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Gold and silver mining in Arizona, 1848-1945 : a context for historic preservation planning
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![]() | GOLD & SILVER MINING IN ARIZONA 1848-1945 A Component of the Arizona Historic Preservation Plan Prepared for: Arizona State Historic Preservation Office Arizona State Parks Board 800 West[...]15 Phoenix, Arizona 85007[...]Rogge Phoenix,Arizona 85020[...] |
![]() | [...]Silver Mining in Arizona, 1848-1945 -- A Contex t for Historic Preservation Planning Prepared for the State Historic Preservation Office Arizona State Parks Prepared by[...] |
![]() | GOLD AND SIL VER MINING IN ARIZONA, 1848-1945 A CONTEXT FOR IIlSTORIC PRESERVATION PLANNING Prepared for State Historic Preservation Office Arizona State Parks 800 West Washington, Suite 415 Phoenix, Arizona 85007 Prepared[...] |
![]() | [...]apter 1: The History of Gold and Silver Mining in Arizona, 1848-1945 ... . 1 Impacts of Gold and Silver Mining on Arizona ......... : ....... .[...]Major Trends Affecting Gold and Silver Mining in Arizona ......... . 17[...]25 Reviving Hispanic Mining in Southern Arizona, Pre-1848 to 1861 .... .[...], and Hardrock Gold Mining in West-Central Arizona, 1858-1870 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .[...]Silver Mining from Northwest to Southeast Arizona, 1870-1893 ..... .[...]New Processes and a Second Gold Boom in Western Arizona, 1890-1917 49[...]. . 50 Gold in Western Arizona . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .[...] |
![]() | [...]52 The Greatest Gold Mines in Arizona . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .[...]. . . . . . 53 Chapter 2: Historic Gold and Silver Mining Properties in Arizona . . . . . . . . . . 57[...]Properties Listed on the National Register of Historic Places . . . . 69[...]74 Evaluating the Significance of Historic Gold and Silver Mining Properties[...]79 Criteria for Evaluating Historic Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .[...]. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 Chapter 3: Preservation Issues and Recommended Strategies . . . . . . . .[...]Appendix 1: Glossary of Terms Used in the Historic Gold and Silver Mining Industr[...]Contributions of Cultural and Ethnic Groups to Historic Gold and Silver Mining in Arizona . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .[...]e Outstanding Contributions to Historic Gold and Silver Mining in Arizona . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 Appendix 4: Map and Index of Historic Mining Districts in Arizona . . . . . . . 127 Appendix 5: Mines in the Historic Inventory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .[...] |
![]() | [...]LIST OF FIGURES 1-1 Historic Mining Areas of the United States[...]2 1-2 Significant Gold and Silver Deposits in Arizona . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1-3 Location of Major Historic Gold and Silver Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . .[...]. . . . 34 1-11 Sketch of an Arizona Miner's Tent circa 1900 . . . . . . . . . . . . .[...]ntified Archaeological Sites Related to Mining in Arizona . . . . . . . . . 63 2-2 Arizona Gold and Silver Mining Locations Listed on the National Register of Historic Places . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .[...] |
![]() | [...]LIST OF TABLES 1-1 Richest Gold Districts of Arizona ........................... . 8 1-2 Gold Production of Arizona . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 1-3 Richest Silver Districts of Arizona ...... ·.................... . 10 2-1 Historic Gold and Silver Mining Property Types ................. . 59 2-2 Historic Mines Identified _as Archaeological Sites in Arizona ........ . 65 2-3 Summary[...]d Archaeological Sites Related to Mining in Arizona ..........................................[...] |
![]() | [...]e very complex precious metals mining industry in Arizona, we are indebted to those knowledgeable people wh[...]Ken Phillips, Nyal Niemuth, and Diane Bain of the Arizona Department of Mines and Mineral Resources guided[...]rmation on historical archaeological resources in Arizona. Hollis Cook and Art Austin of the Tombstone Historic County Courthouse provided perspective on the Tombstone Historic District and mining in the area. Robert L. Spude, Chief of the National Preservation Programs of . the National Park Service, Rocky Mo[...]this report, as did several professionals in the State Historic Preservation Office here in Phoenix. Jay Ziemann of the State Historic Preservation Office ably directed the project. Within our own office, we have to thank those people who contributed to[...]ver mining sites through the AZSITE system of the Arizona State Museum, examined SHPO files, and prepared[...] |
![]() | [...]al Park Service, under provisions of the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 as amended and as administered by the Arizona State Parks Board through the State Historic Preservation Office. However, the contents and opinions do not[...] |
![]() | [...]f gold and silver mining through the history of Arizona is intended to serve as a context for planning the preservation of historic properties related to gold and silver mining in the state. A historic context can be understood as a road map that delineates past research and maps out future preservation activities. This context was prepared under the terms of a contract frotn . the State Historic Preservation Office; the terms of that contract specified the scope[...]gold and silver mining and refining technology in Arizona remains to be written, and although the documentary and folklore histories of precious metals mining in Arizona are extensive, there is much work to be done to c[...]of the significance of precious metals mining to Arizona, and then recounts the history of gold and silver[...]pter describes the inventoried property types in Arizona that have been associated with gold and silver m[...]sets forth several issues, or challenges, in the preservation of gold and silver mining sites, and suggests st[...]st appendix is a glossary of terms common to the historic gold and silver mining industry, and is intended[...]wn contributions of cultural and ethnic groups in Arizona to the historic gold and silver mining industry; although the lis[...]s involved. Appendix 3 is a short "Who's Who" in Arizona gold and silver mining, listing individual contr[...]tory, because many of the individuals who came to Arizona seeking their fortunes had earlier trapped beave[...]hand in the California Gold Rush, or promoted the Arizona Territory. Any historic properties associated with these individuals could be candidates for the National Register of Historic Places. The fourth appendix reproduces the map and index of Arizona mining districts first produced by the Arizona Bureau of Mines in 1961. Used together, the map a[...]ensable tool for identifying and locating the 246 historic mining districts[...] |
![]() | in the state. A wall-size copy of this map and index is available from the Arizona Department of Mines and Mineral Resources for a n[...]x 5 lists the mining properties identified in the State Historic Preservation Office historic inventory. Rather .than being a list of all significant properties in the state, it is a listing of those properties that have been examined and reported to the State Historic Preservation Office. We hope the information in this context will enable historic preservationists, professional cultural resource[...]lay people to more readily identify and evaluate historic gold and silver mining properties. The measure of our success will be whether significant historic gold and silver mining properties are · identifi[...]ars, and managed as a truly significant aspect of Arizona's heritage.[...] |
![]() | [...]THE HISTORY OF GOLD AND SILVER MINING IN ARIZONA, 1848-1945 The gold and silver hidden in Arizona has had a tremendous impact on the history of the state. The lure of gold brought some of the first Europeans and Americans to Arizona; a legendary silver find named the state. The state seal incorporates a miner with a pick and shovel; the state motto, "Ditat Deus" (God Enriches) refers to the[...]richness by the silver mines of southern Arizona (Greeley 1987:21) A few numbers calibrate the imponance of the mining industry as a whole in Arizona. More than 400,000 mining claims have been recorded in Arizona since the mid-nineteenth century, and more than 4,000 mining companies have been formed in the state. During the last 150 years, more than 246 historic mining districts have been established to govern[...]ities. During the half century from 1860 to 1910, Arizona produced over $600 million of . ,gold, silver, le[...]ver? Answers to these and similar questions about Arizona's mining history are not easily answered because of the polymetallic nature of Arizona's ores. Arizona, along with most of Nevada and parts of Califor[...]1-1). The significant gold and silver deposits of Arizona are found in a broad band stretching across the state diagonally from southeast to northwest (Figure 1-[...]tion to gold or silver, and thu~ a single mine in Arizona may produce silver and gold, as well as copper,[...]:16-55). IMPACTS OF GOLD AND SILVER MINING ON ARIZONA The impacts of gold and silver mining on the history of Arizona have been both significant and serendipitous. G[...]ver fever brought miners, merchants, and money to Arizona. Major historic gold and silver mines operated across the central and southern portions of Arizona (Figure 1-3). Many place names across the state originated with gold and silver miners; the word "Arizona" itself came from a early silver strike. |
![]() | Historical Overview When southern Arizona was known as part of the Pimeria Alta of northern[...]nish and later Mexican mining efforts in southern Arizona were short-lived and unsuccessful. The first few Americans to travel through Arizona hunted beaver along the Gila, Salt, and Verde Rivers in 1826. More came through Arizona in 1846 on their way to fight in the Mexican War[...]n California that miners came east to prospect in Arizona. Prospectors first found placer gold along the Co[...]l names such as the Vulture Mine, and the King of Arizona Mine. They found silver in Tombstone and Crown Ki[...]ning fever and mining successes brought people to Arizona. Population of the new territory doubled between[...]represented one-fifth of the male workers in the Arizona Territory. By 1909, the number of miners had grow[...]of gold and silver strikes in nineteenth century Arizona, the two precious metals have taken a secondary p[...]e 1888. At the time of statehood in 1912, the new state boasted 445 active mines of all kinds (including[...]r and gold mining continue to be important to the state's economy, the majority of gold and silver produc[...]melting of copper ores produced 70 percent of the state's silver production and between 40 and 50 percent of the gold production. In 1981, Arizona ranked first among the United States in productio[...]torically gold-rich areas of southern and western Arizona, particularly in Cochise, La Paz, Maricopa, Mohav[...]nd silver mining have been extremely important to Arizona's economy over the last 150 years.[...] |
![]() | [...]C_,,ographJ bJ: Wm. ll ■ hon Historic Mining Areas of the United States[...] |
![]() | [...]Significant Gold and Silver Deposits in Arizona Figure 1-2[...] |
![]() | [...]Sliver Location of Major Historic Gold and Silver Mines in Arizona[...] |
![]() | The precious metals have contributed tax revenues to the state, employment and income to the workers, and attrac[...]tates in the United States and foreign countries. Arizona mines have always been assessed local property ta[...]adshaw Mountains publicized the mineral wealth of Arizona, but were quickly surpassed by richer lode gold mines at Oatman, the King of Arizona (KOFA) Mine, and the Vulture Mine (Table 1-1). In[...]nce the turn of the century, copper has dominated Arizona's economy, but because copper deposits often incl[...]gures over the years of gold and silver mining in Arizona, the "total payroll was probably the largest with[...]Gold and silver mining has employed thousands of Arizona residents over the last 150 years. In the special[...]non-Indian male residents of the new Territory of Arizona listed themselves as miners. Relatively large num[...]lation: 353), while others worked in the southern Arizona lode mines at Mowry (1864 population: 252) and Ce[...]maller mines scattered across central and western Arizona. In the 1880 census, 4,700 miners represented one-fifth of the male workers in the Arizona Territory; at this time, most of these miners wou[...]By 1909, the number of miners working in all 251 Arizona mines had grown to more than 18,000, 21 percent o[...]listed as the principal product of 67 of the 136 Arizona mining districts listed by the United States Geol[...]n the American West lured investment dollars into Arizona from other parts of the United States as well as[...]nderwrote the earliest American mines in southern Arizona, Illinois banks financed silver mines in the Brad[...]anies sent perhaps as much as $15-20 million into Arizona iri the nineteenth century (Ayres and others 1992[...]ld were so important in the earliest years of the Arizona Territory, they have had long-lasting effects on the state today. Patterns of settlement followed mineral de[...]erts of southern, central and western portions of Arizona. Prospectors named the natural landmarks,[...] |
![]() | [...]sketches of several individuals important in the state's silver and gold mining industries, refer to App[...]discussion on the derivation of the obscure word "Arizona," many historians agree that it derived from a fa[...]ta" silver strike is today in Sonora, Mexico, not Arizona. Settlements Prospectors in the West followed[...]ors. Thus, the presence of precious metals across Arizona brought settlements, sometimes ephemeral and some[...]e prospectors and miners · are evidenced in many Arizona places named for them, including Walker, Weavervi[...]rg and Prescott. Frederick Ronstadt first came to Arizona prospecting with Peter Brady in Ajo; he stayed to become the progenitor of a famous southern Arizona clan of hardware store owners and musicians (Sonnichsen 1982:57). Throughout the nineteenth century, Arizona's "largest settlements" were often gold or silver[...]er and Bufkin 1986:32). Mining interests started Arizona's first newspaper in Tubac; the Weekly Arizonian[...]Wagoner 1989:389-390). The names chosen for other Arizona newspapers mirrored the importanc~ of mining in local communities. The Arizona Miner published in 1864 from Fort Whipple[...] |
![]() | [...]Richest Gold Districts of Arizona Metallic Mineral[...]criteria, which do not necessarily correlate with historic mining activities or historic mines. Metallic mineral districts are also distinct from historic •mining districts·, which are political entitl[...]tricts, if Is presented here In that fashion. Historic mining areas are Indicated In parentheses[...] |
![]() | [...]Gold Production of Arizona ([...] |
![]() | [...]Richest Sliver Districts of Arizona Metallic Mineral[...] |
![]() | [...]Richest Sliver Districts of Arizona Metallic Mineral[...]criteria, which do not necessarily correlate with historic mining activities or historic mines. Metallic mineral districts are also distinct from historic ·mining districts·, which are political entitie[...]tricts, it Is presented hare In that fashion. Historic mining areas are Indicated In parentheses[...] |
![]() | [...]ded Congress to create almost immediately the new state of California in 1850. Hopes of similar revenues from Arizona gold placers and silver mines was a major factor[...]enue-hungry Union government of 1863 to create an Arizona Territory separate from the New Mexico Territory.[...],500 "whites") as deterrents, but the lobbying of Arizona mine owner Samuel Heintzelman and his Ohio invest[...]ssioned Tiffany's to create an elegant inkwell of Arizona silver. He presented it as a gift to President Li[...]he placers played out, the county seat shifted to Arizona City, which changed its name to Yuma two years la[...]ination with gold has been the creation of one of Arizona's greatest legends. Beginning with a newspaper ar[...]elt of known metallic deposits running across the state, and has not been the site of any other ma[...] |
![]() | [...]AFFECTING THE GOLD AND SILVER MINING INDUSTRY IN ARIZONA The precious metal mining industries of Arizona have felt reverberations from international and n[...]nternational war and international treaty brought Arizona into the United States. Most of the land that has become Arizona was carved from northern Mexico as a result of th[...]en Purchase of 1853. The Mexican War also brought Arizona's first wagon road. The Mormon Battalion, volunte[...]he trail following the Gila River across southern Arizona to California and made it passable for wagons. International investment boosted Arizona's gold and silver mining industries in the ninete[...]1901, British investors poured money into over 50 Arizona mining companies (Ayres and others 1992:29; Spenc[...]laws, which governed the first mining ventures in Arizona, proclaimed that all minerals in Spanish lands be[...]everted to the Spanish crown. After 1863, the new Arizona Territory followed American mining laws, includin[...]others 1992:32; Karpiscak and Wright 1991:102). Arizona mining law is complex; a "simplified statement" of federal and state mining laws and regulations published by the State Department of Mines and Mineral Resources[...] |
![]() | [...]ineral prospecting and location. The summation of Arizona mining law, Mineral Rights in An'zona, states bal[...]districts, stock-raising homesteads, power sites, state lands, state game refuges, and state wildlife areas are generally open to acquisition[...]ges, Spanish land grants, railroad lands, and the Arizona-Mexico border (considered to be 60 ft wide) are g[...]roads National events have had ripple effects on Arizona's gold and silver mining industry. The first impo[...]alion. Bound for California, they did not stop in Arizona on their way westward. A decade later, in the sum[...]a gold fields and the Nevada silver mines came to Arizona in the early 1860s, hoping to replicate th[...] |
![]() | [...]urrence that had an imponant ripple effect on the Arizona mining industry was the completion of transcontin[...]essing. Because only a few smelters were built in Arizona prior to the growth of the copper industry in the late nineteenth century, Arizona mine owners sent their ores . to San Francisco an[...]onstruction of transcontinental railroads through Arizona in the 1880s greatly reduced these transportation[...]consequently, increased prospecting for silver in Arizona. Ten years later, Congress's 1893 repeal of the S[...]eed high price for gold sent people back out into Arizona stream beds to rework old placers. In 1929, there had been only 22 placer operations in Arizona; by 1934, the number had increased to 179 (Ayres and others 1992:28; Greeley 1987:27). Silver production in Arizona was similarly affected by recovery legislation. P[...]conflict between the Native Americans residing in Arizona and the Euro-Americans who entered the territory[...]effect on the course of gold and silver mining in Arizona, delaying its development south of the Gila River[...]gold and silver helped to bring newcomers to the state; the Native Americans, particularly the Apaches,[...]nal territory. Prospectors entering the lands of Arizona in the 1850s stepped onto a battlefield and into[...]f the region. For nearly 150 years, the people of Arizona had been battling each other in "unremitti[...] |
![]() | [...]ned with the history of gold and silver mining in Arizona. In the 1850s, the first American miners began t[...]of mining throughout much of what is now southern Arizona. In 1861, the Civil War in the East drew military troops out of Arizona. Apache and Yavapai (who were often confused with[...]feat, and increased their raiding across southern Arizona and expanded into central Arizona. The Apaches' sense of victory lasted only two y[...]n news of significant gold discoveries in central Arizona reached Eastern politicians and Union military co[...]to re-establish a strong military presence in the Arizona Territory. The importance of gold and silver to t[...]al firepower to bear against the Indian people of Arizona. Fort Whipple and Fort Verde opened in 1864, and[...]military men west to battle the Apache people in Arizona. Although the Apache had been successful in slowing the development of mining in southern Arizona prior to the Civil War, that success earned them[...]diers to chase Indians and bring more business to Arizona and New Mexico. To the white people invol[...]n Apache attack that named one of the most famous historic mining towns in Arizona. When prospector Ed Schieffelin took out f[...] |
![]() | [...]c temptation to paint all Native Americans in the Arizona Territory, or even all of the Apaches, as maraude[...]he conflicts with Yavapais and Apaches in central Arizona in the 1860s, history gives us a counter example[...]Iretaba, chief of the Mohave tribe in northwestem Arizona, showed Captain John Moss the location of an outc[...]ted from the history of gold and silver mining in Arizona. Deadly Apache raids successfully hindered the gr[...]pache threat, the American settlement of southern Arizona would have evolved differently, and towns such as[...]mall, remote mining operations, the mainstream of Arizona miners quickly adopted improved technologies as t[...]ch other, as in the Bradshaw Mountains of central Arizona. Minerals are chiefly found in association[...] |
![]() | [...]ple · placer mining techniques have been used in Arizona since the Spanish occupation (Figure 1-4 )[...] |
![]() | [...]d for mining engineers. Assaying The assayer's office is a familiar prop in the American West of[...] |
![]() | [...]he Spanish, Mexican, and early American miners in Arizona used an apparatus known as an arrastra to crush r[...]s the most commonly used rock crushing machine in Arizona (Figure 1-9) (Young 1970: 197). The "awkward and[...]mills could be operated either "wet" or "dry;" in Arizona mining districts, mills were often built n[...] |
![]() | [...]~ J. Ross Browne, A. Tour Through Arizona, 1864 Entrance to the Mowry Mine, 1864[...] |
![]() | [...]e nineteenth century, there were few smelters in Arizona; crushed and concentrated ores were shipped to Sa[...]s built at the silver/lead Mowry Mine in southern Arizona (Figure 1-10) (Rickard 1987:191). REVIVING HISPANIC MINING IN SOUTHERN ARIZONA, PRE-1848 TO 1861 The first Europeans to enter Arizona came looking for gold and silver. Because[...] |
![]() | [...]J. Ross Browne, A Tour Through Arizona, 1864 Headquarters and Smelter of the[...] |
![]() | [...]d Borderlands historian H. H. Bancroft led him to state that the Spanish worked only a few mines in Arizona, field evidence of Spanish mining endeavors would[...]ed traces of old mines (antiguas) across southern Arizona in the Santa Catalina Mountains, in the mining di[...]California, mining pioneers had traveled through Arizona without stopping. Despite the boom in California[...]1850s, the old Spanish town of Tubac in southern Arizona housed only about 300 inhabitants in 1860 (Wagone[...]investing in the newly acquired lands of southern Arizona, the Gadsden Purchase. Some of the first American and European settlers in southern Arizona in the 1850s were mine developers interested in t[...]goner 1989:383-385). Often termed the "Father of Arizona" for his many years of promoting the territory, C[...]ot the only prospectors and promoters in southern Arizona during the 1850s. In 1854, a party financed out o[...]a mining and trading company to prospect southern Arizona. The party split up; Peter Brady found cop[...] |
![]() | [...]Most of the early mining operations in southern Arizona were "chloriders," working surface outcrops by o[...]sulphur rather than chloride. Mowry had come to Arizona as the commanding officer at Fort Yuma and had resigned his military post to prospect in southern Arizona The Patagonia mine prospered quickly, employing[...]ops stationed at Fort Buchanan and other forts in Arizona were sent cast to fight in the Civil War. The[...]s were sold to a Rhode Island corporation, the Arizona Land and Mining Company. Later owners/operators .[...]Guevavi The oldest gold mining site in southern Arizona seems to have been the area near the Spanish mission church of Gucvavi, just north of the present-day Arizona-Mexico border east of Nogales. The site is menti[...]CTING, AND HARD ROCK GOLD MINING IN WEST-CENTRAL ARIZONA, 1858-1870 In the 1820s and 1830s in many parts[...]ning generally cast to west across south central Arizona, was one such path. As early as 1825, trap[...] |
![]() | [...]military expeditions across the west and through Arizona during the Mexican War. Topographical engineer Li[...]sh brought a huge wave of miners through, not to, Arizona. As early as March 1848, the first gold- seekers passed through southern Arizona en route to California, a party of 25 headed by J[...]d that some 60,000 miners trekked across southern Arizona between 1849 and 1851 on their way to the gold st[...]a and the new Territories of Idaho, Colorado, and Arizona (Beck and Haase 1989:68). Because of high transpo[...]ments occurred when placer gold was discovered in Arizona Territory. First finds in 1858 were along[...] |
![]() | [...]ho had served with Kit Carson, found some gold in Arizona in 1861 but chose to prospect in California first[...]ade the first discovery of a lode gold deposit in Arizona Territory. Earlier in the year, Wickenburg had tr[...]s, Wickenburg was one of the largest towns in the Arizona Territory and was being discussed as a possible s[...]ia gold miners William and Isaac Bradshaw came to Arizona about 1862 and operated a ferry across the Colora[...]am joined the Walker prospecting party in central Arizona, and gave his name to the mountains south[...] |
![]() | [...]ine faced many of the familiar problems of remote Arizona mines. Transportation into and out of the area wa[...]-18). SILVER MINING FROM NORTHWEST TO SOUTHEAST ARIZONA, 1870-1893 Post-Civil War commodity prices were[...]es, and in Tombstone. Silver production dominated Arizona's economy in the years 1865-1893 (Nash 198[...] |
![]() | 300 miners in the area; the Weekly Arizona Miner printed the laws of the new district. In Ju[...]sts were always an issue for miners in the remote Arizona Territory; the high costs of transportin[...] |
![]() | [...]1960:223). Silver King and Stonewall Jackson Arizona's "Silver Belt" in southern Gila County an[...] |
![]() | [...]ached 1,500-1,700, the second largest camp in the Arizona Territory. Curiously, the strike was located wit[...]on. But the silver played out quickly; the post office and last business closed in 1882. In 1890, only o[...]st" based its boom on the discovery of silver in Arizona (Cook 1987:229). Prospector Ed Schieffelin found silver in the high desert of southeastem Arizona in 1878, calling his claim, "Tombstone." By the 1[...]the silver mining town became the largest town in Arizona Territory during 1882-1884 when the popul[...] |
![]() | [...]NEW PROCESSES AND A SECOND GOLD BOOM IN WESTERN ARIZONA, 1890-1917 Many reasons underlay the new gold boom in Arizona in the last decade of the nineteenth century. F[...]estern gold mines brought new investment money to Arizona in the 1880s and 1890s, providing new capital t[...]stors, and nearly every territorial governor of Arizona between 1889 and 1923 invested in Arizona gold mines. With the · precipitous drop i[...] |
![]() | [...]More than 400 gold operations existed across the state at the tum of the century (Spude 1991:177). N[...]967:56). Two names that appear and re-appear in Arizona mining are Frank Murphy and E. B. Gage. Joint ow[...]ess dealings, Murphy and his associates owned the Arizona Republican Phoenix newspaper from 1898-1909, the[...]al Bank (Coggin 1991:112-116). Gold in Western Arizona Not all of the new gold boom concentrated on re[...]rro continued to prospect the desolate reaches of Arizona and found pay-offs in the rich[...] |
![]() | discoveries of the King of Arizona, Fortuna, and Harquahala Mines in the deserts of western Arizona. The King of Arizona, or KOFA, mine was discovered in 1897 by Charles[...]the Camino del Diablo, the route across southern Arizona taken by thousands of California-bound gold seekers. As in other Arizona desert mining locations, water was scarce.[...] |
![]() | [...]phy and E. B. Gage. By May 1891, the Congress was Arizona's largest gold mine, producing nearly $8 million[...]ral wooden buildings in town, a familiar story in Arizona mining communities. President McKinley visited Co[...]ny. One of the first cyanide processing plants in Arizona was built at Octave in 1899, along with a 40- sta[...]d Sherman 1969:109). The Greatest Gold Mines in Arizona In the Black Mountains of western Mohave County,[...]strict produced the three greatest gold mir.es in Arizona: the Gold Road Mine opened in 1899, the To[...] |
![]() | [...]n surpassed the value of gold and silver mined in Arizona Territory. In the twentieth century, most of the gold and silver produced in Arizona has been as by-products in the smelting an[...] |
![]() | [...]order number L208 . closed all the gold mines in Arizona[...] |
![]() | CHAPTER 2 HISTORIC GOLD AND SILVER MINING PROPERTIES IN ARIZONA [Miners l occupied not fenile valleys or[...]reflect the history of gold and silver mining in Arizona. It is intended to be a "taking stock" of where w[...]me perspective for evaluating the significance of historic properties related to gold and silver mining. In the jargon of preservation planning, historic "property types" must first be defined, then the[...]information needs, which we then use to formulate preservation issues and recommend strategies for preservation planning, the subject of Chapter 3. PROPERTY TY[...]to provide guidance for evaluating and nominating historic mining sites. The Bulletin points out that[...] |
![]() | [...]TABLE 2·1 Historic Gold and Sliver Mining Property Types•[...] |
![]() | [...]or industrial use. Much of the final refining of Arizona gold and silver was done in places such as San Fr[...]melting sites are unlikely to remain intact. Some historic mines may have standing buildings, but the equipm[...]rties should not be overlooked. In addition, some historic properties may be situated ~d preserved so as to form dramatic landscapes, and the historic values of such settings warrant special co[...] |
![]() | [...]le of archaeological and historical sites for the state complicates the compilation of information regard[...]g. To provide some indication of the numbers ·of historic gold and silver mining sites that have been recor[...]the computerized AZSITE system maintained by the Arizona State Museum, the informal state inventory at the State Historic Preservation Office, and perused relevant technical reports. Proper[...]ITE System The AZSITE database maintained by the Arizona State Museum in Tucson has information on some 21,000 a[...]chaeological and historical sites recorded in the state, but substantial other files are maintained by the State Historic Preservation Office [the SHPO files are discussed below], universitie[...]the label "mine." Clearly, other sites related to historic gold and silver mining may have been coded with o[...]t of the locations of these 115 sites on a map of Arizona reveals a not unexpected pattern that follows the[...]ts running from northwest to southeast across the state (Figure 2-1). Forty-two of the sites were identif[...]e historically important gold and silver mines in Arizona have not been recorded as historic sites. Of the "top ten" gold and silver mining districts in Arizona, only the Old Vulture, Pioneer (Superior), and Co[...]n the AZSITE database. Of course, there may be no historic remnants of many of the more famous mines,[...] |
![]() | [...]ntified Archaeological Sites Related to Mining in Arizona Figure 2-1 (Source: Arizona State Museum AZSITE Data Base) |
![]() | [...]TABLE 2-2 Historic Mines Identified as Archaeological Sites In Arizona .Site No. Mine Name[...]) Pilgrim Mine Mohave Historic gold/silver mine AZ. F:14:105 (ASM) Katherine Ext[...]) Swansea Mining Townsite La Paz Historic mining town AZ. N:11 :11 (ASM) Senator Mine[...]Dominion Mine Gila Historic copper mine AZ. V:9:8 (ASM) Pioneer Silver Mi[...]Rosemont/ Old Rosemont Pima Source: Arizona State Museum AZSITE Data Base[...] |
![]() | [...]al Sites Related to Mining In Arizona Mining Sites Sites Related to Gold Mining .[...]d as part of a district pn Tucson Mountains Historic Mining District?] 6. AZ. EE:1:108 (ASM) unnamed mine, listed as part of a district [Empire Historic Mining District?] 7. SN C:1 :14 (ASM) V[...]mericana, Lukeville vicinity (silver) Sources: Arizona State Museum AZSITE Database[...] |
![]() | [...]ified as being listed on the National Register of Historic Places, and only one is a silver mine, the Victor[...]. Properties Listed on the National Register of Historic Places To supplement our sampling of the AZSITE database, w also reviewed the Arizona listings on the National Register of Historic Places. We were able to identify only thirteen si[...]these represent less than one percent of the 950 Arizona propenies listed -through June 30, 1991 (Figure 2[...]he social, political, and economic development of Arizona, the number of listed gold and silver mining propenies clearly is an under-representation of an imponant historic theme. Those properties listed on the National Register that are directly related to historic gold and silver mining in Arizona include the Victoria (earlier called the La Ameri[...]vy into one of the giants of silver mining in the state (Hoy 1970:128-130). The Lynx Creek Distri[...] |
![]() | [...]remains of Keating's camps. In 1912-1915, the New State Hydraulic Company re-used the facilities. In both[...]gister that are only peripherally associated with historic gold and silver mining in Arizona include four towns or townsites (Tombstone, Presc[...]f the connection . of each of these properties to historic gold and silver mining is outlined in the following paragraphs. The Tombstone Historic District, which. is also designated as a National Historic Landmark (one of three dozen within the state), includes only six square blocks of the central[...]d remain in private hands (Hollis Cook, Tombstone Historic Courthouse Museum, personal communication, 1992).[...]over the past one hundred years to rank as a top Arizona silver mine (refer to Table 1-3, entry 18)[...] |
![]() | [...]cinity Criteria Notes 1 Tombstone Historic District Tombstone A silver mining camp; National Historic Landmark 2 Prescott Territorial Buildings MR[...]placer mining, dam, and ditch Arizona Gold and and Silver Mining and Mining-Related[...]Locations Listed on the National Register of Historic Places |
![]() | [...]rman 1969:130-131). In 1992, at the urging of the Arizona Preservation Foundation, the Arizona State Parks Board approved funding to help preserve the[...]ld boom town of Oatman owe their existence to the historic gold and silver mining industries of Arizona. but do not convey· specific information about t[...]ure in excellent repair, located just outside the historic mining town of Walker, in the Walker Mining Distr[...]survey targeted on major gold and silver mines in Arizona. Instead, most mining sites have been found by ch[...]s, we checked the informal statewide inventory of historic properties at the State Historic Preservation Office. This list has also been computerized, and[...] |
![]() | [...]Victoria Mine (silver), both in Puna County. No Arizona mines or mining p·roperties have been described in the Historic American Buildings Survey (HABS) or in the Historic American Engineering Record (HAER) (Barker and Hu[...]to the National Register. Another compilation of historic site data along the Colorado River from Lee's Fer[...]ter Air Force Range in the southwest comer of the state have noted some of the mining sites in the area.[...]na Mine has been briefly described (University of Arizona 1986: 10-17), and one very ephemeral, tum of the[...]n a few weeks sometime during the 1880s or 1890s. Historic records indicate that the Salt River Minin[...] |
![]() | [...]n able to identify only five mining properties in Arizona that have been investigated by historical archaeo[...]report we mention is Hardesty's (1988) review of historic mining properties in Nevada This report provides[...]be preserved. EVALUATING THE SIGNIFICANCE OF . HISTORIC GOLD AND SILVER MINING PROPERTIES Historic preservation planning involves identifying historic properties, evaluating their significance, and assigning preservation priorities. Our review of inventoried and registered historic properties related .to gold and silver mining in Arizona indicates that although substantial inventory wor[...]valuations are, of course, essential in targeting preservation efforts. Participants in a recent historic mining conference observed again and again[...] |
![]() | [...]"Without question, assessing the integrity of historic mines is a difficult problem" (Hardesty[...]professionals and resource managers who deal with historic mining sites operate under a wide and of[...]out the approaches, criteria of significance, and preservation options open to them in managing such si[...]s who have been struggling with the evaluation of historic mining sites for a number of years, we have pre[...]ies related to the mining of gold and silver in Arizona: In preparing this guidance, we envisioned the po[...]iven by some modern development, (2) federal or state agency cultural resource specialists who might be[...]properties on lands they · administer, and (3) preservation activists or local government officials who might[...]st town they know about is important and warrants preservation effons. All readers are warned at the outset th[...], "Guidelines for Completing National Register of Historic Places Fonns" ■ Natio[...]etin 30, "How to Identify, Evaluate, and Register Historic Rural Landscapes"[...] |
![]() | [...]ntifying, evaluating, and registering historic mining properties Because these last two Bulleti[...]cceptance of this report as an element of the State Historic Preservation Plan implies some recognition by the State Historic Preservation Office of the usefulness of this guidance, but evaluatio[...]s discussed here. Within the regulatory arena of historic preservation, the criteria for inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places have been adopted as the fundamental stand[...]te that these standards have been adopted for the Arizona State Register as well, although the State Historic Preservation Office has flexibility in registering properties that ma[...]ster standards that address (1) the categories of historic properties that are potentially eligible, (2) the criteria for identifying significant historic values, (3) the fundamental need for the properti[...]requirement for National Register listing is that historic values be tied to tangible properties. The Nation[...]ch of what we value about the past are intangible historic lessons, morals, or "truths," but such intangible[...]pes we identified above include administrative or office buildings, warehouses, workshops, mills, s[...] |
![]() | Sites are locations that may possess historic significance regardless of the condition of any b[...]al distinction, but as a whole embody significant historic values. Districts may include "noncontributing" e[...]in a landscape that will best reflect significant historic values (Feierabend 1990). Criteria for Evaluating Historic Values National Register guidelines specify that a historic property must meet at least one of four criteria for identifying significant historic values. In shorthand, these can be thought of as[...]ea of significance," which is essentially a broad historic context reflecting significant patterns of our hi[...]an be used to characterize areas of significance. Historic mining properties could be expected to mos[...] |
![]() | [...]ing the significance of gold and silver mining in Arizona from 1848-1945. Individual properties could be re[...]iving Hispanic gold and silver mining in southern Arizona, pre-1848-1861 ■ First gold mining boom in western Arizona, 1858-1870 ■ Silver mining from northwest to southeast Arizona, 1870-1893 ■ Second gold mining boom in Arizona, 1890-1917 ■ Secondary gold and silver mining in Arizona, 1900-1942 Chapter 1 discusses the significance of these events in the history of Arizona, and relating specific properties to these themes[...]l of significance, with the options being local, state, and national. Gold and silver mining properties[...]n this context are logical candidates for having state level significance because this context was prep[...]lly important people were involved with mining in Arizona, and numerous individuals can be considered important because of their role in the history of mining in the state or within local areas of the state. Some of these persons are identified in the appe[...]riod of this significance. Comparisons with other historic properties that may be associated with the[...] |
![]() | [...]lly significant. Even if individual components of historic mining properties lack individual distinction, th[...]xtensive throughout the American West than intact historic buildings and structures (see DeLony 1990:[...] |
![]() | [...]egrity is the ability of a property to convey its historic significance, and is a necessary requisite for co[...]C must retain essential physical features of the historic era they represent, and these features must be su[...]n is an important element of integrity. Typically historic properties should be in their original locations.[...]hey were originally used. If the associations are historic, such factors should not be considered to be a la[...]equipment moved onto a mining site later than the historic era of significance cannot be considered t[...] |
![]() | [...]hey were worked and such modifications during the historic era should not eliminate propenies from being con[...]activities certainly could impair the setting of historic mining properties to the point of destroying thei[...]nless remodelings reflect a series of significant historic occupations. If some aspects of properties have b[...]ons of buildings or structures fabricated to look historic are not National Register eligible. Historic mining properties should ideally retain some evid[...]wners. Feeling is a property's expression of the historic or aesthetic sense of a particular period of time[...]or persons. Associations must be demonstrated by historic research and also require that physical aspects o[...]tain sufficient features to convey a sense of the historic mining activities that were associated wit[...] |
![]() | [...]y and abundantly visible, having numerous obvious historic features that enhance their integrity. However, i[...]red, they may lack sufficient focus because their historic appearance has been lost and historical and archa[...]m their original locations, reconstructed historic buildings, properties primarily commemorative in[...]ure most importantly associated with a historic person or event c. a birthplace or grave[...]inctive design features, or from association with historic events e. a reconstructed buildin[...] |
![]() | [...]al property classes that might be associated with historic mining properties are graves or cemeteries associ[...]er propenies related to gold and silver mining in Arizona, and present some hypothetical examples of the ty[...]tant events and broad patterns for the history of Arizona. Extraction Properties None of the Nati[...] |
![]() | [...]icient physical features to convey a sense of the historic activities that were pursued at the site. If shaf[...]ain sufficient integrity to reflect the important historic features of mining sites. Considerations of rela[...]tures for rare but important sites. Only a single Arizona mine has been listed on the National Register, th[...]may be acceptable in order to represent important historic mining themes in the state. For example, no sites representing the theme of reviving Hispanic gold and silver mining in southern Arizona, pre-1848- 1861, which was a major stimulus for A[...]mining has less importance for the history of the state. That does not imply that a small, well preserved[...]ious periods of gold and silver mining within the state. Processing Sites Four historic gold and silver processing properties have been l[...]other significant sites to represent the various historic subthemes that have been identified is again limi[...]ng facilities at the Oro Belle Mine, owned by the Arizona Historical Society, at least warrant evalu[...] |
![]() | [...]nd Sliver Mining and Mining-Related Properties In Arizona[...] |
![]() | [...]ion A as reflections of gold and silver mining in Arizona, this is more than in any other category. These r[...]the silver boom of 1870-1893 (Tombstone National Historic Landmark, Prescott Territorial Buildings MRA), an[...]ada and Central City, Colorado, and threatens its historic qualities. The public interpretation of Tombston[...]hat thrived during the second gold mining boom in Arizona. The ghost town of Ruby has survived so well bec[...]ation in this category. Old La Paz, representing Arizona's first gold boom in western Arizona, 1858-1870, is essentially an archaeological site[...]Register eligible. Criterion B Examples Two of Arizona's gold and silver mining properties listed[...] |
![]() | [...]s in the development of gold and silver mining in Arizona Certainly, much of the labor associated with min[...]" people whose lives are seldom well recorded in historic documents, but many of the well known persons associated with gold and silver mining in Arizona are discussed in Chapter 1. Brief biographical sk[...]of Weaver that was named -after hin). Conversely, historic research might yield substantial linkages between particular mine developers and historic properties but that is not an · indi~ation these[...]y promoting one of the rare hydraulic mines in Arizona but also pursuit of other mining and agricultural ventures in central Arizona. However, the research indicated that none of[...]in the development of gold and silver mining in Arizona. The chances of nominating prospecting sites und[...]· Criterion C Examples Five historic properties related to gold and silver mining in Arizona have been listed on the National Register[...] |
![]() | [...].were abandoned. The probabilities of identifying historic mills and smelters with integrity are probably no[...]d warrant nomination if they retain integrity and historic associations can be documented. Again, integrity[...]under other criteria. Criterion D Examples Two Arizona gold and silver mining related properties have be[...]ts during the first boom period of gold mining in Arizona. The Humbug Creek placer mine complex has[...] |
![]() | [...]al that they are unlikely to be very informative. Historic records of mining claims are much more likely to[...]ssessment work may provide useful confirmation of historic records, but these sites are likely to yield litt[...]hrough time. Such information may be available in historic records, and if so, the information values of the[...]t perfected at the 'processing facility at Pinal, Arizona in 1885. Although the facility is an archaeologic[...]s development, if studied in combination with the historic documents relating to the site and drawing[...] |
![]() | [...]archaeological investigated in any detail within Arizona, and even in states such as Nevada, which is perh[...]ss the issue of defining information potential at historic mining sites (for example, Barker 1990; Edabum[...]dual locality, to an entire mining district, to state, national and international systems. Draft Natio[...]Concluding Thoughts on Significance Evaluations Historic properties related to gold and silver mining are abundant in many parts of the state. The fact that so few gold and silver mini[...] |
![]() | [...]ed in Chapter 1, based on the documentary record. Historic preservation will have achieved an important goal if it stimul[...]ical perspectives. SUMMARY A great variety of historic property types may reflect gold and silver mining in Arizona, but they are likely to be classifiable into thre[...]role of gold and silver mining in the history of Arizona, no thematic mining property inventories have been pursued within the state. Current inventories are not organized to[...] |
![]() | [...]n the computerized AZSITE files maintained by the Arizona State Museum, and approximately 40 in computerized files maintained by the State Historic Preservation Office. Many of these sites were common to both database[...]es with any relation to gold and silver mining in Arizona currently are listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Two of these, the Tombstone Historic District and the Guevavi Mission, have been designated as a National Historic Landmarks, but the relation of these properties t[...]ities themselves. Evaluating the significance of historic mining sites may be difficult, but these properti[...]tance of gold and silver mining to the history of Arizona. further inventory and evaluation efforts are warranted. Preservation planning issues and recommended strategies for managing historic gold and silver mining sites within the state are discussed in the next chapter.[...] |
![]() | CHAPTER 3 PRESERVATION ISSUES AND RECOMMENDED STRATEGIES Although gold and silver are not among the famous "Five Cs" resources of Arizona (climate, citrus, cotton, cattle, and copper), pr[...]the Euro-American exploration .and settlement of Arizona Many names on our landscape are related to gold a[...]ver mining sites are scattered across much of the state's broad mineral belt, and these historic properties are an important component of the state's heritage. But as documented in Chapter 2, only a handful of what must be thousands of historic properties related to gold and silver mining have been formally inventoried within the state, and the significance of the vast majority of the[...]cana, has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places; none of Arizona's major gold and silver mines have been listed.[...]d and re-worked over time, obliterating traces of historic mining activities. Despite these difficulties, o[...]ease their efforts to save at least a sampling of Arizona's historic gold and silver mines. The purpose of this chapter is to highlight several issues related to the preservation of important historic gold and silver mining properties, and to suggest[...]rvation of significant properties. ISSUE 1: Few historic mining sites have been inventoried, fewer have be[...]and only a handful are listed on the National or State Register of Historic Places. STRATEGY: The SHPO could support thematic inventory studies focusing on all types of historic properties related to gold and silver mini[...] |
![]() | [...]he Bradshaw Mountains; lode gold mines in western Arizona such as the North Star, KOFA, and Harquahala mine[...]d Chloride districts; the richest gold country in Arizona in the Oatman district; and silver mines and mill[...]me of the survey responsibilities under the Rural Preservation Initiative of the Arizona Heritage Fund. ISSUE 2: Much of the previous ev[...]listed properties, such as the Tombstone National Historic Landmark, emphasize only the architecture of a si[...]stablish a more holistic perspective on mining in Arizona, perhaps a study could be initiated to investigat[...]ocessing localities still exist and which warrant preservation efforts. This might be attacked with a mining district by mining district strategy. ISSUE 3: Historic gold and silver mining properties are vulnerable[...]le of renewed mining activity threatens surviving historic properties. STRATEGY: Any regulatory review of state or federally permitted mining activities should be aware of the potential for historic properties at existing mines. The SHPO may also w[...]o consider options for identifying and evaluating historic properties, or, as a public service, generally supporting preservation programs related to mining. ISSUE 4: Historic gold and silver mining properties are vulnerable[...]result many are i:iot being actively managed for preservation. STRATEGY: First, the SHPO could encourage federal and state land managing agencies to more actively id[...] |
![]() | ISSUE 5: Historic gold and silver mining properties are vulnerable[...]ost towns to promote an ethic of appreciation and preservation of historic sites. Such a brochure could counter distorted hi[...].stories of some of the mining camps and towns of Arizona. The studies should include an examination of the formation of historic mining districts and their political and legal po[...]the polymetallic nature of the mining industry of Arizona, and mines originally developed to extract one ty[...]It would seem to be counter-productive to isolate preservation efforts by type of metal mined. but instead to coordinate preservation of all mining-related historic properties. At the same time. we must be aware of[...]nder-emphasizing gold, silver, and lead mining in Arizona. ISSUE 8: Although the technology of processing[...]extent of processing at any one mill location in Arizona is not well understood. In mining jargon. a "mill[...]sses with standing structures is also unclear. In historic photographs. "mills" are usually large, barn-like[...]t of the history of gold and silver mining in the state. with a particular emphasis on identifying[...] |
![]() | [...]and air resources. The extent of such effects in Arizona are not well documented or understood. STRATEGY:[...]silver mining on the physical environment of the state. CONCLUSION Historic preservation goals focus on saving tangible remnants of the past. The underlying assumption motivating preservation efforts is that this physical evidence will revea[...]ssons for wisely planning the exploitation of the state's mineral wealth and other natural resources. Thi[...]appreciation of not only the history of mining in Arizona, but also appreciation of the implications[...] |
![]() | [...]GLOSSARY OF TERMS USED IN THE HISTORIC GOLD AND SILVER MINING INDUSTRY The following[...]er Bulletin 42 (Draft), Evaluating and Nominating Historic Mining Sites. adit a horizonta[...] |
![]() | [...]new process caused the gold boom of 1890-1917 in Arizona, as miners hurried to re-wor[...] |
![]() | [...]chnique and may have been used in Arizona since the Spanish period. patio process[...] |
![]() | [...]S OF CULTURAL OR ETHNIC GROUPS TO HISTORIC GOLD AND SILVER MINING IN ARIZONA Ethnicity and ethnic relations are amon[...]e laborers. Many of the ethnic groups involved in Arizona gold and silver mining have operated as anonymous[...]s metals lured the first Spaniards to what is now Arizona, but these explorers failed to locate the riches[...]ntury placer and simple lode mining technology in Arizona was borrowed directly from the Spanish, and many[...]ship of mines, although some Mexicans in Southern Arizona did own mines. For an example, Estevan Ochoa, who[...]Hired on by the Peeples party prospecting central Arizona in 1863, an unnamed Mexican set out to ret[...] |
![]() | deposit in Arizona (Sherman and Sherman 1969:168). At the KOFA Mine[...]out and lode gold and silver mines were opened in Arizona, miners were recruited from Cornwall for their le[...]of underground mining. In 1888, the editor of The Arizona Silver Belt urged Comish miners to leave Leadvill[...]oid alann." In recruiting miners from Colorado to Arizona, editor Hackney failed to mention the heat and isolation of Arizona mines (Eppinga 1991:55-56). Much of the terminol[...]Comishmen worked in the gold mines of southwestem Arizona, and at the Vulture Mine where Comishman C[...] |
![]() | [...]were the first laborers hired in the mines of the Arizona Territory. Their undocumented labors have largely[...]storians; a recent article on ethnic diversity in Arizona's early mining camps makes no mention of the Indian contribution to the silver mines of southern Arizona (Eppinga 1991:49-73). Specific References to Na[...]Arizonac in 1736, a fabulous discovery that gave Arizona its name. Ironically, the location of the "Bolas de Plata" silver strike is today in Sonora, Mexico, not Arizona (Officer 1987:332-32; Walker and Bufkin 1986:48).[...]er 1987:154). CHINESE Chinese miners coming to Arizona met a great deal of racism and prejudice. Perhaps[...]sentiments in California in the 1850s and 1860s, Arizona newspaper editors lashed out at the trickle of Chinese placer miners in 1869; the Arizona Weekly Miner stated that "there are now four of t[...]ing in many of the remote mining camps throughout Arizona. By 1870, several Chinese were working placers on[...]techniques, but this does not seem to be true in Arizona. Due to the scarcity of water, there were few hydraulic operations in Arizona and none seem to have been operated by Chi[...] |
![]() | [...]ing town of Crown King in 1897, along with a post office, a company store, several saloons, and a feed yar[...]man and Sherman 1969:136); and in the southeastem Arizona mining towns of Tombstone, Fairbank (Keane[...] |
![]() | [...]icans to the gold and silver mining industries of Arizona ranged from the scholarly contributions of Henry[...]West Point graduate Henry Ossian Flipper came to Arizona as U.S. Deputy Mineral Slµ'Veyor in Nogales in t[...]burg (Eppinga 1991 :56-57). A hunter in southern Arizona with a similar sobriquet, "Nigger Brown,"[...] |
![]() | [...]S WHO MADE OUTSTANDING CONTRIBUTIONS TO HISTORIC GOLD AND SILVER MINING IN ARIZONA Bean, Curtis Coe 1828-1904 Prospecto[...]al Governor Safford, an active investor in Arizona mines, on a tour of the Peck Mine in May 1876. Be[...]h the winter of 1878-1879, he wrote to the Arizona Weekly Miner in March 1879, ·[...]York, and Boston promoting investments in Arizona's mines (Goff 1983:11,12; Wilson 1992:32-39, 46,[...]m joined the Walker p3:I1Y to prospect in central Arizona . . Although he brought little gold[...] |
![]() | [...]miners so influential in the early days of Arizona. Born in Washington D. C., Brady headed west to j[...]for the Boundary Commission. Coming back to Arizona from California in 1856, Brady represented[...]ing a petition requesting the establishment of an Arizona Territory separate from New Mexico. Fluent[...]ima County sheriff, and served three tenns in the Arizona Territorial Legislature. He settled in Florence, Arizona, marrying first a girl from Altar Sonora. A[...]C. Fremont in California. Ehrenberg came to Arizona in the early 1850s as an employee of the Sonora E[...]ngress requesting separate territorial status for Arizona. By 1858, he resigned from the Sonora Explo[...]a historian, it was the gold and silver of Arizona that brought him to the Territory. Born in Tennes[...]urer in 1897. In 1913, he was appointed the state's first historian, a job he held until his death six years later. During his tenure as state historian, Farish produced the eight-volume History of Arizona that continues to be a primary source for early Arizona history (Goff 1983:33).[...] |
![]() | [...]ington, a banker from Illinois, first invested in Arizona gold mines in 1887 when he put money into[...]escription of Harrington's work in central Arizona, see Robert Spude's (1991) chronicle in the Journal of Arizona History. Heintzelman, Samuel Peter 1805-1880[...]to put money into a mining venture in southern Arizona. While remaining in the army, Heint[...] |
![]() | [...]tition asking for separate territorial status for Arizona. At the outbreak of the Civil War, Heintz[...]his military duties, pressed for formation of the Arizona Territory. He died in Washington, D. C. i[...]he left San Francisco and sailed to Yuma, Arizona. The next year, he came to Prescott and spent the next three years prospecting in central Arizona. In September 1867, he became editor and eventually part-owner of the influential Arizona Miner, the first newspaper published north of the Gila River in Arizona Territory. With his vitriolic prose and terrible[...]nknown) Prospector. A prospector who came to Arizona with the successful Walker party, Jackson Mc[...]r Mowry cut a large swath across southern Arizona in the mid-nineteenth century. Born in Rhode[...]Point in the class of 1852. Mowry came to Arizona as commanding officer of Fort Yuma in 1855, but r[...]three years later to prospect in southern Arizona. He purchased the Patagonia Mine in the Santa[...]requesting the U. S. Congress to establish Arizona as a separate territory. Edward Cross,[...] |
![]() | [...]the population figures Mowry used to argue for an Arizona Territory. The two men exchanged public le[...]solutions passed by the U.S. Senate and the first Arizona Territorial Legislature. Although one historian labelled Mowry an "individualist and lecher," the Arizona Miner commented on his death by writing, "This is sad news for Arizona. In the death of Mr. Mowry this Territory[...]bought the mine and soon the Congress was Arizona's largest gold mine. After succeeding at C[...] |
![]() | In other business dealings, Murphy owned th_e Arizona Republican Phoenix newspaper from 1898-190[...]hy, served as governor of the Territory of Arizona in 1892-1893 and 1898-1902 (Coggin 1991:111-117;[...]ter, public official. Often termed the "Father of Arizona" for his years of promoting the territory,[...]a customs house. Four years later, he arrived in Arizona to prospect for gold and silver south of T[...]requesting separate territorial status for Arizona, and when territorial status was granted .in 1863[...]irs. Ever the promoter, Poston returned to Arizona from Washington in company with the writer, J. Ro[...]ompany. The resulting book, A Tour Through Arizona in 1864, remains a classic account of early Arizona.[...] |
![]() | Poston was elected the Arizona Territory's first Congressional delegate in 1864.[...]eld various government jobs and public offices in Arizona, Texas, Mexico, and Washington, D.C. About 1877, he was appointed registrar of the U.S. Land Office in Florence. While there, he built a road[...]on's Butte outside Florence, his destitute state at his death prevented it In 1925, the D.A.R. rai[...]n the late 1850s. In company with Poston, he left Arizona for California in 1861, never to return. As[...]higan. His 1870 book describing his adventures in Arizona, Across America and Asia, is an important source of information on early southern Arizona (Goff 1983:83). Ruth, Adolph 1854-1931 G[...]ruck a bonanza when he located silver in southern Arizona in 1878, naming the claim Tombstone[...] |
![]() | [...]g to note his connection with the gold .of Arizona Born in South Carolina, Swilling fought in the Me[...]efore coming to California In 1857, he arrived in Arizona and worked for overland stage lines. After[...]American West." Born in the then-frontier state of Tennessee in the first decade of the 1800s, Wa[...]y 1863, the 65-year old Joseph Walker had come to Arizona and organized a prospecting party to explore the new Arizona Territory for gold. The party included King Wools[...]Prospector. Fascination with gold created Arizona's greatest legend. Jacob Waltz, the legend[...]n St. Louis and California and came to the Arizona Territory sometime before 1864. He prospec[...] |
![]() | [...]came south to a warmer climate to trap beaver in Arizona. Traveling to Tucson and Tubac, he is said[...]the Casa Grande ruin. His familiarity with Arizona made Weaver a welcome guide to the Mormon Battali[...]d the surveyors of the northern part of the state, Captain Lorenzo Sitgreaves (1851) and Lieutenant[...]Fort McDowell, and Camp Lincoln, all in the Arizona Territory. He died in 1867. In 1929, his remains[...]eman on board ship. By 1862, he had come to Arizona and worked the placers of the Colorado Riv[...] |
![]() | [...]APPENDIX 4 HISTORIC MINING DISTRICTS IN ARIZONA Mines, mills, and mining communities in Arizona are often identified by mining district. Mining d[...], and because some of the 246 mining districts in Arizona have been known by several names over the last 15[...]is appendix becomes a helpful tool in identifying Arizona mines. The following set of county maps drawn in 1961 locates all 246 historic mining districts in Arizona. Each district is indicated by a number on[...] |
![]() | 129 Historic Mining Districts in Yuma and La Paz Counties |
![]() | [...]131 Historic Mining Districts in Pima, Pinal, and Santa[...] |
![]() | 133 Historic Mining Districts in Mohave County |
![]() | Historic Mining Districts in Cochise, Graham, Gila,[...] |
![]() | Historic Mining Districts in Yavapai and Maricopa Counties |
![]() | [...]' , ,-..r-/ Historic Mining Districts in Coconino County |
![]() | 141 Historic Mining Districts In Navajo and Apache Counties |
![]() | [...]Index to Historic Mining Districts |
![]() | [...]Index to Historic Mining Districts (continued) |
![]() | [...]Index to Historic Mining Districts (continued) |
![]() | [...]PENDIX S: MINES IN THE HISTORIC INVENTORY The following six pages list those properties in the State Historic Preservation Office statewide inventory. The list of 41 properties wa[...]he property is listed on the National Register of Historic Places, CE indicates that the property is[...] |
![]() | MINES IN THE HISTORIC INVENTORY Historic Property Name: Cedar Mine[...]Ml1cell ■ n1oua: Pearce vicinity Historic Property Nam,: Copper Mountain Mine[...]I: Category: B Hisloric C Historic Archaeology Ml1cellaneou1: Not accessibl[...]I: Category: B Hisloric C Historic Archaeology Mlac1llan1oua: Historic Property N■ me: Fortuna Mine and Mining ClfT1>[...]I: Category: C Hilloric B Historic Archaeology Ml1cell1neou1: Hletorlc[...]SHPO I: Category: B Historic C Historic Archaeology Ml1cell1neoua: Good I[...] |
![]() | MINES IN THE HISTORIC INVENTORY Hlatorlc Property Name: Gold Kilg Mne[...]O t : C1tegory: ■ H.IOric O Historic Archaeology Ml scelleneous: Copper mine wa[...]and was localed 3000 Ifft below the canyon nm Historic Property Neme: Harq.iaHalaMne[...]C1tegory: □ Hisloric ■ Historic Archaeology Ml1cellIneouI: Ruins and some bulldngs rernlln Historic Property Neme: Hi Henry Mine[...]C1tegory: □ HislOric ■ Historic Archaeology Ml1c1 ll 1neou1: Ruins remail Historic Property N1me: Hilltop Tunnel and Mine[...]Category: □ HillOric II Historic Archaeology MlIc ellIneou1: Mine[...] |
![]() | [...]MINES IN THE HISTORIC INVENTORY Hl1torlc Property N1m1: Lost Cabin Mi[...]Category: ■ Hisloric □ Historic Arc:naeology Ml1c1llaneou1: Currently un[...]C1t1gory: ■ Hislortc □ Historic Archaeology Ml1cell1neou1: Associated bu[...]Category: B HiBloric □ Historic Arc:naeology Ml1c1ll1n1ou1: Produ[...] |
![]() | MINES IN THE HISTORIC INVENTORY Hl1torlc Property Name: Mineral Belt[...]Category: II Hisl0ric □ Historic Archaeology Ml1cellaneou1: Hl1torlc[...]C1tegory: □ Hisl0ric II Historic Alchaeology Ml1cell1neou1: Ruins and sma[...]I: Category: ■ Hisloric □ Historic Archaeology Ml1cellaneou1: Hl1torlc[...]I: Category: ■ Hilloric □ Historic Archaeology lll1c1llaneou1: H[...] |
![]() | MINES IN THE HISTORIC INVENTORY Hl1torlc Property Name: S■leto Mine[...]ineteenth century mine in excellenl concilion. Historic Property N1m1: Sliver King Mine Superintendenrs O[...]Hilloric Arctlaeology Mlsc1ll1n1ou1: Historic Property N1m1: Toughnut Mine[...]C1t1gory: ■ Hisloric: C] Historic Archaeology Mlsc1llan1ous: Historic Property N1m1: Vulture Mine[...]Hist0<ic Arctiaeoiogy Mlscellan,ous: Historic Property N1m1: Vulture Mine Hilloric Oistric:t[...]Hiltoric Arctll80iogy Mlsc1ll1n1ou1: Historic Property N1m1: Cludad, San Ylkt-o; lrondoor Mine;[...]C1t1gory: ■ HillOrlc ID Historic Arc:tiaeology 111 scella n,ou 1:[...] |
![]() | [...]MINES IN THE HISTORIC INVENTORY Hl ■torlc Property N ■me: New Com[...]C1tegory: □ HillOric ■ Historic ArchNOl,<>gy Mlscelleneou,: Vlrtualy not[...]Category: □ Hinoric B Historic Archaeology M IIce 11 1 n e Ou 1 : , Surv[...]PO t: Category: B Historic D Historic Atcnaeology Ml1cell1neou1: Historic Property Name:[...]Category: B HillOric □ Historic Archaeology Ml1cell1n1ou1:[...] |
![]() | [...]n the Rosemont Area, Santa Rita Mountains, Arizona. Arizona State Museum Archaeological Series No. 147(3). University of Arizona, Tucson. Ayres, James E., A. E. Rogge, Everett J[...]ology of Placer Mining on Humbug Creek in Central Arizona. Dames & Moore, Phoenix. Bain, Diane 1990 Gold Panning in Arizona. Mineral Report No. 7. Department of Min[...]The Fortune and Fate of the Famous Fortuna Mine. Arizona Professional Engineer 32:6-9. Barker, Leo R. 1990 Managing the Archaeology of Historic Mining Sites. In Death Valley to Deadwood; Kennecott to Cripple Creek: Proceedings of the Historic Mining Conference, January 23-27, 1989, De[...]d; Kennecott to Cripple Creek: Proceedings of the Historic Mining Conference, January 23-27, 1989, D[...]ice, San Francisco. Barnes, Will C. 1960 Arizona Place Names. Revised and enlarged by Byrd H. Granger. University of Arizona Press, Tucson. 1988 Arizona Place Names. Reprint of 1935 edition. University of Arizona Press, Tucson. Beck, Warren A. and Ynez D. Haase[...]a History of South Mountain Park, Phoenix, Arizona. Archaeology Section, City of Phoenix.[...] |
![]() | [...]f a Pioneer: Peter R. Brady 1825-1902. Journal of Arizona History 16:171-194. Brewer, James W., Jr. · 198[...]el N. Greeley (editors) 1987 History of Mining in Arizona. Mining Club of the Southwest Foundation, Tucson. 1991 History of Mining in Arizona, Volume 2. Mining Club of the Southwest Foundatio[...]an, T. G. (editor) 1962 The Mineral Industries of Arizona: A Brief History of the Development of Arizona's Mineral Resources. Arizona Bureau of Mines Bulletin 16. University of Arizona Press, Tucson. Clark, Larry D. and Victor H. Verity 1986 Mineral Rights in Arizona: Laws and Regulations. Special Report No. 12. Dep[...]ggin, H. Mason 1987 A History of Placer Mining in Arizona. In History of Mining in Arizona, edited by J. Michael Canty and Michael N.[...]undation, Tucson. 1991 Frank M. Murphy, Arizona Gold Miner. In History of Mining in Arizona, Volume 2, edited by J. Michael Canty and[...]and the Tombstone Story. In History of Mining in Arizona, edited by J. Michael Canty and Michael N.[...]n Archaeological Survey of the Buttes !Jeservoir. Arizona State Museum Archaeological Series No. 93. University of Arizona, Tucson. DeLony, Eric 1990 National Historic Mining Initiative. In Death Valley to Deadwood; Kennecott to Cripple Creek: Proceedings of the Historic Mining Conference, January 23-27, 1989, De[...] |
![]() | [...]haeological Element for the Nevada Historiq Preservation Plan, coordinated by Margaret M. Lyneis, pp. 235-249. Nevada Division of Historic Preservation and Archaeology, Carson City. Eppinga, Jane[...]. 1991 Ethnic Diversity in Arizona's Early Mining Camps. In History of Mining in Arizona Volume 2, edited by J. Michael Canty and M[...]hwest Fowidation, Tucson. Feierabend, Carey 1990 Historic Mine Lands as Cultural Landscapes. In Death Valle[...]ecott to Cripple Creek: Proceedings of the Historic Mining Conference, January 23-27, 1989, Death[...]rk Service, San Francisco. Fireman, Bert M. 1982 Arizona: Historic Land. Alfred A. Knopf, New York. Fong, Lawrence M. 1980 Sojourners and Settlers: The Chinese Experience in Arizona. In The Chinese Experience in Arizona and Nonhern Mexico, pp 1-30. Arizona Historical Society, Tucson. Francaviglia, Richard V. 1991 Hard Places: Reading the Landscape of America's Historic Mining Districts. University of Iowa Press, Iowa City. Goff, John S. 1983 Arizona Biographical Dictionary. Black Mowitain Press, Cave Creek, Arizona. Goudy, Karin 1987 Life in a Boom Town--Oatman, Arizona. In History of Mining in Arizona, edited by J. Michael Canty and Michael N.[...]nce of Mining in ArizoRa. In History of Mining in Arizona, edited by J. Michael Canty and Michael N.[...]Fowidation, Tucson. Haak, Wilbur A. 1991 Arizona's Silver Belt. In History of Mining in Arizona, Volume 2, edited by J. Michael Canty[...] |
![]() | [...]Kennecott to Cripple Creek: Proceedings of the Historic Mining Conference, January 23-27, 1989, D[...]logy of Mining and Miners: A View from the Silver State: Special Publication Series No. 6. Societ[...]Hecht, Melvin E. and Richard W. Reeves 1981 The Arizona Atlas. Office of Arid Lands Studies, University of Arizona, Tucson. Howell, Kirn K. 1991 A History of the Mines at Tiger. In History of Mining in Arizona, Volume, edited by J. Michael Canty and Mi[...]Service, Organ Pipe National Monument, Ajo, Arizona. Irvin, G. W. (Jerry) 1987 A Sequential History of Arizona Railroad and Mining Development, 1864-1920. In History of Mining in Arizona, edited by J. Michael Canty and Michael N. Greele[...]ht 1991 Mining and the Environment. In Preserving Arizona's Environmental Heritage, pp. 101-112. University of Arizona, Tucson.[...] |
![]() | [...]Rogge and Bradford Luckingham 1992 The Chinese in Arizona, 1870-1950; A Context for Historic Preservation Planning. Dames & Moore, Phoenix. Kearney[...]ons: The Fate of Adolph Ruth. Journal of Arizona History 33(2):117-152. Keiser, William 1984 The King of Arizona Mine. In Arizona Memories, edited by Ann Hodges Morgan and Rennard Strickland, pp. 89-106. University of Arizona Press, Tucson. Keith, Stanley B., Don E. Gest, E[...]1983 Metallic Mineral Districts and Production in Arizona. Arizona Bureau of Geology and Mineral Technology Bulletin No. 194. University of Arizona, Tucson. Lacy, John C. 1986 Manual for Determination of Status and Ownership, Arizona Mineral and Water Rights. Department of Mi[...]1882-1982. Mohave Graphics, Inc., Kingman, Arizona. Limerick, Patricia N. 1987 The Legacy of Conque[...], New York. Martinez, Oscar J. 1987 Hispanics in Arizona In Arizona at Seventy-Five: The Next Twenty-five Years, edited by Beth Luey and Noel J. Stowe, pp. 87-122. Arizona State University Public History Program and the Arizona Historical Society, Tempe. Moore, Richard T. and[...]liography of the Geology and Mineral Resources of Arizona, 1848-1964. Arizona Bureau of Mines Bulletin No. 173. University of Arizona Press, Tucson. Nash, Gerald D. 1987 Reshaping Arizona's Economy. In Arizona at Seventy-Five: The Next Twenty-Five Years, edited by Beth Lucy and Noel J. Stowe, pp. 123-148. Arizona State University Public History Program and the Arizona Historical Society; Tempe, Arizona 1985 The American West Transformed: The[...] |
![]() | [...]o Press, Albuquerque. National Park Service 1983 Historic Resource Study, Lake Mead Nalional Recreation Area, Arizona - Nevada. Branch of Cultural Resources, De[...]). Chicago. Noble, Bruce J., Jr. 1990 Evaluating Historic Mining Resources: A National Register Perspective[...]d; Kennecott to Cripple Creek: Proceedings of the Historic Mining Conference, January 23-27, 1989, De[...]San Francisco. Officer, James E. 1987 Hispanic Arizona, 1536-1856. University of Arizona Press, Tucson. Paul, Rodman W. 1988 The Far We[...]ral Processing in Ariwna. In History of Mining in Arizona, edited by J. Michael Canty and Michael[...]d; Kennecott to Cripple Creek: Proceedings of the Historic Mining Conference, January 23-27, 1989, De[...]ation of the Jackrabbit Mine: Preliminary Report. Arizona State Museum Archaeological Series No. 39. University of Arizona, Tucson. Rickard, Forrest R. 1987 History of Smelting in Arizona. In History of Mining in Arizona, volume 1, edited by J. Michael Ca[...] |
![]() | [...]A Pictorial History. Primrose Pres·s, Prescott, Arizona. Sargent, Charles 1988 Metro Arizona. Biffingfon Books, Phoenix. Sherman, James E. and Barbara H. Sherman 1969 Ghost Towns of Arizona. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman. Smith, 0.[...]ge to Saint: A New Image for Geronimo. Journal of Arizona History 27:5-34. 1982 Tucson: The life and Tim[...]iversity of Oklahoma Press, Norman. South Dakota State Historical Society 1987 Proceedings of the Workshop on Historic Mining Resources: Defining the Research Questions for Evaluation and Preservation. Ms. on file, State Historic Preservation Office, Phoenix. Spence, Clark C. 1958 British I[...]ecott to Cripple Creek: Proceedings of the Historic Mining Conference, January 23-27, 1989, Death[...]Park Service, San Francisco. 1979 Tombstone: Arizona Silver Camp. Nevada Publications, Las Vegas. 197[...]Mining Camp of the Bradshaw Mountain. MS on file, State Historic Preservation Office, Arizona State Parks, Phoenix. Teague, George A. 1988 Archaeology of the Ephemeral: Research Themes for Western Historic Sites. In Tools to Manage the Past:[...] |
![]() | [...]in Nonh America. PhD dissertation, University of Arizona, Tucson. University Microfilms, Ann Arbor,[...]cson. Trimble, Marshall 1986 Roadside History of Arizona. Mountain Press Publishing Company, Missoula, Montana. University of Arizona 1986 Natural Resources Management Plan/or Luke Ai[...]Agriculture, Tucson. Wagoner, Jay J. 1989 Early Arizona: Prehistory to Civil War. University of Arizona Press, Tucson. Walker, Gladys and T. G. Chilton[...]ry of Mining at Superior. In History of Mining in Arizona, Volume 2, edited by J. · Michael Canty a[...]Henry P. and Don Buflcin 1986 Historical Atlas of Arizona. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman. Westec Se[...]Complete History. Crown King Press, Mesa, Arizona. Wilson, Eldred 1933 Arizona Gold Placers and Placering. Mineral Technology Se[...]' Arizona Bulletin No. 135. Arizona Bureau of Mines, Tucson.[...]n, Eldred, J. B. Cunningham and G. M~ Butler 1967 Arizona Lode Gold Mines and Gold Mining (reprint of Arizona Bureau of Mines Bulletin 137, 1934). University of Arizona Press, Tucson. Work Projects Administration (WPA) Writers Program 1989 The WPA Guide to 1930s Arizona (reprint of Arizona: A State Guide, Hastings House, New York, 1940). University of Arizona Press, Tucson. ·[...] |
![]() | [...]AL REPORT FOR THE SOJOURNER CENTER, PHOENIX, ARIZONA, by Dorothy L. Larson, Melissa Keane, Gregory R.[...]bles, 5 plates, references. 3. THE CIIlNESE IN ARIZONA, 1870-1950: A CONTEXT FOR IDSTORIC PRESERVATION PLANNING, by Melissa Keane, A.E. Rogge and B[...]AIR STATION, YUMA TRAINING RANGE COMPLEX IN ARIZONA AND CALIFORNIA, by Gregory R. Woodall, Lynn[...]1992) (draft). · 6. GOLD AND SU.VER MINING IN ARIZONA, 1848-1945: A CONTEXT FOR lllSTORIC PRESERVATION PLANNING, by Melissa Keane and A.E. Rogge (1992),[...]GUA FR.IA RECHARGE PROJECT, MARICOPA COUNTY, ARIZONA, by Lori E. Rhodes, Bonnie 1. Clark and 1. Simon[...]00 N. Dreamy Draw Drive, Suite 145, Phoenix, Arizona 85020 (602•37J.1110, FAX: 602•861-7431). |
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Gold mines and mining--Arizona | |
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State of Arizona Research Library- Arizona State Library, Archives and Public Records | |
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Historic Preservation |
Melissa Keane, Gold and silver mining in Arizona, 1848-1945 : a context for historic preservation planning. Arizona Memory Project, accessed 19/02/2025, https://azmemory.azlibrary.gov/nodes/view/108353