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    The Chinese in Arizona, 1870-1950 : a context for historic preservation planning

    TXT

    [...]THE CHINESE
    IN ARIZONA
    1870-1950




    A Component of the Arizona Historic Preservation Plan
    Prepared for:
    Arizona State Historic Preservation Office
    Arizona State Parks Board
    800 Wes[...]5
    Phoenix, Arizona 85007[...]ham
    Phoenix,Arizona 85020[...]
    THE CHINESE IN ARIZONA, 1870-1950

    A Context for Historic Preservation Planning




    prepared for

    Arizona State Historic Preservation Office
    and
    City of Phoen[...]th Dreamy Draw Drive, Suite 145
    Phoenix, Arizona 85020


    Dames & Moore
    lnterm[...]
    [...]... ............. .
    The Parts of a Historic Context[...]9

    Chapter 2: Chinese in Arizona .[...]18
    Spreading Across the Arizona Territory[...]27
    Arizona's Chinatowns[...]37

    Chapter 3: A Foundation for Historic Preservation Planning[...]60
    Preservation Issues and Strategies[...]
    [...]LE

    2-1 Chronology of Chinese in ArizonaHistoric Properties With Chinese Associations.............[...]42
    3- 2 Potential HistoricArizona • • • • • • • • . • • • •[...]. . . . . 39

    3-1 Historic Properties With Chinese Associations.............[...]. . . . . . . . . 20

    The National Register of Historic
    ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

    This historic context of the Chinese in Arizona is a product of the Phoenix Chinatown
    historical[...]tion project which was not explicitly required by
    historic preservation legislation. The City of Phoenix, particularl[...]lete the project.

    In order to involve the entire preservation community and local Chinese organizations in
    the project, the City Archaeologist and the City Historic Preservation Officer, Deborah
    Abele, developed a plan to split[...]ernment (CLG) surve y and planning grant from the Arizona State Historic
    Preservation Office, and (3) $15,000 in private donations from the local and national
    Chinese commun ity.

    In man y ways, a historic context can be understood as a road map for resea[...]eir knowledge of Chinese.
    archaeological sites in Arizona. For insights into the history of Chinese in Arizona
    communities, we tapped the brains of Sue Abbey, D[...]. City Cemetery. We gleaned
    anecdotal history of Arizona Chinese from long-time residents of the state, including
    Norman Crowfoot, K.K. Henness, and Bil[...]mation will help others understand the Chinese in Arizona, our neighbors
    for a hundred years.

    This study h[...]al Park Service, under provisions of the National
    Historic Preservation Act of 1966, as amended, and as administered by the Arizona State
    Parks Board through the State Historic Preservation Office. However, the contents and
    opinions do not[...]
    [...]circumstances m which a particular event
    occurs." Historic preservationists have come to realize that understanding the circum-
    stances in which historic events occurred provides a firm foundation for building historic
    preservation programs.


    The Arizona State Historic Preservation Office (an element of the Arizona State Parks
    Department) has embarked on a program of preparing a series of historic contexts for the
    major themes of prehistoric and historic human occupation of the landscape that is today
    Arizona. These contexts are important elements of the state historic preservation plan,
    a dynamic strategy for preserving our state's cultural heritage.



    THE PARTS OF A HISTORIC CONTEXT


    "Standards and Guidelines for Archaeology and Historic Preservation" issued by the
    Secretary of the Interior proclaim that "the historic context is the cornerstone" of
    historic preservation planning (Federal Register 48( 190): 44716-44742). These guidelines
    identify five steps for preparing useful historic context documents:


    1. clearly defining the c[...]y, narrative history is an important element of a historic.: preservation context
    document, but the history must be tied to[...]nd
    objects reflecting that history. The goal of historic preservation is to conserve those
    historic properties because of the information they contai[...]tary of the Interior guidelines in preparing this historic
    context, which deals with the history of the Chinese in Arizona· from 1870 to 1950.
    Although the Chinese have always been a small minority in Arizona, they are an
    important ingredient of the "ethnic stew" that has characterized the population of not
    only Arizona but the entire American West.


    This context was[...]ails about the largest Chinese communities in the
    state.


    This context is presented in three parts. The[...]what is known about the history of the Chinese in Arizona,
    which is far less well documented. The thi[...]ngs
    associated with the history of the Chinese in Arizona, and includes (1) an inventory of
    recorded Chinese historic properties, (2) some suggestions of where future[...]roperties, and (3) a discussion of several
    preservation planning issues and strategies for proactively id[...]nd
    preserving remnants of the Chinese heritage of Arizona.


    Throughout this historic context report, we have attempted to remai[...]
    [...]ted the Spanish word, "Papago," to name a central Arizona
    Indian tribe. Recently, the tribe has asked that[...]the historical
    accounts of Chinese settlement in Arizona. Traditionally, Chinese places of[...]
    [...]ada in the 1850s; Washington,
    Idaho, Montana, and Arizona in the 1860s; Colorado in the 1870s; and e[...]
    The Chinese in Arizona, 1870 to 1950



    The Rendezvous Model of Western[...]A Historic Context
    [...]A Historic Context
    CHAPTER 2: CHINESE IN ARIZONA, 1870-1950


    The history of the Chinese in Arizona has been sketched (Fong 1980) and a chronology ~f[...]derstood as yet.


    What is known about Chinese in Arizona reminds us that the Chinese in our state from
    about 1880 on only partially reflect the ste[...]mining camps are only peripheral to the story of Arizona Chinese
    (see box). There were almost no Chinese women in the Arizona Territory and we found
    no evidence of Chinese pro[...]nese
    community.


    The central theme of Chinese in Arizona is of a people who worked hard in the few
    occupations open to them. Much of the anti-Chinese sentiment in Arizona was stirred up
    by the success of the Chinese.[...]onal communication 1992). The story of Chinese in Arizona is one of long
    hours, hard work, and success in laundries, restaurants, produce, and groceries all over
    the state.



    THE FIRST ARRIVALS


    Chinese ceramics have been found in Arizona archaeological sites dating as far back as[...]
    [...]tates, before
    Chinese pioneers themselves entered Arizona.


    When the first Chinese immigrant actually stepped onto the soil of Arizona is not docu-
    mented, but it happened at approximately the time the Arizona Territory was split off of
    the New Mexico Territo[...]s Fong (1980) points out, the citizens of the new
    Arizona Territory were primarily concerned with other eth[...]sus listed 21 Chinese males and no females in the Arizona
    Territory. Mining, particularly the working of go[...], and Idaho, but never attracted large numbers to
    Arizona where placering was limited.


    Whatever the exact[...]ly a trickle compared to the numbers that came to Arizona during the era of
    transcontinental railroad const[...]Pacific Railroad, which was built across southern
    Arizona between 1877 and 1880. The 1880 census listed 1,6.30 Chinese in Arizona Terri-
    tory; about 850 of these were identified a[...]ion. Never
    again has the percentage of Chinese in Arizona been so high, and the total number of
    Chinese was[...]building the Atlantic and Pacific across
    northern Arizona between 1880 and 1883 (Steiner 1979: 137);[...]
    The Chinese in Arizona, 1870 to 1950



    TABLE 2-1
    CHRONOLOGY OF CHINESE IN ARIZONA


    1860s Twenty Chinese working at Vulture Mi[...]census listed 21 Chinese males and no females in Arizona Territory
    First Chinese woman in Presc[...]t

    1880s 1880 census listed 1,630 Chinese in Arizona Territory
    Chinese population reached p[...]Chinese supply fresh produce throughout Arizona
    Chinese cattle ranch in Lochiel[...]repealed

    1950 Census lists 1951 Chinese in Arizona, the highest since 1880[...]A Historic Context
    The Chinese in Arizona, 1870 to 1950
    Total Arizona Population[...]Chinese Population in Arizona

    2,000
    POPULATION STATISTICS 1,800

    Yea , I Arizona I Chinese IPercent! 1,600
    1870 9 ,658[...]Chinese Populatio·n of Arizona Fig[...]A Historic Context
    lines such as the Arizona and New Mexico (Myrick 1975:278), and mine railro[...]the employ of the railroads and opted to stay in Arizona (Fong 1980:8). The com-
    bination of railroad work[...]declined steadily for several decades and, as in Arizona, did not exceed the late nine-
    teenth century lev[...]ilroad construction work declined,
    the Chinese in Arizona tended to enter service industries that we[...]
    Anti-Chinese feeling in Arizona never reached the intensity the Chinese experienc[...]i-Chinese riots or explo-
    sions are documented in Arizona (Lai and others 1980:47), but Myrick (197.5:278)[...]ear Sonoita where Chinese laborers working on the
    Arizona and Mexico Railroad were harrassed until they lef[...]xception, di~criminatory attitudes
    were common in Arizona from the beginning. Early on, xenophobia was demo[...]f the Central
    Pacific Railroad in 1869, the local Arizona Daily Miner decried the addition of "MORE
    CHINAME[...].


    Similar opinions were expressed in many other Arizona towns. For example, in 1890 the
    Arizona Republican argued that the "wily Mongolians shoul[...]in

    unmarked graves along the railroads of Arizona. Fong ( 1980:7) relates the story of l 0
    C[...]
    Opium in Perspective

    Popular conceptions of historic Chinatowns often include images of dark, ·smoky[...]A Historic Context
    [...]tana and Greenleaf 1962).



    SPREADING ACROSS THE ARIZONA TERRITORY


    Despite the challenges, Chinese pioneers seem to have dispersed widely throughout much
    of Arizona. Although their numbers were always small, there[...]cumentation about Chinese in the
    smaller towns of Arizona and rural areas of the state.


    From these snippets, it is clear that it was a rare Arizona settlement that did not have a
    Chinese launderer,[...]heir services. In telling the story of Chinese in Arizona, the
    question is not "Where were they?" but "Wher[...]a Cook in Every Town


    Almost every settlement in Arizona in the late nineteenth century could point to the[...]rnia eastward, the first group of
    Chinese_entered Arizona at Yuma as railroad workers. By November 1877, the Arizona
    Sentinel reported the arrival of nearly 60[...]
    [...]is listed as a laundryman in Ray in the 1914-1915 Arizona Business Directory.


    In 1882, Calabasas,[...]
    [...]personal communication 1992).


    In contrast, some Arizona towns actively discouraged Chinese from se[...]
    [...]The bitterest racism aimed at Chinese erupted 1n Arizona's mmmg towns, perhaps
    because of the succe[...]
    [...]working in many of the remote mining camps around
    Arizona. By 1870, several Chinese were mining placers on[...]but this technique was no_t commonly used in arid Arizona. The one hydraulic
    mining site in Arizona that has been archaeologically studied was along[...]d others 1992).


    Probably most of the Chinese in Arizona mining camps worked in ancillary services
    rather[...]who may have been Tom Ying,
    listed in the 1911-12 Arizona Business Directory as operating a laundry[...]
    [...]inese also ranched and farmed in various parts of Arizona. For example, brand
    registers reveal Chinese cattle ranchers in southern Arizona, including Lim Kee in 1891
    and You Cang of Lochie[...]st, became one of the best cowboys in ·
    southern Arizona (Fong 1980: 17).


    An important occupation of Chinese all over Arizona was the growing and selling of
    produce. They sold[...]shape, and surpass those in the Phoenix markets" (Arizona Republican 30 May
    1899).[...]
    [...]ed to have raised vegetables
    (Fong 1908:7), and a historic map depicts Chinese gardens in the vicinity of th[...]inesses illustrates the breadth of their input in
    Arizona history. What remains to be done is to c[...]
    [...]life neatly illustrate the history of Chinese in
    Arizona. Born in California in 1860 or 1861, he was worki[...]business
    sent Holland's son to the University of Arizona where he obtained a degree in electrical
    e[...]
    ARIZONA'S CHINA TOWNS


    For a variety of reasons, many Chinese aggregated in the largest urban places in Arizona,
    forming communities that can be characteri[...]were Chinatowns in probably at least half a dozen Arizona cities. The following
    discussions su[...]
    [...]the second silver boom, 1901-1909;


    As in other Arizona towns, Chinese businesses were not limited[...]
    [...]eful while traveling."



    Prescott


    Although the historic Chinese community in Prescott has yet to b[...]
    Fat's Chinese laundry, which he advertised in the Arizona Daily Miner in the 1870s (Fong
    1980:6). A photo[...]may leave after satisfying his
    appetite. (Arizona Weekly Miner, September 5, 1879)


    Much of[...]
    [...]The 1870 census listed only 21 Chinese men in the Arizona Territory; in 1872, two
    Chinese were reported to have opened a laundry in Phoenix (Arizona Weekly Miner, July
    13, 1872). Construction of the Southern Pacific Railroad through southern Arizona
    brought more than 1,000 Chinese to the state by the 1880 census. In that census, 109
    Ch[...]
    The dominant family of the historic Phoenix Chinese population recognized Tangs, Ongs[...]munication 1992).



    Beyond Chinatowns


    Although historic documents Jabeled the area at First Street[...]
    [...]nd restauranteurs. This era of Chinese history in Arizona is very poorly
    documented, but clearly these Chin[...]ame the first Chinese-American to be elected to a
    state legislature, were full-fledged participants in the dominant culture of Arizona
    (Nagasawa 1986).


    The generation of Chine[...]
    [...]-
    The Chinese in Arizona, 1870 to[...]A Historic Context
    CHAPTER 3: A FOUNDATION FOR HISTORIC PRESERVATION PLANNING


    This chapter focuses on the tangible remnants that reflect the history of the Chinese in
    Arizona. It is intended to provide a basis for proactive plannin~ for the preservation of
    those districts, sites, buildings, structures,[...]e history of Chinese settlement and occupation in Arizona.


    In the jargon of preservation planning, historic "property types" must first be defined,
    then the[...]The purpose of this chapter is to
    discuss Chinese historic property types and formulate recommendations for preservation
    strategies.



    PROPER TY TYPES


    To develop an in[...]ures that represent the history
    of the Chinese in Arizona, we began by compiling an inventory of recorded C[...]quest for information was distributed through the
    Arizona Archaeological Council Newsletter. (Note[...]y search all archaeological files compiled in
    the state, which exceed some 50,000 sites.)


    The resulting[...]y indicates that, to date, only a small
    number of historic properties with Chinese associations have been identified in the
    state. Nevertheless, this inventory, in conjunction[...]ovided a basis for
    developing a classification of historic Chin~se property types. The resulting clas[...]
    The property types identified as warranting preservation planning considerations include:


    •[...]
    The Chinese in Arizona, 1870 to 1950[...]HISTORIC PROPERTIES WITH CHINESE ASSOCIATIONS[...]4 Jim Ong grocery (Phoenix) historic bulldlng NRHP listed[...]5 Yaun Ah Glm(or Gin) historic bulldlng NRHP listed[...]6 Harry Tang grocery (Phoenix) historic bulldlng NRHPlisted[...]7 Leong Ouong & Co. general historic building NRHPlisled[...]8 Cargin restaurant (Phoenix) historic building NRHP listed[...]9 Blanton/Acuff market historic bulldlng NRHPlisled 19[...]10 Durand grocery (Phoenix) historic bulldlng NRHP listed ea[...]11 Higuera grocery (P_h oenlx) historic building NRHP listed ea[...]12 Sun Mercantile warehouse historic building NRHP listed[...]A Historic Context
    ------=------- The Chinese in Arizona, 1870 to 1950 ==============[...]HISTORIC PROPERTIES WITH CHINESE ASSOCIATIONS[...]18 Butte City Charcoal Ovens historic building/ recorded 1882-[...]A Historic Context
    or most of the historic Chinese communities throughout much of the Americ[...]amples


    Three Chinatowns have been documented as historic properties in Arizona -- those in
    Tucson, Phoenix, and Globe. A[...]in conjunction with a National Register
    survey of historic structures, but was not included in the su[...]
    The Tucson Chinatown was the largest in the state. Early Chinese residents in Tucson
    settled just o[...]on of the Chinese
    population relocated during the historic era. In Phoenix, the move from the original
    lo[...]bably destroyed
    most, if not all, remnants of the historic Chinese occupation on the block (Doyle and[...]
    [...]ugh no other Chinatowns have been recorded in the state, historical documents
    indicate there were Chinese[...]as having the best potential
    for some evidence of historic Chinatowns include Prescott, Yuma, Tombstone, and[...]outhern Pacific Railroad eastward
    across southern Arizona in 1877. By November the Arizona Sentinel reported the arrival
    of nearly 600 Chinese into Arizona. Charlie Sam ran a restaurant and store wh[...]
    [...]n
    Yuma is "elderly and closed-mouth" (Megan Reid, Arizona Historical Society, personal
    communication, 1992)[...]lass cupola on the
    south side of town (Pat Stein, State Historic Preservation Off ice, personal communica-
    tion, 1991 ). The pr[...]corded as
    historical properties to date. ln fact, historic houses occupied by Chinese may be rela-
    tively ra[...]n Street just past Third Street, just outside the historic district.
    However, this identification res[...]
    Most historic Chinese habitations can be appropriately classifi[...]other was reputedly the first Chinese born in the Arizona
    Territory, lived next door to Governor Hunt's fam[...]es


    It is known that historically the Chinese in Arizona, and much of the rest of the
    American West, tende[...]and lottery
    shops, and opium dens existed in some Arizona towns, no evidence of brothels or
    prostitution has been noted in the state. The commercial property type is defined to
    en[...]les


    Several of the inventoried Chinese sites in Arizona are examples of such commerical
    properties, most having been recorded by the historic Phoenix Commercial Properties
    Survey (Janu[...]
    was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982. Seven other historic
    buildings were included in the Phoenix Commercial[...]Merchandise, and the Cargill
    Restaurant. Other historic businesses leased at one time by Chinese include[...]Phoenix Chinatown, is the only known warehouse in
    Arizona built and owned by a Chinese businessman. It was listed on the National
    Register of Historic Places in 1985 and designated a City of Phoenix Historic Property in
    1987. It is situated on the eastern e[...]ubsequently demolished.


    Virtually none of these historic buildings have any architectural embellish[...]
    [...]unities identified as being candidates for having historic Chinatowns. However, there
    were at least a few Chinese residents in many of the other towns in the state, as
    described in Chapter 2.


    One particularly go[...]rcial property is the
    Wing F. Ong grocery and law office in Phoenix. Wing F. Ong was a very prominen[...]se community and was the first Asian elected to a state
    legislature in the United States (Nagasawa 1986).[...]hether it retains sufficient integrity to warrant preservation
    efforts.


    Another long-time Chinese groce[...]
    [...]ngs


    Although the number of Chinese residents in Arizona never exceeded 2,000 at the time of
    any of the decennial censuses during the historic era, they did form tight knit social
    communities[...]undoubtedly located in Chinatowns.


    For example, historic documents indicate the second Phoenix Chin[...]
    [...]pes of community structures once existed in
    other Arizona Chinatowns. For example, photographs depic[...]some potential for recognizing such buildings in historic Chinatowns--probably as
    archaeological remains ra[...]religions and it is possible that there
    could be historic churches with Chinese affiliations. For example, the 1951-1953 Arizona
    .[...]important _element of Chinese
    society within the state up to the present (Stanton 1991) also implies that if such build-
    ings are not currently historic (that is, at least 50 years old), they may[...]
    [...]t in 1882,
    are listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Myrick (1981:635) reports that
    two[...]
    [...]acific Railroad from west to east
    across southern Arizona in 1879 included approximately 200 white laborers[...]he use of
    Chinese Jaber on other railroads in the state remains to be researched, but clearly there
    could[...]em.


    Perhaps the first Chinese immigrants in the Arizona Territory were a group of about 20
    miners reported to be working in the Vulture Mine near Wickenburg (Arizona Daily Miner
    June 13, 1868). Fong (l 980:6)[...]
    [...]evidence of the Asian residents, but much
    of the historic camp has been buried in tailings from later opera[...]Chinese in most of the major mining camps
    within Arizona, as well as many of the smaller ones. Although Ch[...]d on ranches, farms, and gardens in many parts of Arizona. On
    ranches they probably worke[...]
    [...]emains are part of
    the Slaughter Ranch . National Historic Landmark, most of which is owned and being
    managed for preservation by the Johnson Historical Museum of the Southwest[...]nineteenth century Chinese occupation on another Arizona Terri-
    torial ranch was discovered in 1959[...]
    [...]n ranches and farms in various other locations in Arizona. Chinese
    residences in the agricult[...]
    [...]sively Chinese cemeteries have been identified in Arizona, but the historic
    Phoenix City Cemetery now known as the Pioneer &[...]determining whether
    there are likely to be other historic Chinese cemeteries in the state. One of the few bits
    of available information is[...]inese ceme-
    teries at Signal and White Hills, two historic mining towns in the Kingman area (Don
    Simonis, Bu[...]to the trans:...
    continental railroads across the state. In Phoenix, one Chinese informant recollected an[...]ON OF PROPER TIES


    A plotting of the inventoried historic properties with Chinese associations reveals that
    they are concentrated in the southern part of the state (Figure 3-1), The only standing
    buildings[...]
    [...]associations are scattered
    throughout much of the state (Table 3-2). Potential Chinese properties certainly could
    be identified in the northern part of the state in places such as Kingman, Flagstaff,
    Prescott, a[...]any other communities in the southern part of the state
    as well.


    The summary of Chinese settlement in the state presented in Chapter 2 also indicates
    that relati[...]ome potential for identifying Chinese _associated historic properties throughout the
    many areas of Arizona with historic mining activity.



    PRESERVATION ISSUES AND STRATEGIES


    The historic preservation planning process begins by identifying resources, evaluating
    their significance, assigning preservation priorities, and finally developing strategies for[...]or listing properties on the National Register of Historic
    Places (see box), but state and local governments have options for establishi[...]nctive design features, or from association .with historic
    events. State or local governments might nevertheless decide that a cemetery warrants
    preservation measures.


    Because the preparation of this conte[...]rst focused effort for considera-
    tion of Chinese historic properties, the issues we have identified[...]
    The Chinese in Arizona, 1870 to 1950




    Phoenix Chinatown &[...]Archaeological Site
    Historic Building/Structure[...]------ San Bernadine Ranch •




    Historic·Properties with Chinese Associations[...]A Historic Context = ~
    t:;:::::::= The Chinese in Arizona, 1870 to 1950 =====~[...]-2
    POTENTIAL HISTORIC CHINESE PROPERTIE~

    Chlnatowns[...]Phoenix (Wing Ong grocery and law office, and numerous others)
    Tempe[...]railroads: Southern Pacific; Atlantic & Pacific; Arizona & Mexico

    Ranches, Farms, and Garde[...]A Historic Context =~
    The Chinese in Arizona, 1870 to ·1950




    The National Register of Historic Places

    The National Register of Historic Places is our nation's official list of properties
    worthy of preservation. Generally, in order to be eligible for the Natio[...]oved from their original locations, reconstructed historic buildings, proper -
    ties primarily commemorative[...]A Historic Context
    [...]it the historical understanding of the Chinese in
    Arizona. All English sources evidence difficulties with t[...]coming "Yee Sing." Some Chinese families in Arizona retained their. Chinese
    surname by reversing the[...]ed buildings appear to have been the exception in Arizona.
    Chinese merchants often leased building space, p[...]elied on as important historical documentation in
    historic properties research, will be of limited utility i[...]that catered to an American clientele. Arizona examples include the[...]
    [...]information is the local newspaper. However,
    Arizona papers reflected the widespread prejudice against[...]rmation on the life of the Chinese communities in Arizona.


    Much information can be found in historical ar[...]graphs, manuscripts, and letters has been done in Arizona. This lack
    may be an oversight on the part of arc[...]torical research into the lives of the Chinese in Arizona must
    go beyond the usual sources of county record[...]A more complete
    understanding of ·the Chinese in Arizona will require a researcher with some knowledge
    of the Chinese language and culture.


    Within Arizona, oral history interviews with the 70- to 80-year[...]similar records not found in repositories.


    The Arizona Chinese maintained strong ties with both San Francisco and Canton; Chinese
    men living in Arizona often returned to San Francisco or Ch.ina[...]
    [...]~ome of which may
    pertain to Chinese families in Arizona. Also, there may be archives in Canton with
    r[...]se families saved letters from their relatives in Arizona.


    Chinese-language newspapers may be a fruitful[...]nformants made reference to Chinese newspapers in Arizona in the 1920s and 1930s,
    we did not find reference[...]hoenix; perhaps a Chinese
    newspaper was mailed to Arizona subscribers from San Francisco.


    Immigration Ser[...]s from these schools.



    Issue 2


    The history of Arizona's Chinatowns are poorly understood. Although the Chinatowns in
    the two largest urban centers in the state have been studied, those in other cities and
    town[...]Chinese communities in
    many places throughout the state.


    Strategy: The State Historic Preservation Office (SHPO) could encourage· or contribute
    funding to focused study of Chinese historic properties in other towns and cities across
    the state. This study should include review of available Sa[...]would provide a basis for determining whether any historic
    buildings or archaeological remnants might[...]
    The Certified Local Government historic preservation programs around the state could
    be a mechanism for investigating other Chi[...]all perspective of trends and patterns across the state.



    · Issue 3


    Chinese occupation outside the[...]ys been a relatively small minority
    aspect of the state's population, little research has focused on the contributions made by
    Chinese to Arizona's history.


    Strategy: We recommend that a s[...]have been involved in Chinese immigration to the
    state. Such a project could also be place o[...]
    [...]irst person of Chinese descent to be elected to a state legislature.
    His grocery store and next door law office remain standing, and should be recorded and
    evaluated for possible listing on the National Register of Historic Places.


    The SHPO could encourage and perhaps pr[...]for evaluation of the Wing F. Ong market and
    law office.



    Issue 5


    Many archaeologists are not familia[...]l research has been
    conducted at Chinese sites in Arizona and relatively few publications have been[...]
    [...]ing
    examples of artifacts recovered from sites in Arizona. It would be useful to supplement
    the artifact co[...]ffort.



    Issue 6


    The history of the Chinese in Arizona is not widely known. In contrast to considerable[...]een published about the history of the
    Chinese in Arizona. Most important historical publications are Fo[...]uckingham in preparation). A traveling exhibit of historic
    Chinese photographs is available through the Arizona Humanities Council. The City of
    Prescott has publ[...]ing a traveling exhibit that will
    be available to Arizona schools and libraries. Also, there is[...]
    [...]tion of brochures
    highlighting Chinese associated historic properties (walking or driving tours) that might[...]facilitate a popular
    history of the Chinese in Arizona.




    72
    [...]any parts of the globe. The first Chinese came to Arizona a
    decade or two after the arrival of the first Ch[...]tates, and the
    numbers of Chinese immigrants into Arizona were always small compared to those in
    California[...]history of the Chinese is an important aspect of Arizona
    history, but as this document points out, this hi[...]oo many Arizonans and Westerners, mentiori of the historic Chinese creates only
    images of coolies, undergrou[...]Ethnic patterns in America are chang ing again. Arizona, the West, and the entire United
    States is in the[...]sian immigration. · Whereas the vast majority of
    historic Chinese came from a restricted area of south Chin[...]be a new and different chapter in the history of Arizona's
    ethnic heritage.


    The "America as melti[...]
    [...]Those arguments are well beyond the scope of this historic context, but we are not so
    naive as to assume that the promotion of preservation of the heritage of the Chinese in
    Arizona will be a widely shared goal. There may be those[...]e
    who are different.


    We will take pride in this historic context if it stimulates efforts tc identify and preserve
    elements of the Chinese heritage in Arizona as a symbol of our diverse cultural origin[...]
    [...]om the Chinese pioneers, but for anyone
    who calls Arizona home.[...]
    [...]e Rosemont
    Area, Santa Rita Mountains, Arizona. Arizona State Museum Archaeological
    Series No. 147, Vol. 3. University of Arizona, Tucson.


    Ayres, James E. and Michael Gregory[...]Archaeology of Dam Construction Camps in Central Arizona,
    Volume 2A: Sites in the Roosevelt Dam[...]ng on Humbug Creek in

    Central Arizona (draft). Dames & Moore, Phoenix.


    Barth,[...]
    [...]Project:
    Rialto, California to Phoenix, Arizona and Tucson, Arizona to El Paso,
    Segments Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas Segments. Dames &. Moore,[...]anite Creek Walking Tour Guide. City of Prescott, Arizona.


    Canty, J. Michael and Michael N. Greeley
    1991 History of Mining in Arizona: Volume II. Mining Club of the Southwest
    Foundation. Tucson, Arizona.


    Chang, K.C., editor
    1977 Food in Chinese[...]n Wei
    1970 The Chinese Community in Phoenix, Arizona: A Study of Acculturation and
    Assimilation. MA thesis, Arizona State University, Tempe.


    Chu, Limin
    1974[...]
    [...]An Archaeological Survey of the Buttes Reservoir. Arizona State Museum
    Archaeological Series No. 9.3. University of Arizona, Tucson.


    Desert Jade Women's Club
    n.d. Lotus Pod. Desert Jade Women's Ciub, Phoenix, Arizona.


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    MD

    Historic Preservation
    State of Arizona Research Library- Arizona State Library, Archives and Public Records
    Arizona State Government Publications
    State Document
    Arizona State Historic Preservation Office
    Arizona State Historic Preservation Office
    Chinese--Arizona
    Chinese Americans--Arizona
    Chinese American businesspeople--Arizona
    Arizona State Parks Board
    State Historic Preservation Office
    Arizona
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