 2010 2020 Economic Economic Economic Economic Employ- Activity Employ- Activity Employ- Activity Employ- Activity ment ($ 1998 Mil) ment ($ 1998 Mil) ment ($ 1998 Mil) merit ($ 1998 Mil) COMMERCIAL AVIATION Air Carriers 50,731 4,047.7 66,759 5,326.5 76,271 6,085.5 99,555 7,943.3 Air Cargo 3,044 237.0 4,006 311.9 4,576 356.3 5,974 465.1 Airport Businesses 12,090 775.4 15,910 1,020.4 18,177 1,165.8 23,726 1,521.7 Ground Trans. 4,281 236.3 5,634 311.0 ,436 355.3 8,401 463.7 Govt. Services 1,117 110.4 1,470 145.3 1,679 166.0 2,192 216.7 Airport Admin. 1,747 111.8 2,299 147.1 2,627 168.1 3,428 219.4 Airport Construction 2,071 116.7 2,725 153.6 3,114 175.5 4,064 229.0 GENERAL AVIATION Nonscheduled Carriers 3,025 229.8 3,570 271.1 3,962 301.0 4,794 364.2 Aircraft Sales/ Service 16,737 1,085.5 19,750 1,280.9 21,922 1,421.8 26,526 1,720.3 Aerial Services 1,456 72.2 1,718 85.2 1,907 94.6 2,307 114.4 Government Services 370 35.7 437 42.1 485 46.8 587 56.6 Airport Admin. 277 17.3 327 20.4 363 22.7 440 27.5 Construction 463 25.5 547 30.1 607 33.4 734 40.4 Aviation Education 7,965 249.2 9,956 311.5 11,549 361.3 15,130 473.4 Air Travelers 185,167 9,007.1 243,667 11,852.7 344,257 16,745.7 449,352 21,857.9 Aerospace Manufacturing 99,664 9,429.4 118,469 11,209.0 137,338 12,994.0 184,571 17,463.0 Military Aviation 30,641 2,386.0 30,641 2,386.0 30,641 2,386.0 30,641 2,386.0 TOTALS 420,847 28,173.0 527,883 34,904.3 665,911 42,879.3 862,422 55,562.0 16 dADOT Mary E. Peters, Director Arizona Department of Transportation Gary Adams, Director Aeronautics Division College of Business Lee McPheters, Project Director Robin Sobotta- Douglas, Research Associate Colleen M. Crosby, Graphic Designer Photos courtesy of City of Phoenix, City of Glendale, Mike Eller, Robin Sobotta- Douglas, Colleen M. Crosby, Boeing and Scenic Airlines.

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