Statewide bicycle and pedestrian plan

              repared for: P



Arizona Department of Transportation Transportation Planning Division Project Manager: Carol Slaker







Prepared by:



Consultant: Kimley-Horn and Associates, Inc. Project Manager: Michael Colety, P.E. Subconsultant: Alta Planning and Design Project Managers: Matt Zoll & Keith Walzak







The Arizona Department of Transportation's Transportation Planning Division would like to express its appreciation to the dedicated individuals who provided valuable input in the development of Arizona's first ever Statewide Bicycle and Pedestrian Plan. It addition to the many citizens who attended the public open houses and provided important recommendations, the following Steering Committee Members were instrumental in the preparation of the plan: Bob Aberg, Citizen of the State of Arizona Randi Alcott, Valley Metro Susan Bookspan, Phoenix Children's Hospital Dawn Coomer, Maricopa Association of Governments Richard Corbett, Pima Association of Governments Maureen DeCindis, Maricopa Association of Governments Brian Fellows, City of Mesa Larz Garcia, Arizona Department of Transportation Chuck Gillick, Arizona Department of Transportation Shellie Ginn, Tucson Department of Transportation Eric Iwersen, City of Tempe Judy Jones, Foothill Bicycle Club Reed Kempton, Maricopa County Department of Transportation Dan Lance, Arizona Department of Transportation Bill Lazenby, Coalition of Arizona Bicyclists Richard Moeur, Arizona Department of Transportation Terry Otterness, Arizona Department of Transportation Don Reeves, City of Prescott Bicycle Advisory Committee Richard Rumer, Coalition of Arizona Bicyclists Michael Sanders, City of Yuma Dick Schaffer, GABA Tucson Roy Schoonover, Tucson Pedestrian Committee Carol Slaker, Arizona Department of Transportation Jack Welch, Flagstaff Bicycle Advisory Committee Dave Wessel, Flagstaff Metropolitan Planning Organization







Table of Contents 1. Executive Summary ............................................................................................................1



Stakeholder Coordination ...................................................................................................................... 2 Study Goal ............................................................................................................................................. 2 Study Objectives .................................................................................................................................... 4 2002 Current Conditions........................................................................................................................ 4 Bicycle and Pedestrian Committees, Coordinators, Documents, and Maps.......................................... 5 Arizona Bicycle Network....................................................................................................................... 6 Design and Maintenance Guidelines for Consideration......................................................................... 6 Policies, Ordinances, Codes, and Standards.......................................................................................... 7 Programs ................................................................................................................................................ 7 Existing and Potential Funding Sources ................................................................................................ 7 Implementation ...................................................................................................................................... 8







2.







Bicycle and Pedestrian Terms, Definitions, and State Statutes....................................10



Bicycle and Pedestrian Terms and Definitions from AASHTO.......................................................... 10 Bicycle and Pedestrian Terms, Definitions and Statutes from the Arizona Revised Sta utes.............. 12 t







3.



3.1. 3.2. 3.3. 3.4. 3.5. 3.6.







Stakeholder Coordination ................................................................................................24



Steering Committee Input...................................................................................................... 24 Review Committee Input........................................................................................................ 25 ADOT District and Regional Traffic Engineer Input.......................................................... 25 Public Open House Meetings ................................................................................................. 26 User Surveys ............................................................................................................................ 26 Project Website........................................................................................................................ 26







4.







Study Goals and Objectives..............................................................................................27







4.1. Study Goal and Objectives..................................................................................................... 27 Study Goal ........................................................................................................................................... 27 Study Objectives .................................................................................................................................. 27







5.







2002 Current Conditions ..................................................................................................28







5.1. Existing ADOT Data ............................................................................................................... 29 Motor Vehicle and Bicycle/Pedestrian Crash Facts............................................................................. 30 5.2. Bicycle Conditions Score ........................................................................................................ 37 Right Shoulder Width .......................................................................................................................... 37







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Traffic Volume to Capacity Ratio........................................................................................................ 37 Percent Trucks...................................................................................................................................... 38 Speed Limit.......................................................................................................................................... 38 5.3. Stakeholder Input.................................................................................................................... 41 Bicycle User Survey Responses........................................................................................................... 41 Pedestrian User Survey Responses ...................................................................................................... 42 General Comments............................................................................................................................... 43 Flagstaff District Comments................................................................................................................ 44 Globe District Comments..................................................................................................................... 45 Holbrook District Comments............................................................................................................... 45 Kingman District Comments ............................................................................................................... 46 Phoenix District Comments ................................................................................................................. 46 Prescott District Comments ................................................................................................................. 47 Safford District Comments .................................................................................................................. 49 Tucson District Comments................................................................................................................... 50 Yuma District Comments..................................................................................................................... 54 5.4. Summary.................................................................................................................................. 54







6.



6.1.







Bicycle and Pedestrian Committees, Coordinators, Documents, and Maps................56



Bicycle and Pedestrian Committees and Coordinators....................................................... 56







6.2. Bicycle and Pedestrian Planning Documents........................................................................ 57 Federal/National Documents................................................................................................................ 57 State of Arizona ................................................................................................................................... 58 Arizona Department of Transportation................................................................................................ 58 City of Chandler................................................................................................................................... 59 City of Flagstaff ................................................................................................................................... 59 City of Glendale................................................................................................................................... 59 City of Goodyear.................................................................................................................................. 59 City of Kingman................................................................................................................................... 59 City of Mesa......................................................................................................................................... 59 City of Prescott..................................................................................................................................... 59 City of Scottsdale................................................................................................................................. 59 City of Tempe ...................................................................................................................................... 60 City of Tucson...................................................................................................................................... 60 City of Yuma........................................................................................................................................ 60 Maricopa Association of Governments................................................................................................ 60 Lake Havasu City................................................................................................................................. 61 Maricopa County Department of Transportation................................................................................. 61 Maricopa County Parks and Recreation Department........................................................................... 61 Pima Association of Governments....................................................................................................... 61 Northern Arizona Council of Governments (NACOG)....................................................................... 62 Town of Gilbert.................................................................................................................................... 62 Town of Oro Valley............................................................................................................................. 62 Western Arizona Council of Governments.......................................................................................... 62



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Yuma Metropolitan Planning Organization......................................................................................... 62 Other Documents ................................................................................................................................. 62 6.3. 6.4. Non-Motorized Bikeway Maps .............................................................................................. 63 Recommendations ................................................................................................................... 65







7. 8.







Arizona Bicycle Network..................................................................................................68 Design Guidelines for Consideration...............................................................................71







8.1. Bicycle Facility Design Guidelines......................................................................................... 71 Bike Lane Facilities Design................................................................................................................. 71 Shared-Use Path Facilities Design....................................................................................................... 78 Shared-Use Path Facilities Design Considerations.............................................................................. 78 Bike Route Facilities Design................................................................................................................ 80 Riding on Sidewalks ............................................................................................................................ 80 Undesirability of Sidewalks as Shared-Use Paths................................................................................ 80 Drainage Grates.................................................................................................................................... 81 Signing ................................................................................................................................................. 81 Access Management ............................................................................................................................ 81 8.2. Pedestrian Guidelines ............................................................................................................. 82 Pedestrian Facility Guidelines.............................................................................................................. 82 Pedestrian-Friendly Design Features ................................................................................................... 84 Pedestrian Activity Center Streetscape Features.................................................................................. 86 Guidelines for Pedestrian-Friendly New Development....................................................................... 86 Design Diagrams.................................................................................................................................. 87 Experimentation................................................................................................................................... 90







9.



9.1.







Maintenance Guidelines for Consideration....................................................................91



Existing ADOT Maintenance Policies and Operations........................................................ 91







9.2. On-Street Bikeways................................................................................................................. 91 Gutter-to-Pavement Transition............................................................................................................. 93 Driveway Curb Cuts............................................................................................................................. 93 Drainage Grates.................................................................................................................................... 93 Guidelines ............................................................................................................................................ 93 Cattle Guards........................................................................................................................................ 94 9.3. 9.4. Off-Street Pathways................................................................................................................ 96 Walkways................................................................................................................................. 97







9.5. Temporary Traffic Control Zones......................................................................................... 97 Signage................................................................................................................................................. 97







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Guidelines ............................................................................................................................................ 98 Lane Closures....................................................................................................................................... 98 Guidelines ............................................................................................................................................ 99 Roadway Smoothness and Compaction............................................................................................. 104 Roadway Smoothness and Compaction............................................................................................. 105 Guidelines .......................................................................................................................................... 105 Trenching and Plate Use .................................................................................................................... 105 Guidelines .......................................................................................................................................... 106 Enforcement of Guidelines and Inspection........................................................................................ 106 Guidelines .......................................................................................................................................... 107 Pedestrian Considerations.................................................................................................................. 107







10. Policies, Ordinances, Codes and Standards..................................................................109



10.1. ADOT Policies ....................................................................................................................... 109 Existing ADOT Bicycle Policy.......................................................................................................... 110 Proposed Revision to ADOT Bicycle Policy..................................................................................... 113 Existing ADOT Rumble Strip Policy................................................................................................. 117 Considerations for Rumble Strip Policy Revisions............................................................................ 121 Existing ADOT Controlled-Access Highways as Bikeways ............................................................. 123 Considerations for Controlled-Access Highways as Bikeways Revisions ........................................ 126 ADOT Pedestrian Policy for Consideration....................................................................................... 127 10.2. Ordinances, Codes and Standards....................................................................................... 130 Motor Vehicle and Bicycle Parking Requirements............................................................................ 130 Pedestrian Access............................................................................................................................... 130 Bicycle Parking Facility Design Requirements................................................................................. 130 Tempe Pedestrian Overlay District.................................................................................................... 130 Programs and Incentives to Reduce Parking Requirements............................................................... 131 National Examples............................................................................................................................. 131 State Model Codes ............................................................................................................................. 131 Local Regulations .............................................................................................................................. 132 10.3. Recommendations ................................................................................................................. 138







11. Programs ..........................................................................................................................139



11.1. Bicycle Safety and Education Guides.................................................................................. 139 Bike to Work Events.......................................................................................................................... 139 Adult Bicycle Education Programs.................................................................................................... 140 Safe Routes to Schools....................................................................................................................... 140 11.2. National Examples ................................................................................................................ 141 Oregon Smart Development Workshops ........................................................................................... 141 Nevada Bike and Pedestrian Safety Program..................................................................................... 141 Illinois Bicycling Maps...................................................................................................................... 141 North Carolina Bicycle and Pedestrian Crashes................................................................................ 141







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Maryland Live Near Your Work Program ......................................................................................... 142 Florida Traffic and Bicycle Safety Education Program..................................................................... 142 11.3. Recommendations ................................................................................................................. 142







12. Existing and Potential Funding Sources.......................................................................146



12.1. Federal Revenues .................................................................................................................. 146 Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century (TEA-21)................................................................. 146 Transportation Enhancement Activity Funds..................................................................................... 147 Congestion Mitigation and Air Quality Improvement Program ........................................................ 148 Bridge Replacement and Rehabilitation............................................................................................. 148 National Highway System ................................................................................................................. 148 Federal Lands Highway (FLH) Funds............................................................................................... 148 Highway Safety Funds....................................................................................................................... 148 Hazard Elimination and Railway-Highway Crossing Program ......................................................... 149 Federal Transit Funding..................................................................................................................... 149 National Recreational Trails Fund..................................................................................................... 149 Community Development Block Grants............................................................................................ 150 12.2. State Revenues....................................................................................................................... 150 State Sales Tax................................................................................................................................... 150 Highway User Revenue Fund (HURF).............................................................................................. 150 Local Transportation Assistance Fund (LTAF)................................................................................. 150 Arizona State Parks Heritage Funds .................................................................................................. 151 Arizona Game and Fish Department Heritage Funds........................................................................ 151 Growing Smarter Planning Grant Program........................................................................................ 151 Vision 21............................................................................................................................................ 151 12.3. Regional Revenues ................................................................................................................ 151 Maricopa Association of Governments (MAG) Regional Funds....................................................... 151 12.4. Local Revenues...................................................................................................................... 152 General Funds .................................................................................................................................... 152 Development Impact Fees.................................................................................................................. 153 Parks and Recreation Funds............................................................................................................... 153 Flood Control District Funds ............................................................................................................. 153 Revenue and General Obligation Bonds............................................................................................ 153 Tribal Casino Revenues ..................................................................................................................... 154 12.5. 12.6. Private Revenues................................................................................................................... 154 Recommendations ................................................................................................................. 155







13. Implementation................................................................................................................159



13.1. Accommodation of Bicyclists and Pedestrians on Roadway Projects.............................. 159







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13.2. 13.3.







Development of Bicycle and Pedestrian Programs............................................................ 160 Construction of Non-ADOT Bicycle Facilities.................................................................... 161







13.4. Bicycle and Pedestrian Specific Projects............................................................................. 161 Shared-Use Paths ............................................................................................................................... 161 Cattle Guard Retrofit.......................................................................................................................... 162 Shoulder Widening ............................................................................................................................ 162 13.5. ADOT Bicycle and Pedestrian Plan Phase II and III......................................................... 164







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List of Appendices



Appendix A � User Surveys Appendix B � Existing ADOT Data Parameters Appendix C � Bicycle and Pedestrian Plan Maps for Arizona Agencies







List of Exhibits



Exhibit 1 � State of Arizona .......................................................................................................................3 Exhibit 2 � 1996 Bicycle Suitability.........................................................................................................31 Exhibit 2B � 1996 Bicycle Suitability (Local Areas)...............................................................................32 Exhibit 3 � Right Shoulder Width ............................................................................................................33 Exhibit 3B � Right Shoulder Width (Local Areas)...................................................................................34 Exhibit 4 � Relative cost...........................................................................................................................35 Exhibit 4B � Relative cost (Local Areas).................................................................................................36 Exhibit 5 � Bicycling Conditions Score ...................................................................................................39 Exhibit 5B � Bicycling Conditions Score (Local Areas)..........................................................................40 Exhibit 6 � Regionally Significant Non-ADOT Routes (Local Areas)....................................................66 Exhibit 7 � Regionally Significant Bicycle Events ..................................................................................67 Exhibit 8 � Arizona Bicycle Network.......................................................................................................69 Exhibit 8B � Arizona Bicycle Network (Local Areas).............................................................................70 Exhibit 9 � High Priority Implementation Corridors..............................................................................165 Exhibit 9B � High Priority Implementation Corridors (Local Areas)....................................................166







List of Figures



Figure 1 � Typical Bike Lane Cross Sections...........................................................................................73 Figure 2A � Problems with Placement of Bike Lane to the Right of a Right Turn Lane.........................74 Figure 2B � Correct Placement of Bike Lane to the Left of a Right Turn Lane.......................................75 Figure 2C � Optional Bike Lane Treatment Where Right Lane Becomes Right Turn Only Lane...........76 Figure 2D � Optional Bike Lane Treatment at Multiple Right Turn Lanes.............................................77 Figure 3 � Shared-Use Path Standard Cross-Section (Curtis Lueck & Associates).................................78 Figure 4 � Intersection Treatment in Retail Areas....................................................................................88 Figure 5 � Mid-Block Treatment in Retail Areas.....................................................................................89 Figure 6 � Cattle Guard Modifications to Improve Bicycle Compatibility Used in Pima County...........95 Figure 7 � Bike Lane Through Temporary Traffic Control Zone..........................................................103 Figure 8 � Bike Lane Transition to Shared Travel Lane in Temporary Traffic Control Zone...............104







List of Tables



Table 1 � 1996 Bicycle Suitability .......................................................................................................... 30 Table 2 � Right Shoulder Width.............................................................................................................. 30 Table 3 � Relative Cost............................................................................................................................ 30 Table 4 � Bikeway Maintenance Checklist and Schedule....................................................................... 96 Table 5 � Bicycle and Pedestrian Ordinances and Codes...................................................................... 133 Table 6 � National Examples................................................................................................................. 137 Table 7 � Bicycle and Pedestrian Programs in Arizona........................................................................ 143 Table 8 � Potential Annual Funding...................................................................................................... 156







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1. Executive Summary



The United States Department of Transportation (USDOT) has established specific goals to improve the role and function of bicycling and walking as modes of transportation. As stated in the National Bicycling and Walking Study (Publication Number FHWA-PD-94-023), these goals are to double the number of person trips made by bicycling or walking and to simultaneously reduce by 10 percent the number of bicyclist and pedestrian deaths and injuries associated with vehicular and bicycle and pedestrian crashes. The U.S. Bureau of Transportation Statistics has found that approxim tely 20 a percent of U.S. citizens, or nearly 41 million people, ride bicycles at least one or more times per month. Also, nearly all Americans and visitors to the U.S. walk or use wheelchairs for some utilitarian and recreational trips. Planning for and constructing accommodations for bicycling and walking and improving safety, education, and enforcement programs are critical in achieving the USDOT goals and to improving regional mobility. Bicycling and walking are basic, fundamental modes of transportation that in today's motorized world of travel are commonly overlooked as an option to help manage our circulation issues and concerns. One of the underlying principles in planning for bicycling and walking is to provide a system that allows users significant mode choices and that creates a reasonable balance in accommodating those choices, without favoring one mode at the expense of all others. This means in order to achieve a balance within the current transportation network, bicycling and walking need to be made more attractive and truly be a viable option for transportation. This includes creating a non-motorized network comprised of on-street facilities, off-street facilities, and end of trip facilities. Education and enforcement programs enhance alternative forms of transportation. Two pieces of legislation, one State and the other Federal, provide the impetus for developing a statewide, long-term plan for bicycles and pedestrians as a transportation mode. In 1986 the Arizona Legislature revised Arizona Revised Statute (ARS) 28-812 that grants any person riding a bicycle on a roadway or on a shoulder of a roadway "all the rights and ... all the duties" applicable to the driver of a motor vehicle. This law made bicycling a viable form of transportation with bicyclists having the right to use any roadway in the State, except where prohibited. The Federal Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act (ISTEA) of 1991, clearly stated that state departments of transportation must integrate bicycle and pedestrian planning into their long-term transportation planning. ISTEA stressed that urbanized areas are responsible for regional metropolitan transportation planning and that the Arizona Department of Transportation (ADOT) is responsible for including these Metr politan o Planning Organization (MPO) plans in its long-term plans as well as providing transportation planning for the rural areas of Arizona. In 1998, the Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century (TEA-21) replaced ISTEA. TEA-21 builds on the bicycle and pedestrian initiatives established in ISTEA and reaffirms the need to accommodate bicyclists and pedestrians in the planning and design of roadway projects. With the advent of multi-modal transportation planning, and given that most of the major metropolitan areas in Arizona have implemented bicycle and pedestrian plans, it is now desirable that ADOT develop



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1







a bicycle and pedestrian plan that encompasses all of Arizona. The major intent of the Statewide Bicycle and Pedestrian Plan (Plan) is to provide a long-term plan for a system of shared roadways and bicycle and pedestrian facilities for the ADOT State Highway System. This includes the definition of the roles of the State and local government in the continual development of the bicycle and pedestri n a transportation system in Arizona. It also includes the identification of all existing bicycle and pedestrian plans of the MPOs within Arizona to address the relationship between ADOT and the jurisdictions in the advancement of these plans. In addition, this plan includes design and maintenance guidelines for consideration by all implementing agencies in Arizona. Most importantly, this statewide bicycle and pedestrian plan guides ADOT in making transportation decisions impacting bicycling and pedestrian activity, and improves the accommodation of these non-motorized modes of transportation within Arizona's multi-modal transportation system. Exhibit 1 on the following page displays roadways in the ADOT State Highways system, ADOT districts, and the counties within Arizona. This Plan includes the following Sections: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. Executive Summary Bicycle and Pedestrian Terms, Definitions and State Statutes Stakeholder Coordination Study Goal and Objectives 2002 Current Conditions Bicycle/Pedestrian Committees, Coordinators, Documents, and Maps Arizona Bicycle Network Design Guidelines for Consideration Maintenance Guidelines for Consideration Policies, Ordinances, Codes, and Standards Programs Existing and Potential Funding Sources Implementation







Stakeholder Coordination







The Statewide Bicycle and Pedestrian Plan is the culmination of input from all interested parties. The extensive stakeholder coordination for the Plan was comprised of six components: the Steering Committee, the Review Committee, ADOT District/Regional Traffic Engineer input, public meetings, user surveys and the project website. The participation by representatives from both engineering and planning divisions from ADOT, MPOs, and local jurisdictions plus inte ested organizations provides r valuable input that was critical to the creation of an implementable plan that meets the needs of the citizens and visitors to Arizona. Study Goal







To provide a long-term plan for a statewide system of interconnected bicycle facilities that will guide ADOT transportation decisions relating to bicycle and pedestrian travel, planning, and facility development.







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2







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93







Arizona Statewide Bicycle and Pedestrian Plan







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Study Objectives







A.







Conduct an inventory of highways under ADOT jurisdiction to determine existing conditions for bicycle travel. Determine preferred bicyclist routes on the State Highway System. Evaluate financial considerations, including costs. Compile a listing of funding sources that are currently being used or can be used to fund shared lane roadway and bicycle and pedestrian facilities. Identify funding strategies and a system for tracking individual projects. Develop a pedestrian policy to guide ADOT in State Highway, U.S. Highway, and Interstate Highway development. Evaluate the effectiveness of the existing ADOT Bicycle Policy, at least nine months after its adoption, and recommend revisions, if needed. Evaluate facility design and maintenance issues. Develop design standards and cross section detail design for shared roadways and bicycle facilities that can be integrated into existing design standards, if needed. Implementation � develop a statewide bicycle network plan that prioritizes corridors, integrates existing plans from other jurisdictions, and identifies funding for futur development. e Provide model bicycle and pedestrian ordinances for local governments in Arizona. Involve representatives from interested agencies and organizations throughout the State and citizens of Arizona in the development of the Plan.







B. C.







D.







E.







F.







G. H.







2002 Current Conditions







The assessment of current conditions used ADOT's vast database of roadway characteristics within the State Highway Log and the Highway Performance Monitoring System as a backbone. The main criteria that were evaluated include:







r







ight shoulder width; olume to capacity ratio; peed limit; and ercent truck traffic.







v







s







p







Although it was extremely beneficial to utilize this existing data, it is recognized that the data is not completely accurate and that by definition it is insufficient because it only records data for one direction of travel. With this in mind, there was a significant effort made to get existing conditions comments from ADOT engineers, Steering Committee members, and the public. A score is assigned to all State Highway segments for the criteria listed above to quantitatively represent bicycling conditions. The points for a particular route are summed together to create a bicycling conditions score. Exhibits 5 and 5B (see pages 39 and 40) show this bicycling conditions score. The



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4







bicycle conditions score is utilized in the Implementation Plan to prioritize recommended improvements. A majority of the rural roadway segments within Arizona received a high bicycling conditions score primarily based on the shoulder being five feet or greater in width (53 percent of State Highways) or the roadway having a low volume to capacity ratio. On the other hand, virtually all of the noninterstate Highways have sections that received a low bicycling conditions score based on there being a narrow shoulder and also a reasonably high volume to capacity ratio. There also are a significant number of shoulders that have rumble strips that transform a shoulder with a reasonable width into an undesirable bicycle segment. A typical ride on one of A izona's rural highways would r include acceptable conditions for a majority of the ride with sections of the ride that are undesirable due to narrow shoulders or shoulders filled with rumble strips. Urban State Highways within Arizona typically have below average bicycling conditions based on there being either a shoulder less than four feet wide or a shared lane that is less than 15 feet wide, high vehicular speeds and a reasonably high volume to capacity ratio. There also are a significant number of urban highways that have an excessive number of driveway access points and that lack the proper maintenance of bicycling and walking facilities. ADOT has worked with implementing agencies that plan to improve roadway conditions within urban areas; however, it is the primary responsibility of the local or regional jurisdiction to program roadway improvements within the urban area. Bicycle and Pedestrian Committees, Coordinators, Documents, and Maps







The information in the Plan builds upon information provided from Bicycle and Pedestrian Committees and Coordinators regarding existing guidelines, standards, and plans set forth by national organizations, and Arizona state, city, and county entities. This section includes the recommendations that :







A ll communities within Arizona consider having Bicycle and Pedestrian Advisory Committees. DOT have the current Bicycle and Pedestrian Coordinator position solely dedicated to bicycle and A pedestrian projects and a Bicycle and Pedestrian Coordinator's Assistant Position be developed at ADOT. In addition, it is recommended that ADOT designate one Bicycle and Pedestrian Contact for each district. I mplementing agencies within Arizona consider having at least one full time Bicycle and/or Pedestrian Coordinator. I mplementing agencies put a high priority on implementing proposed local routes that fill a gap between existing bicycle routes. T hat adjacent implementing agencies work together to provide bicycle route connectivity across jurisdictional boundaries.







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5







Arizona Bicycle Network







The Arizona Bicycle Network is comprised of roadways within the State Highway System, except where bicycles are specifically prohibited, and it includes regionally significant non ADOT bicycle facilities. The purpose of this task is to create a statewide bicycle network map that provides users with valuable information regarding the major bicycle routes within the state and specifies where there are alternative routes to the State Highway System. Exhibits 8 and 8B (see pages 69 and 70) depict the Arizona Bicycle Network and include right shoulder width and traffic volume data. It is recommended that Implementation of the Plan include the development, printing and distribution of a fold out user map that combines the data presented in Exhibit 8 with educational information and other resources for bicyclists. This user map is anticipated to be similar to the Cycle Arizona Map of Suitable Bicycle Routes on the State Highway System that ADOT printed in 1998 for free distribution. Design and Maintenance Guidelines for Consideration







ADOT and other implementing agencies within Arizona should consider the appropriate accommodation of bicyclists and pedestrians in the design and maintenance of improvement projects. These sections includes design and maintenance guidelines that are important to the betterment of bicycling and walking within Arizona. At this time, it is not possible to address all impacts and fiscal implications these guidelines would have on any particular implementing agency within Arizona. Therefore the guidelines within this plan are provided for consideration by all agencies and are not a specific requirement on ADOT or any other agency within Arizona. AASHTO developed national design guidelines for bikeways with input from state departments of transportation, including ADOT. Currently, ADOT recognizes design guidelines including the 1999 AASHTO Guide for the Development of Bicycle Facilities and the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD), Millennium Edition Revision 1 with an Arizona Supplement. In addition, the Arizona Department of Transportation acknowledges the Institute of Transportation Engineers Traffic Control Devices Handbook. AASHTO is currently developing pedestrian facility design guidelines that will be reviewed by ADOT and adopted accordingly. The design and maintenance guidelines included in this Plan are intended to supplement the above referenced guidelines.







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Policies, Ordinances, Codes, and Standards







Implementing agencies within Arizona should review the codes and standards included herein and use the vast amount of successful codes and standards that currently exist within Arizona and nationally. Implementation of the Plan should include a task to further review the existing ADOT bicycle policies and the policy revisions included herein for consideration. Additional effort will be needed to come to agreement on the appropriate ADOT policy language such that bicyclists and pedestrians will be better accommodated on ADOT facilities. Programs







Programs with safety strategies incorporating education and enforcement elements are an integral part of this statewide plan, and it will require cooperation among numerous agencies and interest groups to achieve valuable results. ADOT should develop a program to provide data, data analysis, resources, tools, standards, and guidance on bicycle and pedestrian safety. Local governments, school districts, and civic groups need to continue and expand sessions on traffic safety, including adult courses such as the Bicycle Education Program of the League of American Bicyclists. ADOT also should develop a program to provide important instructional and informational brochures and safety literature, including guides that will expand knowledge of laws implementing pedestrians and the safe operation of bicycles and motor vehicles. A number of recommendations are listed below that ADOT and agencies around the state could implement to improve bicycling and walking conditions.







P rovide planning and design training of bicycle and pedestrian accommodations to other ADOT staff, MPOs, and city staff; A ssist in the development of state, regional, and local bicycle maps; S upport advertising campaigns and public service announcements that educate the public on the virtues of non-motorized transportation; D evelop basic pedestrian and bicycle education programs for communities and schools; D evelop enforcement strategies and programs aimed at bicyclist and pedestrian law violations that are most likely to result in serious crashes; evelop enforcement strategies aimed at motorist errors and aggressive behaviors; D C ontinue to consider additions to driver's education products that emphasize safe motorist driving when encountering bicyclists and pedestrians on the road; A ssist in promoting bike-to-work days and safe routes to school programs; and P romote the link between land use and transportation by encouraging smart growth initiatives.







Existing and Potential Funding Sources







It is recommended that future phases of the Bicycle and Pedestrian Program include an emphasis on prioritizing, applying, and politicking for an increased percentage of the available funds to be applied to bicycle and pedestrian projects. The review of funding sources indicates that a large potential exists for funding bicycle and pedestrian facilities and associated programs. With strong public desire for bicycle and pedestrian facilities and programs, the current lack of adequate facilities and opportunities, the need to improve facilities to meet legal requirements such as the Americans with Disabilities Act, and the



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need to provide parity in funding to help reduce the disproportionate bicycle and pedestrian fatalities and serious injuries, attaining significant amounts of funding is necessary to meet the objectives ofthis Plan. It is important to realize that the majority of the funding sources described in this section fund projects based on a highly competitive application/selection process. It is anticipated that i will take targeted t effort over a significant period of time to increase the percentage of funds that are applied to bicycle and pedestrian improvements. Implementation







It is recommended that the first priority of implementation be to assure that adequate bicycle and pedestrian facilities are provided as an integral component of all future ADOT projects, with the exception of projects that have no relation to bicyclists or pedestrians. It is recognized that it is significantly more cost effective for bicycle and pedestrian improvements to be providedas a component of roadway projects in comparison to a stand-alone bicycle or pedestrian project. ADOT should work with other implementing agencies to obtain funding from any of the various funding sources to construct shared-use paths within ADOT right-of-way when it is consistent with the adopted plan of an implementing agency. It is recommended that ADOT develop a program to systematically retrofit through roadway cattle guards as appropriate along State Highways open to bicycle travel that have gaps greater than one quarter-inch by four inch parallel to the direction of bicycle travel. Because cattle guards with gaps that can trap a bicycle tire can be a liability and it is estimated that cattle guards can be retrofitted for approximately $1,000 per location, it is recommended that this program be given a high priority. An annual program should be initiated to retrofit cattle guards that meet the criteria above. It is recommended that $200,000 be attained from Hazard Elimination funds for the first year. Shoulder widening for segments that have an effective width of two feet or less includes narrow shoulders, shoulders with wide rumble strips reducing the effective width and narrow bridges. The desire is to widen shoulder to a width of six to ten feet, based on the width specified in the ADOT Roadway Design Guideline 302.4. Based on a desire to improve bicycling conditions along a long corridor for a limited cost, segments with the following criteria were selected as the highest priority (see Section 5 for a description of the Bicycling Conditions Score and the relative cost):







R elative cost of minor or moderate expense; A Bicycling Conditions score of 17 or less; and R ight shoulder width less than or equal to two feet.







The result of this Implementation ranking is shown in Exhibits 9 and 9B (see pages 165 and 166). Priority is being placed on those facilities that can be implemented at a minor or moderate expense and that are adjacent to an urban area. It is recognized that there is greater demand forbicycling in and



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adjacent to the urban areas and there will be more benefit from the proposed improvements. It is recommended that funding be designated in locations where an improvement over a short distance can improve conditions along a corridor that typically has suitable conditions. Implementation of the Arizona Statewide Bicycle and Pedestrian Plan will build upon the momentum established during the development of the Bicycle and Pedestrian Plan. ADOT is committed to the continued effort to improve bicycling and walking statewide. The Phase II and III tasks will begin to implement the recommendations of the Plan and will include the continued coordination with a Statewide Bicycle and Pedestrian Committee. The following implementation recommendations are some of the tasks that may be included in Phases II and III:







evelop and Distribute a Bicycle User Map; evelop a Statewide Bicycle and Pedestrian Education Program; evelop and Print a Statewide "Share the Road" Guide for Bicyclists, Pedestriansand Motorists; evelop Grant and Funding Plans; evelop Bicycle and Pedestrian Facility Action Plans; reate a Maintenance and Facility Request System; acilitate an Update of ADOT Bicycle and Pedestrian Policy; evelop a Statewide Bicycle and Pedestrian Committee; ursue Statewide Training Opportunities; reate a Rural Specific Design Guideline; and reate a Pedestrian Focused Action Plan.







D







D







D







D







D







C







F







D







P







C







C







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2. Bicycle and Pedestrian Terms, Definitions, and State Statutes



The terms used throughout this document are defined below. The definitions are from the Guide for the Development of Bicycle Facilities by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), 1999 and the Arizona Revised Statutes. Bicycle and Pedestrian Terms and Definitions from AASHTO BICYCLE � Every vehicle propelled solely by human power upon which any person may ride, having two tandem wheels, except scooters and similar devices. The term "bicycle" for this publication also includes three- and four-wheeled human-powered vehicles, but not tricycles for children. BICYCLE FACILITIES � A general term denoting improvements and provisions made by public agencies to accommodate or encourage bicycling, including parking and storage facilities, and shared roadways not specifically designated for bicycle use. BICYCLE LANE OR BIKE LANE � A portion of a roadway that has been designated by striping, signing, and pavement markings for the preferential or exclusive use of bicyclists. BICYCLE PATH or BIKE PATH � See Shared-Use Path. BICYCLE ROUTE SYSTEM � A system of bikeways designated by the jurisdiction having authority with appropriate directional and informational route markers, with or without specific bicycle route numbers. Bicycle routes should establish a continuous routing, but may be a combination of any and all types of bikeways. BICYCLIST TYPE � AASHTO suggests three categories of bicyclists, A, B, and C, defined as follows: Advanced or experienced riders generally use their bicycles as they would a motor vehicle. They are riding for convenience and speed, and want direct access to destinations with a minimum of detour or delay. They are typically comfortable riding with motor vehicle traffic; however, they need sufficient operating space on the traveled way or the shoulder to eliminate the need for either themselves or a passing motor vehicle to shift position. Basic or less confident adult riders who may also be using their bicycles for transportation purposes (e.g., going to the store or visiting friends) but prefer to avoid roads with fast and busy motor vehicle traffic, unless there is ample roadway width to allow easy overtaking by the faster motor vehicles. Thus, basic riders are comfortable riding on neighborhood streets and shared-use paths, and prefer designated facilities such as bicycle lanes or wide shoulder lanes on busier streets. Children, riding on their own or with their parents, may not travel as fast as their adult counterparts but still may require access to destinations in their community, such as schools, convenience stores, and recreational facilities. Residential streets with low motor vehicle speeds, shared-use paths, and busier streets with well-defined pavement markings between bicycles and motor vehicles can accommodate children without their needing to ride in the travel lane of major arterials.







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BIKEWAY � A generic term for any road, street, path or way which in some manner is specifically designated for bicycle travel, regardless of whether such facilities are designated for the exclusive use of bicycles or are to be shared with other transportation modes. BICYCLE ROUTE � See Signed Shared Roadway. HIGHWAY � A general term denoting a public way for purposes of vehicular travel, including the entire area within the right-of-way. RAIL-TRAIL � A shared-use path, paved or unpaved, built within the right-of-way of an existing or former railroad. RIGHT-OF-WAY � A general term denoting land, property, or interest therein, usually in a strip, acquired for or devoted to transportation purposes. RIGHT OF WAY � The right of one vehicle or pedestrian to proceed in a lawful manner in preference to another vehicle or pedestrian. ROADWAY � The portion of the highway, including shoulders, intended for vehicular use. RUMBLE STRIPS � A textured or grooved pavement sometimes used on or along shoulders of highways to alert motorists who stray onto the shoulder. SHARED ROADWAY � A roadway, which is open to both bicycle and motor vehicle travel. This may be an existing roadway, street with wide curb lanes, or road with paved shoulders. SHARED-USE PATH � A bikeway physically separated from motorized vehicular traffic by an open space or barrier and either within the highway right-of-way or within an independent right-of-way. Pedestrians, skaters, wheelchair users, joggers, and other non-motorized users may also use shared-use paths. SHOULDER � The portion of the roadway contiguous with the traveled way for accommodation of stopped vehicles, for emergency use, and for lateral support of sub-base, base, and surface courses. SIDEWALK � The portion of a street or highway right-of-way designed for preferential or exclusive use by pedestrians. SIGNED SHARED ROADWAY (SIGNED BIKE ROUTE) � A shared roadway which has been designated by signing as a preferred route for bicycle use. TRAVELED WAY � The portion of the roadway for the movement of vehicles, exclusive of shoulders. UNPAVED PATH � Paths not surfaced with asphalt or Portland cement concrete.







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Bicycle and Pedestrian Terms, Definitions and Statutes from the Arizona Revised Statutes ARS 28-101. Pertinent Definitions 6. "Bicycle" means a device, including a racing wheelchair, that is propelled by human power and on which a person may ride and that has either: (a) Two tandem wheels, either of which is more than sixteen inches in diameter. (b) Three wheels in contact with the ground, any of which is more than sixteen inches in diameter. 20. "Electric personal assistive mobility device" means a self-balancing two non-tandem wheeled device with an electric propulsion system that limits the maximum speed of the device to fifteen miles per hour or less and that is designed to transport only one person. 30. "Motor vehicle": (a) Means either: (i) A self-propelled vehicle. (ii) For the purposes of the laws relating to the imposition of a tax on motor vehicle fuel, a vehicle that is operated on the highways of this state and that is propelled by the use of motor vehicle fuel. (b) Does not include a motorized wheelchair or a motorized skateboard. For the purposes of this subdivision: (i) "Motorized wheelchair" means a self-propelled wheelchair that is used by a person for mobility. (ii) "Motorized skateboard" means a self-propelled device that has a motor, a deck on which a person may ride and at least two tandem wheels in contact with the ground. 38. "Pedestrian" means any person afoot. A person who uses an electric personal assistive mobility device or a manual or motorized wheelchair is considered a pedestrian unless the manual wheelchair qualifies as a bicycle. For the purposes of this paragraph, "motorized wheelchair" means a selfpropelled wheelchair that is used by a person for mobility. 43. "Right-of-way" when used within the context of the regulation of the movement of traffic on a highway means the privilege of the immediate use of the highway. Right-of-way when used within the context of the real property on which transportation facilities and appurtenances to the facilities are constructed or maintained means the lands or interest in lands within the right-of-way boundaries. 47. "State Highway" means a state route or portion of a state route that is accepted and designated by the board as a State Highway and that is maintained by the state. 48. "State route" means a right-of-way whether actually used as a highway or not that is designated by the board as a location for the construction of a State Highway. 49. "Street" or "highway" means the entire width between the boundary lines of every way if a part of the way is open to the use of the public for purposes of vehicular travel. 53. "Vehicle" means a device in, on or by which a person or property is or may be transported or drawn on a public highway, excluding devices moved by human power or used exclusively on stationary rails or tracks. ARS 28-601. Definitions 3. "Crosswalk" means: (a) That part of a roadway at an intersection included within the prolongations or connections of the lateral lines of the sidewalks on opposite sides of the highway measured from the curbs or, in absence of curbs, from the edges of the traversable roadway. (b) Any portion of a roadway at an intersection or elsewhere that is distinctly indicated for pedestrian crossing by lines or other markings on the surface. Terms and Definitions



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7. "Intersection" means the area embraced within the prolongation or connection of the lateral curb lines, or if none, the lateral boundary lines of the roadways of two highways that join one another at, or approximately at, right angles, or the area within which vehicles traveling on different highways joining at any other angle may come in conflict. If a highway includes two roadways thirty or more feet apart, each crossing of each roadway of the divided highway by an intersecting highway is a separate intersection. If the intersecting highway also includes two roadways thirty or more feet apart, each crossing of two roadways of the highways is a separate intersection. 9. "Motorized wheelchair" means any self-propelled wheelchair that is used by a person for mobility. 19. "Roadway" means that portion of a highway that is improved, designed or ordinarily used for vehicular travel, exclusive of the berm or shoulder. If a highway includes two or more separate roadways, roadway refers to any such roadway separately but not to all such roadways collectively. 20. "Safety zone" means the area or space that is both: (a) Officially set apart within a roadway for the exclusive use of pedestrians. (b) Protected or either marked or indicated by adequate signs as to be plainly visible at all times while set apart as a safety zone. 21. "Sidewalk" means that portion of a street that is between the curb lines or the lateral lines of a roadway and the adjacent property lines and that is intended for the use of pedestrians. 26. "Traffic" means pedestrians, ridden or herded animals, vehicles and other conveyances either singly or together while using a highway for purposes of travel. ARS 28-641. Traffic control device manual and specifications The director shall adopt a manual and specifications for a uniform system of traffic control devices for use on highways in this state. Except as provided in section 28-2416, the uniform system shall correlate with and as far as possible conform to the system set forth in the most recent edition of the manual on uniform traffic control devices for streets and highways prepared by the national joint committee on uniform traffic control devices. ARS 28-645. Traffic control signal legend A. If traffic is controlled by traffic control signals exhibiting different colored lights or colored lighted arrows successively one at a time or in combination, only the colors green, red and yellow shall be used, except for special pedestrian signals carrying a word legend. The lights shall indicate and apply to drivers of vehicles and pedestrians as follows: 1. Green indication: (a) Vehicular traffic facing a green signal may proceed straight through or turn right or left unless a sign at that place prohibits either turn. Vehicular traffic, including vehicles turning right or left, shall yield the right-of-way to other vehicles and to pedestrians lawfully within the intersection or an adjacent crosswalk at the time the signal is exhibited. (b) Vehicular traffic facing a green arrow signal, shown alone or in combination with another indication, may cautiously enter the intersection only to make the movement indicated by such arrow or such other movement as is permitted by other indications shown at the same time. Vehicular traffic shall yield the right-of-way to pedestrians lawfully within an adjacent crosswalk and to other traffic lawfully using the intersection. (c) Unless otherwise directed by a pedestrian control signal as provided in section 28-646, pedestrians facing any green signal, except if the sole green signal is a turn arrow, may proceed across the roadway within any marked or unmarked crosswalk.







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2. Steady yellow indication: (a) Vehicular traffic facing a steady yellow signal is warned by the signal that the related green movement is being terminated or that a red indication will be exhibited immediately thereafter when vehicular traffic shall not enter the intersection. (b) Unless otherwise directed by a pedestrian control signal as provided in section 28-646, pedestrians facing a steady yellow signal are advised by the signal that there is insufficient time to cross the roadway before a red indication is shown and a pedestrian shall not then start to cross the roadway. 3. Red indication: (a) Except as provided in subdivisions (b) and (c) of this paragraph, vehicular traffic facing a steady red signal alone shall stop before entering the intersection and shall remain standing until an indication to proceed is shown. On receipt of a record of judgment for a violation of this subdivision, the department shall order the person to attend and successfully complete traffic survival school training and educational sessions within sixty days after the department issues the order. Notwithstanding section 283315, if the person fails to attend or successfully complete traffic survival school training and educational sessions, the department shall suspend the person's driving privilege pursuant to section 283306 until the person attends and successfully completes traffic survival school training and educational sessions. A person whose driving privilege is suspended pursuant to this subdivision may request a hearing. If the person requests a hearing, the department shall conduct the hearing as prescribed in section 28-3306. (b) The driver of a vehicle that is stopped in obedience to a red signal and as close as practicable at the entrance to the crosswalk on the near side of the intersection, or if there is no crosswalk, then at the entrance to the intersection, may make a right turn but shall yield the right-of-way to pedestrians and other traffic proceeding as directed by the signal. A right turn may be prohibited against a red signal at any intersection if a sign prohibiting the turn is erected at the intersection. (c) The driver of a vehicle on a one-way street that intersects another one-way street on which traffic moves to the left shall stop in obedience to a red signal but may then make a left turn into the one-way street. The driver shall yield the right-of-way to pedestrians and other traffic proceeding as directed by the signal at the intersection, except that such left turn may be prohibited if a sign prohibiting the turn is erected at the intersection. (d) Unless otherwise directed by a pedestrian control signal as provided in section 28-646, a pedestrian facing a steady red signal alone shall not enter the roadway. B. If an official traffic control signal is erected and maintained at a place other than an intersection, this section applies except as to those provisions of this section that by their nature can have no application. Any stop required shall be made at a sign or marking on the pavement indicating where the stop shall be made, but in the absence of a sign or marking the stop shall be made at the signal. C. The driver of a vehicle approaching an intersection that has an official traffic control signal that is inoperative shall bring the vehicle to a complete stop before entering the intersection and may proceed with caution only when it is safe to do so. If two or more vehicles approach an intersection from different streets or highways at approximately the same time and the official traffic control signal for the intersection is inoperative, the driver of each vehicle shall bring the vehicle to a complete stop before entering the intersection and the driver of the vehicle on the left shall yield the right-of-way to the driver of the vehicle on the right.







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ARS 28-646. Pedestrian control signals; loitering prohibited A. If special pedestrian control signals exhibiting the words "walk" or "don't walk" are in place, the signals shall indicate as follows: 1. Walk. Pedestrians facing the signal may proceed across the roadway in the direction of the signal and shall be given the right-of-way by the drivers of vehicles. 2. Don't walk. A pedestrian shall not start to cross the roadway in the direction of the signal, but a pedestrian who has partially completed crossing on the walk signal shall proceed to a sidewalk or safety island while the don't walk signal is showing. B. A pedestrian shall not loiter or unduly delay crossing the roadway after traffic has stopped to give the right-of-way. ARS 28-647. Flashing signals If an illuminated flashing red or yellow signal is used in a traffic sign or signal it requires obedience by vehicular traffic as follows: 1. Flashing red stop signal. If a red lens is illuminated with rapid intermittent flashes, drivers of vehicles shall stop before entering the nearest crosswalk at an intersection or at a limit line if marked, or if none, then before entering the intersection, and the right to proceed is subject to the rules applicable after making a stop at a stop sign. On receipt of a record of judgment for a violation of this paragraph, the department shall order the person to attend and successfully complete traffic survival school training and educational sessions within sixty days after the department issues the order. Notwithstanding section 28-3315, if the person fails to attend or successfully complete traffic survival school training and educational sessions, the department shall suspend the person's driving privilege pursuant to section 283306 until the person attends and successfully completes traffic survival school training and educational sessions. A person whose driving privilege is suspended pursuant to this paragraph may request a hearing. If the person requests a hearing, the department shall conduct the hearing as prescribed in section 28-3306. 2. Flashing yellow caution signal. If a yellow lens is illuminated with rapid intermittent flashes, drivers of vehicles may proceed through the intersection or past the signal only with caution. ARS 28-704. Minimum speed limits; requirement to turn off roadway (See HB 2503 at end of Section) A. A person shall not drive a motor vehicle at such a slow speed as to impede or block the normal and reasonable movement of traffic except when reduced speed is necessary for safe operation or in compliance with law. B. If the director or local authorities within their respective jurisdictions determine on the basis of an engineering and traffic investigation that slow speeds on any part of a highway consistently impede the normal and reasonable movement of traffic, the director or local authority may determine and declare a minimum speed limit below which a person shall not drive a vehicle except when necessary for safe operation or in compliance with law. C. If a person is driving a vehicle at a speed less than the normal flow of traffic at the particular time and place on a two-lane highway where passing is unsafe, and if five or more vehicles are formed in a line behind the vehicle, the person shall turn the vehicle off the roadway at the nearest place designated as a turnout by signs erected by the director or a local authority, or wherever sufficient area for a safe turnout exists, in order to permit the vehicles following to proceed.







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ARS 28-724. Overtaking on the right A. The driver of a vehicle may overtake and pass on the right of another vehicle only under the following conditions: 1. When the vehicle overtaken is making or about to make a left turn. 2. On a street or highway with unobstructed pavement that is not occupied by parked vehicles and that is of sufficient width for two or more lines of moving vehicles in each direction. 3. On a one-way street or on a roadway on which traffic is restricted to one direction of movement and if the roadway is free from obstructions and of sufficient width for two or more lines of moving vehicles. B. The driver of a vehicle may overtake and pass another vehicle on the right only under conditions permitting the movement in safety. The driver shall not make the movement by driving off the pavement or main traveled portion of the roadway. ARS 28-735. Overtaking bicycles; civil penalties (See HB 2503 at end of Section) A. When overtaking and passing a bicycle proceeding in the same direction, a person driving a motor vehicle shall exercise due care by leaving a safe distance between the motor vehicle and the bicycle of not less than three feet until the motor vehicle is safely past the overtaken bicycle. B. If a person violates this section and the violation results in a collision causing: 1. Serious physical injury as defined in section 13-105 to another person, the violator is subject to a civil penalty of up to five hundred dollars. 2. Death to another person, the violator is subject to a civil penalty of up to one thousand dollars. 3. Subsection B of this section does not apply to a bicyclist who is injured in a vehicular traffic lane when a designated bicycle lane or path is present and passable ARS 28-756. Method of giving hand and arm signals A. Except as provided by subsection B, a person shall give all hand and arm signals required by this article from the left side of the vehicle in the following manner, and the signals shall indicate as follows: 1. Left turn. Hand and arm extended horizontally. 2. Right turn. Hand and arm extended upward. 3. Stop or decrease speed. Hand and arm extended downward. B. A person operating a bicycle may give a right turn signal by extending the right hand and arm horizontally and to the right side of the bicycle. ARS 28-791. Pedestrians subject to traffic rules A. Pedestrians are subject to traffic control signals at intersections as provided in section 28-645 unless required by local ordinance to comply strictly with the signals. At all places other than intersections, pedestrians are accorded the privileges and are subject to the restrictions stated in this article. B. A local authority may require by ordinance that pedestrians strictly comply with the directions of an official traffic control signal and may prohibit by ordinance pedestrians from crossing a roadway in a business district or crossing a designated highway except in a crosswalk.







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ARS 28-792. Right-of-way at crosswalk A. Except as provided in section 28-793, subsection B, if traffic control signals are not in place or are not in operation, the driver of a vehicle shall yield the right-of-way, slowing down or stopping if need be in order to yield, to a pedestrian crossing the roadway within a crosswalk when the pedestrian is on the half of the roadway on which the vehicle is traveling or when the pedestrian is approaching so closely from the opposite half of the roadway as to be in danger. A pedestrian shall not suddenly leave any curb or other place of safety and walk or run into the path of a vehicle that is so close that it is impossible for the driver to yield. B. If a vehicle is stopped at a marked crosswalk or at an unmarked crosswalk at an intersection to permit a pedestrian to cross the roadway, the driver of another vehicle approaching from the rear shall not overtake and pass the stopped vehicle. ARS 28-793. Crossing at other than crosswalk A. A pedestrian crossing a roadway at any point other than within a marked crosswalk or within an unmarked crosswalk at an intersection shall yield the right-of-way to all vehicles on the roadway. B. A pedestrian crossing a roadway at a point where a pedestrian tunnel or overhead pedestrian crossing has been provided shall yield the right-of-way to all vehicles on the roadway. C. Between adjacent intersections at which traffic control signals are in operation, pedestrians shall not cross at any place except in a marked crosswalk. ARS 28-794. Drivers to exercise due care Notwithstanding the provisions of this chapter every driver of a vehicle shall: 1. Exercise due care to avoid colliding with any pedestrian on any roadway. 2. Give warning by sounding the horn when necessary. 3. Exercise proper precaution on observing a child or a confused or incapacitated person on a roadway. ARS 28-795. Pedestrians to use right half of crosswalk Pedestrians shall move expeditiously, when practicable, on the right half of crosswalks. ARS 28-796. Pedestrian on roadways A. If sidewalks are provided, a pedestrian shall not walk along and on an adjacent roadway. B. If sidewalks are not provided, a pedestrian walking along and on a highway shall walk when practicable only on the left side of the roadway or its shoulder facing traffic that may approach from the opposite direction. C. A person shall not stand in a roadway for the purpose of soliciting a ride from the driver of a vehicle. ARS 28-797. School crossings; definition A. The director, with respect to State Highways, or the officer, board or commission of the appropriate jurisdiction, with respect to county highways or city or town streets, by and with the advice of the school district implementing board or county school superintendent may mark or cause to be marked by the department or local authorities crosswalks in front of each school building or school grounds abutting the crosswalks where children are required to cross the highway or street.







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B. The department or local authorities may approve additional crossings across highways not abutting on school grounds on application of school authorities and with written satisfactory assurance given the department or local authorities that guards will be maintained by the school district at the crossings to enforce the proper use of the crossing by school children. C. The manual prescribed in section 28-641 shall provide for yellow marking of the school crossing, yellow marking of the center line of the roadway and the erection of portable signs indicating that vehicles must stop when persons are in the crossing. The manual shall also provide the type and wording of portable signs indicating that school is in session and permanent signs that warn of the approach to school crossings. D. When the school crossings are established, school authorities shall place within the highway the portable signs indicating that school is in session. This placement shall be not more than three hundred feet from each side of the school crossing. In addition, portable "stop when children are in crosswalk" signs shall be placed at school crossings. School authorities shall maintain these signs when school is in session and shall cause them to be removed immediately when school is not in session. E. A vehicle approaching the crosswalk shall not proceed at a speed of more than fifteen miles per hour between the portable signs placed on the highway indicating "school in session" and "stop when children are in crosswalk". F. Notwithstanding any other law: 1. An agency of appropriate jurisdiction may establish a school crossing on an unpaved highway or street adjacent to a school when the agency determines the need for the school crossing on the basis of a traffic study. School crossings on unpaved highways and streets shall be marked by the use of signs as prescribed in the manual prescribed in section 28-641. 2. A local authority may establish a school crossing at an intersection containing a traffic control signal if the local authority determines the need for a school crossing on the basis of a traffic study. G. When a school authority places and maintains the required portable "school in session" signs and "stop when children are in crosswalk" signs, all vehicles shall come to a complete stop at the school crossing when the crosswalk is occupied by a person. H. For the purposes of this section, "school in session", when used either in reference to the period of time or to signs, means during school hours or while children are going to or leaving school during opening or closing hours. ARS 28-811. Parent and guardian responsibility; applicability of article A. The parent of a child and the guardian of a ward shall not authorize or knowingly permit the child or ward to violate this chapter. B. Except as otherwise provided in this article, this chapter applies to a bicycle when it is operated on a highway or on a path set aside for the exclusive use of bicycles. ARS 28-812. Applicability of traffic laws to bicycle riders A person riding a bicycle on a roadway or on a shoulder adjoining a roadway is granted all of the rights and is subject to all of the duties applicable to the driver of a vehicle by this chapter and chapters 4 and 5 of this title, except special rules in this article and except provisions of this chapter and chapters 4 and 5 of this title that by their nature can have no application.







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ARS 28-813. Riding on bicycles A. A person propelling a bicycle shall not ride other than upon or astride a permanent and regular seat attached to the bicycle. B. A person shall not use a bicycle to carry more persons at one time than the number for which it is designed and equipped. ARS 28-814. Clinging to vehicle A person riding on a bicycle, coaster, sled or toy vehicle or on roller skates shall not attach the bicycle, coaster, sled, toy vehicle or roller skates or that person to a vehicle on a roadway. ARS 28-815. Riding on roadways and bicycle paths; prohibition of motor vehicle traffic on bike paths A. A person riding a bicycle on a roadway at less than the normal speed of traffic at the time and place and under the conditions then existing shall ride as close as practicable to the right-hand curb or edge of the roadway, except under any of the following situations: 1. If overtaking and passing another bicycle or vehicle proceeding in the same direction. 2. If preparing for a left turn at an intersection or into a private road or driveway. 3. If reasonably necessary to avoid conditions, including fixed or moving objects, parked or moving vehicles, bicycles, pedestrians, animals or surface hazards. 4. If the lane in which the person is operating the bicycle is too narrow for a bicycle and a vehicle to travel safely side by side within the lane. B. Persons riding bicycles upon a roadway shall not ride more than two abreast except on paths or parts of roadway set aside for the exclusive use of bicycles. C. A path or lane that is designated as a bicycle path or lane by state or local authorities is for the exclusive use of bicycles even though other uses are permitted pursuant to subsection D or are otherwise permitted by state or local authorities. D. A person shall not operate, stop, park or leave standing a vehicle in a path or lane designated as a bicycle path or lane by a state or local authority except in the case of emergency or for crossing the path or lane to gain access to a public or private road or driveway. E. Subsection D does not prohibit the use of the path or lane by the appropriate local authority. ARS 28-816. Carrying article on bicycles A person shall not carry a package, bundle or article while operating a bicycle if the package, bundle or article prevents the driver from keeping at least one hand on the handlebars. ARS 28-817. Bicycle equipment A. A bicycle that is used at nighttime shall have a lamp on the front that emits a white light visible from a distance of at least five hundred feet to the front and a red reflector on the rear of a type that is approved by the department and that is visible from all distances from fifty feet to three hundred feet to the rear when the reflector is directly in front of lawful upper beams of head lamps on a motor vehicle. A bicycle may have a lamp that emits a red light visible from a distance of five hundred feet to the rear in addition to the red reflector. B. A person shall not operate a bicycle that is equipped with a siren or whistle.







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C. A bicycle shall be equipped with a brake that enables the operator to make the braked wheels skid on dry, level, clean pavement. ARS 28-818. Bicycle safety fund A. A bicycle safety fund is established. The department shall administer the fund. The fund consists of monies received from: 1. The federal government or any agency of the federal government for any purpose authorized by this section. 2. Donations. 3. This state or any agency of this state for any purpose authorized by this section. B. The department: 1. May designate monies deposited in the bicycle safety fund for use only for specified purposes consistent with this section and only for use in specified political subdivisions of this state. 2. Shall spend monies contributed by a political subdivision to the bicycle safety fund and any donation to the fund designated for use in a political subdivision and any matching monies deposited in the fund as a result of the contribution or donation only for use in the political subdivision. 3. Shall only spend monies from the bicycle safety fund as follows: (a) For planning, engineering, constructing and maintaining bicycle paths and bicycle lanes. (b) As matching monies to be used with federal or local monies spent for planning, engineering, constructing or maintaining bicycle paths and bicycle lanes. (c) As matching monies to be used with federal or local monies spent for planning and implementing safety programs. C. Monies in the bicycle safety fund are exempt from the provisions of section 35-190 relating to lapsing of appropriations. The department may spend monies in the fund for purposes authorized by this section subject to legislative appropriation. ARS 28-855. Stop signs; yield signs A. The director, with reference to State Highways, and local authorities, with reference to other highways under their jurisdiction, may designate through highways and erect stop or yield signs at specified entrances to the through highways or may designate an intersection as a stop or yield intersection and erect like signs at one or more entrances to the intersection. B. A driver of a vehicle approaching a stop sign shall stop before entering the crosswalk on the near side of the intersection, or if there is no crosswalk, shall stop at a clearly marked stop line, or if there is no line, shall stop at the point nearest the intersecting roadway where the driver has a view of approaching traffic on the intersecting roadway before entering the intersection except when directed to proceed by a police officer. C. The driver of a vehicle approaching a yield sign shall slow down in obedience to the sign to a speed reasonable for the existing conditions and shall yield the right-of-way to any vehicle in the intersection or approaching on another highway so closely as to constitute an immediate hazard during the time the driver is moving across or within the intersection. If after driving past a yield sign without stopping the driver is involved in a collision with a vehicle in the intersection, the collision is prima facie evidence of the driver's failure to yield the right-of-way.







Terms and Definitions



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20







ARS 28-856. Emerging from alley, driveway or building The driver of a vehicle emerging from an alley, driveway or building within a business or residence district shall: 1. Stop the vehicle immediately before driving onto a sidewalk or onto the sidewalk area extending across any alleyway or private driveway. 2. Yield the right-of-way to any pedestrian as necessary to avoid collision. 3. On entering the roadway, yield the right-of-way to all closely approaching vehicles on the roadway. ARS 28-873. Stopping, standing or parking prohibitions Except if necessary to avoid conflict with other traffic or if in compliance with law or the directions of a police officer or traffic control device, a person shall not stop, stand or park a vehicle in any of the following places: 1. On a sidewalk. 2. In front of a public or private driveway, except that this paragraph does not apply to a vehicle or the driver of a vehicle engaged in the official delivery of the United States mail if both of the following apply: (a) The driver does not leave the vehicle. (b) The vehicle is stopped only momentarily. 3. Within an intersection. 4. Within fifteen feet of a fire hydrant. 5. On a crosswalk. 6. Within twenty feet of a crosswalk at an intersection. 7. Within thirty feet on the approach to any flashing beacon, stop sign, yield sign or traffic control signal located at the side of a roadway. ARS 28-904. Driving on sidewalk A. A person shall not drive a vehicle on a sidewalk area except on a permanent or duly authorized temporary driveway. B. This section does not apply to a motorized wheelchair, electric personal assistive mobility device, authorized emergency vehicle, security vehicle owned by this state or small service vehicle owned by this state or a political subdivision of this state. ARS 28-908. Persons in wheelchairs or on electric personal assistive mobility devices A person operating a wheelchair or motorized wheelchair or an electric personal assistive mobility device has all of the rights and duties that are contained in this chapter and chapters 4 and 5 of this title and that are applicable to pedestrians except provisions that by their nature can have no application. ARS 28-911. Electric personal assistive mobility devices A person who is under sixteen years of age shall not operate an electric personal assistive mobility device.







Terms and Definitions



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21







ARS 28-3164. Original applicants; examination A. The department may examine an applicant for an original driver license or the department may accept the examination conducted by an authorized third party pursuant to chapter 13 of this title or documentation of successful completion of a driver education course approved by the department. The examination shall include all of the following: 1. A test of the applicant's: (a) Eyesight. (b) Ability to read and understand official traffic control devices. (c) Knowledge of safe driving practices and the traffic laws of this state, including those practices and laws relating to bicycles. 2. An actual demonstration of ability to exercise ordinary and reasonable control in the operation of a vehicle or vehicle combination of the type covered by the license classification or endorsement for which the applicant applies. 3. Other physical and mental examinations if the department finds them necessary to determine the applicant's fitness to safely operate a motor vehicle on the highways. ARS 28-7201. Definitions In this article, unless the context otherwise requires: 1. "Implementing body" means the city or town council or other authority of a city or town, the board of supervisors of a county or the transportation board. 2. "Owner" or "owners of record" includes a person, firm, partnership, association or corporation. 3. "Owners association" means a nonprofit corporation authorized to do business in this state. 4. "Roadway" includes all or part of a platted or designated public street, highway, alley, lane, parkway, avenue, road, sidewalk or other public way, whether or not it has been used as such. ARS 28-7501. Definitions In this article, unless the context otherwise requires: 1. "Any highway purpose" includes any one or more of the following purposes: (a) Payment of highway obligations. (b) The cost of and cost allocated to construction, reconstruction, maintenance and repair of public highways and bridges, county, city and town roads and streets. (c) The acquisition of real property for future highway needs. (d) The cost of constructing landscape buffers, noise barriers, pedestrian bypasses, multi-use paths and other environmental impact mitigation measures to mitigate the adverse impact of freeways on local neighborhoods. ARS 28-8132. Funding; improving transit services A. The department may make grants to governmental authorities provided in section 28-8131 for the purposes provided in this article and may cooperate with local authorities in improving existing transit services and in integrating these services to: 1. Better meet public transportation needs. 2. Promote a balanced regional transportation system. 3. Improve local or regional air quality.







Terms and Definitions



08/04/03







22







4. Provide assistance in the planning, design and implementation of intermodal transportation projects, pedestrian related projects and bicycle related projects. B. Planning, coordination and actual operation of these services may be funded with general state revenues appropriated by the legislature for these purposes. ARS 28-8133. Demonstration or pilot projects A. The department may conduct demonstration or pilot projects to evaluate the effectiveness of new, extended, improved or integrated public transportation services, bicycle activities, pedestrian activities, intermodal transportation activities, and car pooling or van pooling activities in meeting regional transportation needs or in improving air quality. B. These projects may be funded with general state revenues appropriated by the legislature for this purpose. Bicycling; Shared Roads � House Bill 2503 To date: Introduced in the Arizona House, voted down in the Senate. Issue: This bill clarifies four points of law that will improve bicycle safety and sharing the roads with motor vehicles. ARS 28-735 clarifies that an individual may be fined for driving a vehicle too closely to a cyclist. Unfortunately, a few drivers drive very closely to cyclists, thus exhibiting threatening and unsafe behavior. Even if a cyclist does not incur physical injury, the psychological and "windblast" effect of a driver passing at high speeds can be serious and can cause a crash. This section also removes Section C since it is in conflict with many other sections of law relating to: bicyclists preparing to make left turns, vehicles crossing into the bike lanes and paths, and bicyclists having to move temporarily into the travel lane to avoid debris, pavement damage, and vehicles parked in a bike lane. In addition, section C addresses "Bike Paths" which do not technically exist in Arizona Statute or official highway or transportation standards documents. ARS 28-704 further clarifies that the three-foot law prevails. Bicycles can travel below the normal and reasonable flow of traffic. Drivers of motor vehicles may also travel below the reasonable movement of traffic in order to pass safely around bicyclist. ARS 28-751 clarifies that a vehicle may use the reversible left lane for a reasonable distance if there is no traffic present to allow for the minimum three feet safe passing distance as required in 28-735.







Terms and Definitions



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23







3. Stakeholder Coordination



The Statewide Bicycle and Pedestrian Plan is the culmination of input from all interested parties. The extensive stakeholder coordination for the Plan was comprised of six components: the Steering Committee, the Review Committee, ADOT District/Regional Traffic Engineer input, public meetings, user surveys, and the project website. The participation by representatives from both engineering and planning divisions from ADOT, MPOs, and local jurisdictions plus interested organizations provides valuable input that is critical to the creation of an implementable plan that meets the needs of the citizens and visitors to Arizona.







3.1.







Steering Committee Input







Members of the Steering Committee were actively involved in the review and development of the plan. Comments provided by the Steering Committee were discussed at the meetings and the documents were revised based on the consensus of the group. Steering Committee members also were able to stay involved with the project through e-mail communication and the project website. For more information on the project website, see Section 3.5. Representatives of the following organizations made up the Steering Committee: ADOT Northern Regional Traffic Engineer; ADOT Intermodal Transportation Division; ADOT Roadway Design; ADOT Regional Traffic; ADOT Traffic Engineering; ADOT Transportation Enhancements; ADOT Transportation Planning Division; Bicycle Advisory Committee � Flagstaff; Bicycle Advisory Committee � Glendale; Bicycle Advisory Committee � Prescott; Central Arizona Association of Governments; City of Flagstaff; City of Flagstaff City Council; City of Glendale; City of Goodyear; City of Mesa; City of Phoenix Trails; City of Tempe Transportation; City of Tucson; City of Yuma Community Development; Coalition of Arizona Bicyclists; Flagstaff Metropolitan Planning Organization; Greater Arizona Bicycling Association � Phoenix and Tucson; Maricopa Association of Governments; Maricopa County DOT; Northern Arizona University; Phoenix Children's Hospital; Pima Association of Governments; Pedestrian Advisory Committee � Tucson; Prescott Alternative Transportation; Southeastern Arizona Governments; Southwest Gas; Tucson Department of Transportation; Town of Oro Valley; Valley Metro; Western Arizona Council of Governments; Yuma Unofficial Foothills Bicycle Club; Yuma Metropolitan Planning Organization; and Yuma Safety Representative.







Stakeholder Coordination



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24







3.2.







Review Committee Input







The Review Committee was kept involved in the plan through e-mail notification and review of the website. Anyone interested in being more involved in the plan was invited to participate on the Steering Committee, which was discussed in Section 3.1. The following is a list of organizations/divisions that were on the Review Committee: Arizona Bicycle Club; Arizona Department of Education; ADOT District Engineers; ADOT Regional Traffic Engineers; ADOT Environmental Group; ADOT Geographic Information Systems; Arizona Office of Tourism; Arizona State Parks; Arizona State University; City of Flagstaff; City of Phoenix Traffic; City of Tucson Bicycle Advisory Committee; Commission on Disabilities Issues; Council on Physical Fitness; Department of Commerce; Department of Health Services; Department of Public Safety; Federal Highway Administration; Flagstaff Metropolitan Planning Organization; Governor's Office of Highway Safety; and Greater Arizona Bicycling Association, Phoenix and Tucson Chapters.







3.3.







ADOT District and Regional Traffic Engineer Input







The ADOT District and Regional traffic engineers have a vast knowledge of the conditions of roadways under their jurisdiction and issues related to bicycle and pedestrian transportation. Background information on the project and requests for information regarding conditions and issues that impact bicycling and walking within their jurisdiction were sent to the following positions in the Fall 2002: Baja Regional Traffic Engineer; Flagstaff District Engineer; Globe District Engineer ADOT Holbrook District Engineer; Kingman Maintenance District Engineer; Kingman District Engineer; Northern Regional Traffic Engineer; Prescott Maintenance District Engineer; Phoenix Construction Assistant DE; Phoenix Construction District Engineer; Phoenix Regional Traffic Engineer; Phoenix Prescott District Engineer; Safford Development and Maintenance Engineer; Safford District Engineer; Tucson District Engineer; Western Regional Traffic Engineer; and Yuma District Engineer.







Information provided by the regional and district engineers is incorporated into the existing conditions summary in Section 5.3.







Stakeholder Coordination



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3.4.







Public Open House Meetings







Public meetings are an important component of all planning processes. If the Plan does not include input from the general public, it is unlikely to contain the desires of the community or the support for the implementation of the Plan. Public feedback was gathered through two sets of public open house meetings. The first was held to review the project scope and existing conditions status. The second meeting was held to review the draft Plan. Each of the public meetings was held in Northern, Central, and Southern Arizona. Information provided from the public at the open house meetings is summarized in Section 5.3.







3.5.







User Surveys







Information regarding bicycling and walking was gathered from the general public through the use of surveys, one for bicycling, and one for walking. The survey solicits detailed feedback regarding the existing bicycling and walking conditions and issues, the Plan, and potential improvements to bicycling and walking facilities. A copy of the survey that was distributed is provided in Appendix A. Section 5.3 includes a summary of the comments received on the user surveys.







3.6.







Project Website







There is a website for the ADOT Bicycle and Pedestrian Program at www.azbikeped.org. Content on the website contains statewide bicycle and pedestrian data, maps, information, contacts, and links. The website contains information for the general public on the Plan and a password protected section for Review and Steering Committee members. The website is expandable so additional information that becomes available can be placed on the site. Information regarding the Public Open House Meetings and the user surveys described in Sections 3.4 and 3.5 were posted on the website.







Stakeholder Coordination



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26







4. Study Goals and Objectives



The study goal and objectives were prepared by the Arizona Department of Transportation and finalized based on direct Steering Committee input and a review of goals and objectives from other state plans.







4.1.







Study Goal and Objectives







Study Goal To provide a long-term plan for a statewide system of interconnected bicycle and pedestrian facilities that will guide ADOT transportation decisions relating to bicycle and pedestrian travel, planning, and facility development. Study Objectives A. Conduct an inventory of highways under ADOT jurisdiction to determine existing conditions for bicycle travel. Determine preferred bicycle routes on the state highway system. Evaluate financial considerations, including costs. Compile a listing of funding sources that are currently being used or can be used to fund shared lane roadway and bicycle and pedestrian facilities. Identify funding strategies and a system for tracking individual projects. Develop a pedestrian policy to guide ADOT in State Highway, U.S. Highway, and Interstate Highway development. Evaluate the effectiveness of the existing ADOT Bicycle Policy, at least nine months after its adoption, and recommend revisions, if needed. Evaluate facility design and maintenance issues. Develop design standards and cross-section detail design for shared roadways and bicycle facilities that can be integrated into existing design standards, if needed. Implementation � develop a statewide bicycle network plan that prioritizes corridors, integrates existing plans from other jurisdictions, and identifies funding for future development. Provide model bicycle and pedestrian ordinances for local governments in Arizona. Involve representatives from interested agencies and organizations throughout the State and citizens of Arizona in the development of the Plan.







B. C.







D.







E.







F.







G. H.







Study Goal and Objectives



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27







5. 2002 Current Conditions



An evaluation of current conditions on State Highways is being utilized to provide a baseline of typical conditions and issues regarding bicycling and walking in Arizona. The State Highway System includes approximately 6,200 miles of roadway. Due to the vast mileage of roadways included in this Plan, the majority of current conditions are being collected from existing data sources. The main data sources include existing ADOT data and input from Review Committee members. The following is a list of data that is desired: Shoulder width; Annual Average Daily Traffic (AADT); Percent truck traffic; Rumble strips type and condition by milepost designation; Mill and fog coat situations by milepost; Roadway Level of Service (LOS); Inventory of off-road facilities; Pedestrian facility type and location; Bicycle facility type and location; Bicycle and pedestrian related crashes and causes; Presence of major intersections or interchanges; Type and condition of signing; Traffic signals and bicycle and pedestrian features; Parking and general occupancy; Speed limit; General maintenance condition and presence of hazards; Number and width of travel lanes; Right-of-way width and unused right-ofway; Presence and condition of railroad tracks, grates, cattle guards, and other potential hazards; Observed bicycling or walking patterns; Presence of schools, parks, and other generators; Local access and bypass routing associated with controlled access highways (alternate signed routes); and Roadway relative cost.







2002 Current Conditions



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28







5.1.







Existing ADOT Data







The State Highway Log and the Highway Performance Monitoring System (HPMS) are the two main databases of roadway conditions that ADOT maintains. Both databases can be viewed using ArcView and Microsoft Excel programs. Data is entered into both systems by ADOT and jurisdiction staff throughout the state. There is a vast amount of data included in the HPMS database. The data includes 98 parameters for over 10,000 roadway segments covering over 57,000 miles of roadway within the state of Arizona. A listing of the 98 parameters included in the HPMS database is in Appendix B. The database is available for review on the following website, www.azhighwaydata.com. Due to budget constraints, this website may not be updated in the future. The following is a list of desired data that is included in the 98 parameters of HPMS or the State Highway Log: Right shoulder width; Shoulder pavement type; Shoulder condition; Roadway relative cost; AADT; Percent truck traffic; Roadway LOS; Speed limit; Pavement condition; Number of travel lanes; Right-of-way width; Left shoulder width; Functional type; Width of travel lanes; Presence of railroad tracks; Designated truck route; and Terrain type.







An explanation of the data parameters is also included in Appendix B. The Bicycle Suitability, shown in Exhibits 2 and 2B, is the previous baseline for bicycling conditions within Arizona and many comments regarding current conditions are referenced to the Bicycle Suitability inventory. This map has continued to be updated by ADOT; however, Section 7 includes a map of the bicycling conditions based on the 2001 ADOT data and the content presented on the map is revised. The right shoulder width is one of the most critical parameters in determining bicycle suitability and is shown in Exhibits 3 and 3B. The ability to widen the roadway to provide an adequate shoulder for bicycling, or walking in some situations, is crucial information in the determination of priority corridors for implementation and is displayed in Exhibits 4 and 4B. The original determination of relative cost is based on an ADOT evaluation of roadway relative cost. The following is a list of the ADOT category and the associated relative cost for this study: ADOT Roadway Widening Data Poor shoulder condition Widen three or more lanes Widen two to three lanes Widen one lane No widening feasible ADOT Bicycle and Pedestrian Category Minor expense Moderate expense Moderate expense Major expense Not feasible







The information provided on these exhibits was reviewed by stakeholders and revisions were made based on stakeholder knowledge. Tables 1 through 3 include the distances of the parameters displayed in the exhibits.







2002 Current Conditions



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29







Table 1 � 1996 Bicycle Suitability Distance (mi.) More Suitable 3667 Less Suitable 2094 Prohibited 251 No data 175 Total 6187







Table 2 � Right Shoulder Width Distance (mi.) 0 � 2' 2075 3 � 4' 480 Minimum 5' 3345 Prohibited 365 Total 6265







Table 3 � Relative Cost Minor Expense 1400 Moderate Expense 3925 Major Expense 480 No 60 Prohibited 370 Total 6235







Distance (mi.)







Motor Vehicle and Bicycle/Pedestrian Crash Facts The Arizona Motor Vehicle Crash Facts 2000 is another ADOT data source that provides valuable information. General information on crashes involving bicyclists or pedestrians and a motor vehicle in motion is included in the report. The most current data available is provided on the ADOT website. The report uses the term pedalcyclist in place of the common term bicyclist. Information on locations of crashes is not included in this report. A summary of the data provided is as follows: Of 131,573 reported motor vehicle crashes in Arizona in 2001, approximately three percent included a pedestrian or bicyclist; Pedestrian crashes are 1.22 percent and bicyclist crashes are 1.52 percent of the total crashes in Arizona; 9.8 percent of pedestrian crashes were fatal (157) and 1.46 percent of bicyclist crashes were fatal (29). Arizona consistently is among the 5 highest in pedestrian and bicycle deaths per 100,000 population; however, the death per 100,000 population rate is typically highest in locations with more pedestrian and bicycle travel; 35 to 55 year old males are more likely than other males or females to be killed as a pedestrian or bicyclist in a crash with a motor vehicle; Over 57 percent of pedestrians killed in crashes with motor vehicles were crossing the roadway; Approximately 15 percent of pedestrians injured were impaired due to drinking or drugs; Approximately 56 percent of pedestrian crashes happened in the daylight and approximately 877 percent of bicyclist crashes happened in the daylight; and Approximately 87 percent of all pedestrian and bicyclist crashes were in clear weather conditions It should be noted that these statistics only include reported crashes between a bicycle and a motor vehicle in motion. Other bicycle crashes not involving a moving motor vehicle, such as fixed object crashes and falls, are not included. Studies have indicated that over 80 percent of all bicycle crashes do not involve motor vehicles.







2002 Current Conditions



08/04/03







30







�



1



93







Arizona Statewide Bicycle and Pedestrian Plan







Exhibit 2: 1996 Bicycle Suitability Map



( ' & %



15







� A � A







PAGE







11 1



89A 89 89







� A 1



160







� A







1



163







1



160







1



64







1



191







� A � A � A � A � A ( ' & %



40







� A � A � A � A 1



191







� A1



180







1



89







KINGMAN







( ' & %



40







FLAGSTAFF







93 LAKE HAVASU CITY







1







ѻ AA ( ' & %



10







1



60







1



95







1 YUMA



95







( ' & %



8







Legend



More Suitable Less Suitable Bicycles Prohibited No Data Available







� A HOLBROOK ( ' & % � A � A � A 1 � AA 1 � �� A AA � A PRESCOTT � A � �� A AA �� AA � A � A � A � A � A1 �� AA � A 1 PAYSON SHOW LOW ( ' & % 1 � A �� AA � A 1 � A � A � METEO AREA A PHORNIX 1 � A 1 � A � �� A AA ( ' &� %A 1 �� AA ( ' & % 1 ( ' &� %A 1 1 ( ' & % � ۿ A AA 1 � A � A 1 � A � A � A � A SAFFORD � A ( ' &��� %AAA 1 � A � A � A � A ( ' & % � A 1 ( ' &� %A ( ' & % TUCSON � A � A � A � ( ' & %1 A ( ' & % � A � VISTA � A SIERRA A � A � A � A � A 1 ( ' & % � A � A �� AA � A � A �� AA



SEDONA



17 180 191 17 60 191 60 60 60 60 10 17 60 10 191 10 60 60 191T 70 8 191 10 10 191 10 19 10 191 19 191







( ' &� %A



40







( ' & %



40







Note: This is the Bicycle Suitability Map developed in 1996. Updated bicycle conditions are shown in Exhibits 5, 5B, 8 & 8B.







�







Arizona Statewide Bicycle and Pedestrian Plan







Exhibit 2b: 1996 Bicycle Suitability Map (Local Areas)



� A � A � A 1



60







( ' & %



17







� A







� A � A � A 1



60







( ' & %



10







� A







( ' & %



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Phoenix Metro Area







( ' �& A% ( ' & %



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� A







Prescott Area







� A � A







� A







� A � A







� A � A ( ' & %



19







� A







� A � A ˹ AA � A � A ( ' & %



17







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� A



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Tucson Area







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( ' & %



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( ' & %



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( ' & %



17







Legend



More Suitable Less Suitable Bicycles Prohibited No Data Available







� A







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B8







1



95







1



95







( ' & %



8







Note: This is the Bicycle Suitability Map that was developed in 1996. Updated bicycle conditions are shown in Exhibits 5, 5B, 8 & 8B.







Yuma Area







�



1



93







Arizona Statewide Bicycle and Pedestrian Plan







Exhibit 3: Right Shoulder Width



( ' & %



15







� A � A







PAGE







11 1



89A 89 89







� A 1



160







� A







1



163







11



160 64







1



191







� A � A � A � A ( ' & %



40







� A � A � A � A 1



191







� A1



180







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89







( ' & %



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FLAGSTAFF







� A ( ' & % HOLBROOK � A � A 1 1 � AA 1 � �� A AA � A PRESCOTT LAKE HAVASU � A CITY � A � �� A AA �� AA � A � A � A � A � A1 �� AA � A 1 SHOW LOW ( ' & % PAYSON 1 � A �� AA � A 1 � A ѻ AA 1 PHOE � A � 1A METRO NIX AREA � A 1 � A ( ' & % ר AA ( ' & �� % AA 1 �� AA ( ' & % 1 ( ' &� %A 1 ( ' & %1 1 � A � � ۿ A A AA 1 �� AA � A � A SAFFORD 1 � A ( ' &��� %AAA 1 � A ( ' & % � A � A � A ( ' & % 1 YUMA � A 1 ( ' &� %A TUCSON ( ' & % � A � A � A � ( ' &A %IERR1 A ( ' & % � A S � A Legend � �� A A AVISTA � A � A Shoulder Width >= 5 ft ( ' & % � �� A AA 1 A � Shoulder Width = 3 to 4 ft � A Shoulder Width = 0 to 2 ft � A �� AA



SEDONA



17 93







KINGMAN







( ' &� %A



40







( ' & %



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� A







180







191







17







60







191







60







60







60







60







60







10







10







17 60 10







191







10







60







60







191T







70







95







8







8







191







95







10







10







191







10







19







10







191







19







191







Bicycles Prohibited







Interstate Frontage Roads Bridge Shoulder Width >= 5 ft Shoulder Width = 3 to 4 ft Shoulder Width = 0 to 2 ft Data Not Available







�







Arizona Statewide Bicycle and Pedestrian Plan







Exhibit 3b: Right Shoulder Width (Local Areas)



� A � A � A 1



60







( ' & %



17







� A







� A � A � A 1



60







( ' & %



10







� A







( ' & %



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Phoenix Metro Area







( ' & %



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� A







Tucson Area







Prescott Area







( ' �& A% � A � A � A � A � A







� A � A



19 B19







( ' & % � A







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� A







� A � A ˹ AA � A � A ( ' & %



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1



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Legend



Shoulder Width >= 5 ft Shoulder Width = 3 to 4 ft Shoulder Width = 0 to 2 ft Bicycles Prohibited Interstate Frontage Roads Bridge Shoulder Width = 5 to 14 ft Bridge Shoulder Width = 3 to 4 ft Bridge Shoulder Width = 0 to 2 ft Bridge Shoulder Data Not Available



95







( ' & %



17







� A







Flagstaff Area







, + * )



B8







1



95







1







( ' & %



8







Yuma Area







�



1



93







Arizona Statewide Bicycle and Pedestrian Plan







Exhibit 4: Relative Cost of Shoulder Improvements



( ' & %



15







� A � A







PAGE







11 1



89A 89 89







� A 1



160







� A







1



163







11



160 64







1



191







� A � A � A � A � A ( ' & %



40



KINGMAN







� A � A � A � A � A � A �� AA �� AA



60 180







� A1



180







1



89



FLAGSTAFF







( ' & %



40 93







1



191







1 �� AA � A 1



60







� A



PRESCOTT







LAKE HAVASU CITY







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( ' & % � A � �� A AA � �� � A AA A � A



SEDONA







17







( ' &� %A



40







( ' & %



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HOLBROO K







( ' & %



17







PAYSON







SHOW LOW







� AA 1 � A � A � A1 � A 1



60 191







� A 1



191







ѻ AA ( ' & %



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95







1







( ' & %



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95 YUMA







1 �A A� ( ' & �� � % AA A 1 �� AA ( ' & % ( ' &� % A1 1 ( ' & % � A � � ۿ A A AA �� AA � A ��� AAA ( ' & % � A � A � A ( ' & % ( ' &� %A



60 10 17 60 10 10 60 8 10 10



TUCSON







� 1A



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PHOENIX METRO AREA







� A







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1



60







1



191







1



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191T



SAFFORD







1







� A � A 1



191 10 191







1



191 10







� A � A







Legend



Relative Cost No Widening Needed Minor Expense Moderate Expense Major Expense Not Feasible Data Not Available Bicycles Prohibited Bridge Right Shoulder Width Shoulder Width = 5 to 14 ft Shoulder Width = 3 to 4 ft Shoulder Width = 0 to 2 ft Data not available







( ' & %







� A







� A � A � A







� A







� ( ' & %1 A � A � �� A AA � A ( ' & % � �� A AA 1 A � � A � A �� AA ( ' & %



19



SIERRA VISTA







19







191







�







Exhibit 4B: Relative Cost of Shoulder Improvements (Local Areas)



� A � A � A 1



60







Arizona Statewide Bicycle and Pedestrian Plan







( ' & %



17







� A







� A � A � A 1



60







( ' & %



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� A







( ' & %



10







Phoenix Metro Area Tucson Area







( ' & %



10







� A







� A � A







� A ( ' & % � A



17







� A







� �� A AA �� AA ˹ AA � A �� AA ( ' & %Prescott Area



17







� A ( ' & %



19







B19







, + * )



1



180







� A



Legend



Relative Cost No Widening Needed Minor Expense Moderate Expense Major Expense Not Feasible Data Not Available Bicycles Prohibited







� A







( ' & %



40







40B







( ' & % � A



17







, + * )







� A ( ' & %



40







Flagstaff Area



Bridge Right Shoulder Width Shoulder Width = 5 to 14 ft Shoulder Width = 3 to 4 ft Shoulder Width = 0 to 2 ft No Data Available







1



95







, + * )



B8







1



95







( ' & %



8







Yuma Area







5.2.







Bicycle Conditions Score







There are various roadway criteria that impact bicycling conditions on State Highways. By evaluating certain parameters of the available roadway data described above, it is possible to approximate bicycling conditions. The following criteria are the most appropriate of the available data to approximate bicycling conditions: Right shoulder width; Traffic volume to capacity ratio; Percent trucks; and Speed limit. A score is assigned to all State Highway segments for the criteria above to quantitatively represent bicycling conditions. The weighting of the criteria recognizes that not all criteria are equally important. For example, the speed limit on a State Highway is less important to a bicyclist than the right shoulder width and the traffic volume; therefore, the right shoulder width and traffic volume criteria are weighted more than the speed limit criterion. The following is an explanation of the scoring assigned to each criterion. Right Shoulder Width Right shoulder width is an important criterion in determining bicycling conditions. A wider shoulder width provides more separation between the bicyclist and motorized vehicles and is more comfortable for the bicyclist; therefore, route segments with wide shoulders were given more points than route segments with little or no shoulder. Specifically, points are assigned as follows: Route segments with shoulder widths of eight feet or greater get ten points; Route segments with shoulder widths greater than four feet but less than eight feet get seven points; Route segments with shoulder widths greater than two feet but less than or equal to four feet get three points; and Route segments with shoulder widths of two feet or less get no points. Traffic Volume to Capacity Ratio The traffic volume to capacity ratio is an important indicator of the ability of a bicycle and a motor vehicle to share the road. On roadway segments with a low traffic volume to capacity ratio, it is typically more feasible for a bicyclist to ride on a roadway with little or no shoulder because motorized vehicles are able to easily pass bicyclists using another lane. Points for traffic volume to capacity ratio are assigned as follows: Route segments with a ratio of 0.10 or less get ten points; Route segments with a ratio greater than 0.10 and less than or equal to 0.30 get seven points; Route segments with a ratio greater than 0.30 and less than or equal to 0.50 get three points; and Route segments with a ratio greater than 0.50 get no points.







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