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    Gold and silver mining in Arizona, 1848-1945 : a context for historic preservation planning

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    GOLD & SILVER MINING
    IN ARIZONA
    1848-1945




    A Component of the Arizona Historic Preservation Plan
    Prepared for:
    Arizona State Historic Preservation Office
    Arizona State Parks Board
    800 West[...]15
    Phoenix, Arizona 85007[...]Rogge
    Phoenix,Arizona 85020[...]
    [...]Silver
    Mining in
    Arizona,
    1848-1945
    --
    A Contex t for
    Historic
    Preservation
    Planning


    Prepared for the
    State Historic
    Preservation Office
    Arizona State Parks




    Prepared by[...]
    GOLD AND SIL VER MINING IN ARIZONA, 1848-1945

    A CONTEXT FOR IIlSTORIC PRESERVATION PLANNING




    Prepared for

    State Historic Preservation Office
    Arizona State Parks
    800 West Washington, Suite 415
    Phoenix, Arizona 85007




    Prepared[...]
    [...]apter 1: The History of Gold and Silver Mining in Arizona, 1848-1945 ... . 1
    Impacts of Gold and Silver Mining on Arizona ......... : ....... .[...]Major Trends Affecting Gold and Silver Mining in Arizona ......... . 17[...]25
    Reviving Hispanic Mining in Southern Arizona, Pre-1848 to 1861 .... .[...], and Hardrock Gold Mining in West-Central
    Arizona, 1858-1870 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .[...]Silver Mining from Northwest to Southeast Arizona, 1870-1893 ..... .[...]New Processes and a Second Gold Boom in Western Arizona, 1890-1917 49[...]. . 50
    Gold in Western Arizona . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .[...]
    [...]52
    The Greatest Gold Mines in Arizona . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .[...]. . . . . . 53

    Chapter 2: Historic Gold and Silver Mining Properties in Arizona . . . . . . . . . . 57[...]Properties Listed on the National Register of Historic Places . . . . 69[...]74
    Evaluating the Significance of Historic Gold and Silver Mining Properties[...]79
    Criteria for Evaluating Historic Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .[...]. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96

    Chapter 3: Preservation Issues and Recommended Strategies . . . . . . . .[...]Appendix 1: Glossary of Terms Used in the Historic Gold and Silver Mining
    Industr[...]Contributions of Cultural and Ethnic Groups to Historic Gold
    and Silver Mining in Arizona . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .[...]e Outstanding Contributions
    to Historic Gold and Silver Mining in Arizona . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117

    Appendix 4: Map and Index of Historic Mining Districts in Arizona . . . . . . . 127

    Appendix 5: Mines in the Historic Inventory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .[...]
    [...]LIST OF FIGURES


    1-1 Historic Mining Areas of the United States[...]2

    1-2 Significant Gold and Silver Deposits in Arizona . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

    1-3 Location of Major Historic Gold and Silver Mines . . . . . . . . . . . . . .[...]. . . . 34

    1-11 Sketch of an Arizona Miner's Tent circa 1900 . . . . . . . . . . . . .[...]ntified Archaeological Sites Related to Mining in Arizona . . . . . . . . . 63

    2-2 Arizona Gold and Silver Mining Locations Listed on the
    National Register of Historic Places . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .[...]
    [...]LIST OF TABLES


    1-1 Richest Gold Districts of Arizona ........................... . 8

    1-2 Gold Production of Arizona . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

    1-3 Richest Silver Districts of Arizona ...... ·.................... . 10

    2-1 Historic Gold and Silver Mining Property Types ................. . 59

    2-2 Historic Mines Identified _as Archaeological Sites in Arizona ........ . 65

    2-3 Summary[...]d Archaeological Sites Related to Mining
    in Arizona ..........................................[...]
    [...]e very complex precious metals
    mining industry in Arizona, we are indebted to those knowledgeable people wh[...]Ken Phillips, Nyal Niemuth, and Diane Bain of the
    Arizona Department of Mines and Mineral Resources guided[...]rmation on historical archaeological resources in Arizona. Hollis Cook and Art
    Austin of the Tombstone Historic County Courthouse provided perspective on the
    Tombstone Historic District and mining in the area. Robert L. Spude, Chief of the
    National Preservation Programs of . the National Park Service, Rocky Mo[...]this report, as did
    several professionals in the State Historic Preservation Office here in Phoenix. Jay
    Ziemann of the State Historic Preservation Office ably directed the project.

    Within our own office, we have to thank those people who contributed to[...]ver
    mining sites through the AZSITE system of the Arizona State Museum, examined
    SHPO files, and prepared[...]
    [...]al Park Service, under provisions of the National Historic
    Preservation Act of 1966 as amended and as administered by the Arizona State Parks
    Board through the State Historic Preservation Office. However, the contents and
    opinions do not[...]
    [...]f gold and silver mining through the
    history of Arizona is intended to serve as a context for planning the preservation of
    historic properties related to gold and silver mining in the state. A historic context
    can be understood as a road map that delineates past research and maps out future
    preservation activities. This context was prepared under the terms of a contract frotn
    . the State Historic Preservation Office; the terms of that contract specified the scope[...]gold and silver mining and refining technology in Arizona
    remains to be written, and although the documentary and folklore histories of precious
    metals mining in Arizona are extensive, there is much work to be done to c[...]of the significance of precious metals
    mining to Arizona, and then recounts the history of gold and silver[...]pter describes
    the inventoried property types in Arizona that have been associated with gold and
    silver m[...]sets forth
    several issues, or challenges, in the preservation of gold and silver mining sites, and
    suggests st[...]st appendix is a glossary of terms
    common to the historic gold and silver mining industry, and is intended[...]wn contributions of cultural and ethnic groups in Arizona to the
    historic gold and silver mining industry; although the lis[...]s involved. Appendix
    3 is a short "Who's Who" in Arizona gold and silver mining, listing individual
    contr[...]tory, because many of the individuals who came to Arizona seeking their
    fortunes had earlier trapped beave[...]hand in the California Gold Rush, or promoted the Arizona
    Territory. Any historic properties associated with these individuals could be
    candidates for the National Register of Historic Places.

    The fourth appendix reproduces the map and index of Arizona mining districts first
    produced by the Arizona Bureau of Mines in 1961. Used together, the map a[...]ensable tool for identifying and locating the 246 historic mining districts[...]
    in the state. A wall-size copy of this map and index is available from the Arizona
    Department of Mines and Mineral Resources for a n[...]x 5 lists the mining properties identified in the
    State Historic Preservation Office historic inventory. Rather .than being a list of all
    significant properties in the state, it is a listing of those properties that have been
    examined and reported to the State Historic Preservation Office.

    We hope the information in this context will enable historic preservationists,
    professional cultural resource[...]lay people to more readily
    identify and evaluate historic gold and silver mining properties. The measure of our
    success will be whether significant historic gold and silver mining properties are ·
    identifi[...]ars, and managed as a truly significant aspect of Arizona's
    heritage.[...]
    [...]THE HISTORY OF GOLD AND SILVER MINING IN ARIZONA, 1848-1945



    The gold and silver hidden in Arizona has had a tremendous impact on the history of the state. The
    lure of gold brought some of the first Europeans and Americans to Arizona; a legendary silver find
    named the state. The state seal incorporates a miner with a pick and shovel; the state motto, "Ditat
    Deus" (God Enriches) refers to the[...]richness by
    the silver mines of southern Arizona (Greeley 1987:21)

    A few numbers calibrate the imponance of the mining industry as a whole in Arizona. More than
    400,000 mining claims have been recorded in Arizona since the mid-nineteenth century, and more
    than 4,000 mining companies have been formed in the state. During the last 150 years, more than
    246 historic mining districts have been established to govern[...]ities. During the half century from 1860 to 1910, Arizona produced over $600 million of
    . ,gold, silver, le[...]ver? Answers to these and similar questions about Arizona's mining history are not easily
    answered because of the polymetallic nature of Arizona's ores. Arizona, along with most of Nevada
    and parts of Califor[...]1-1). The significant gold and silver deposits of Arizona are found in a broad band stretching
    across the state diagonally from southeast to northwest (Figure 1-[...]tion to gold or silver, and thu~ a single mine in Arizona may produce silver and
    gold, as well as copper,[...]:16-55).


    IMPACTS OF GOLD AND SILVER MINING ON ARIZONA

    The impacts of gold and silver mining on the history of Arizona have been both significant and
    serendipitous. G[...]ver fever brought miners, merchants, and money to Arizona. Major
    historic gold and silver mines operated across the central and southern portions of Arizona (Figure
    1-3). Many place names across the state originated with gold and silver miners; the word "Arizona"
    itself came from a early silver strike.
    Historical Overview

    When southern Arizona was known as part of the Pimeria Alta of northern[...]nish and
    later Mexican mining efforts in southern Arizona were short-lived and unsuccessful.

    The first few Americans to travel through Arizona hunted beaver along the Gila, Salt, and Verde
    Rivers in 1826. More came through Arizona in 1846 on their way to fight in the Mexican War[...]n California that miners came east to prospect in
    Arizona. Prospectors first found placer gold along the Co[...]l names such as the Vulture Mine, and the King of Arizona Mine. They found silver in
    Tombstone and Crown Ki[...]ning fever and mining successes brought people to Arizona. Population of the new territory
    doubled between[...]represented one-fifth of the male workers in the Arizona Territory. By 1909, the number of miners
    had grow[...]of gold and silver strikes in nineteenth century Arizona, the two precious
    metals have taken a secondary p[...]e 1888. At the time of statehood in 1912, the
    new state boasted 445 active mines of all kinds (including[...]r and gold mining continue to be important to the state's economy, the majority of gold
    and silver produc[...]melting of copper ores produced 70 percent of the state's silver production and
    between 40 and 50 percent of the gold production. In 1981, Arizona ranked first among the United
    States in productio[...]torically
    gold-rich areas of southern and western Arizona, particularly in Cochise, La Paz, Maricopa, Mohav[...]nd silver mining have been extremely important to Arizona's economy over the last 150 years.[...]
    [...]C_,,ographJ bJ: Wm. ll ■ hon




    Historic Mining Areas of the United States[...]
    [...]Significant Gold and Silver Deposits in Arizona Figure 1-2[...]
    [...]Sliver




    Location of Major Historic Gold and Silver Mines in Arizona[...]
    The precious metals have contributed tax revenues to the state, employment and income to the
    workers, and attrac[...]tates in the United States and foreign countries.
    Arizona mines have always been assessed local property ta[...]adshaw Mountains publicized the mineral wealth of
    Arizona, but were quickly surpassed by richer lode gold mines at Oatman, the King of Arizona
    (KOFA) Mine, and the Vulture Mine (Table 1-1). In[...]nce the turn of the century, copper has dominated
    Arizona's economy, but because copper deposits often incl[...]gures over the years of gold and
    silver mining in Arizona, the "total payroll was probably the largest with[...]Gold and silver mining has employed thousands of Arizona
    residents over the last 150 years. In the special[...]non-Indian male residents of the new Territory of Arizona listed themselves as miners.
    Relatively large num[...]lation: 353),
    while others worked in the southern Arizona lode mines at Mowry (1864 population: 252) and Ce[...]maller mines scattered across central and western
    Arizona. In the 1880 census, 4,700 miners represented one-fifth of the male workers in the Arizona
    Territory; at this time, most of these miners wou[...]By 1909, the number of miners working in all 251 Arizona mines had grown to more
    than 18,000, 21 percent o[...]listed as the principal product of 67 of the 136 Arizona mining districts listed by the United
    States Geol[...]n the American West lured investment dollars into Arizona from
    other parts of the United States as well as[...]nderwrote the earliest
    American mines in southern Arizona, Illinois banks financed silver mines in the Brad[...]anies sent perhaps as much as $15-20 million
    into Arizona iri the nineteenth century (Ayres and others 1992[...]ld were so important in the earliest years of the
    Arizona Territory, they have had long-lasting effects on the state today. Patterns of settlement
    followed mineral de[...]erts of southern, central and western portions
    of Arizona. Prospectors named the natural landmarks,[...]
    [...]sketches of several individuals important in the state's
    silver and gold mining industries, refer to App[...]discussion on the derivation of the obscure word "Arizona,"
    many historians agree that it derived from a fa[...]ta" silver strike is today in Sonora, Mexico, not Arizona.


    Settlements

    Prospectors in the West followed[...]ors.
    Thus, the presence of precious metals across Arizona brought settlements, sometimes ephemeral and
    some[...]e prospectors and miners · are evidenced in many Arizona places named for them,
    including Walker, Weavervi[...]rg and Prescott. Frederick Ronstadt first came to Arizona prospecting with Peter
    Brady in Ajo; he stayed to become the progenitor of a famous southern Arizona clan of hardware
    store owners and musicians (Sonnichsen 1982:57).

    Throughout the nineteenth century, Arizona's "largest settlements" were often gold or silver[...]er and Bufkin 1986:32).

    Mining interests started Arizona's first newspaper in Tubac; the Weekly Arizonian[...]Wagoner 1989:389-390). The names chosen for
    other Arizona newspapers mirrored the importanc~ of mining in local communities. The Arizona
    Miner published in 1864 from Fort Whipple[...]
    [...]Richest Gold Districts of Arizona
    Metallic Mineral[...]criteria, which do not necessarily correlate with historic mining activities
    or historic mines. Metallic mineral districts are also distinct from historic •mining districts·, which are political entitl[...]tricts, if Is presented
    here In that fashion. Historic mining areas are Indicated In parentheses[...]
    [...]Gold Production of Arizona
    ([...]
    [...]Richest Sliver Districts of Arizona

    Metallic Mineral[...]
    [...]Richest Sliver Districts of Arizona
    Metallic Mineral[...]criteria, which do not necessarily correlate with historic mining activities
    or historic mines. Metallic mineral districts are also distinct from historic ·mining districts·, which are political entitie[...]tricts, it Is presented
    hare In that fashion. Historic mining areas are Indicated In parentheses[...]
    [...]ded Congress to create almost immediately the new state
    of California in 1850. Hopes of similar revenues from Arizona gold placers and silver mines was
    a major factor[...]enue-hungry Union government of 1863 to create an Arizona Territory
    separate from the New Mexico Territory.[...],500 "whites") as deterrents, but
    the lobbying of Arizona mine owner Samuel Heintzelman and his Ohio invest[...]ssioned Tiffany's to create an elegant
    inkwell of Arizona silver. He presented it as a gift to President Li[...]he placers played out, the county seat shifted to Arizona City, which changed its
    name to Yuma two years la[...]ination with gold has been the creation of one of Arizona's greatest
    legends. Beginning with a newspaper ar[...]elt of known metallic deposits running across the state, and has not been
    the site of any other ma[...]
    [...]AFFECTING THE GOLD AND SILVER MINING INDUSTRY IN
    ARIZONA

    The precious metal mining industries of Arizona have felt reverberations from international and
    n[...]nternational war and international treaty brought Arizona into the United States. Most of the land
    that has become Arizona was carved from northern Mexico as a result of th[...]en Purchase of 1853. The Mexican War also brought Arizona's first wagon road. The
    Mormon Battalion, volunte[...]he
    trail following the Gila River across southern Arizona to California and made it passable for wagons.

    International investment boosted Arizona's gold and silver mining industries in the ninete[...]1901, British
    investors poured money into over 50 Arizona mining companies (Ayres and others 1992:29; Spenc[...]laws, which governed the first mining ventures in Arizona, proclaimed that all
    minerals in Spanish lands be[...]everted to the Spanish crown. After 1863, the new Arizona Territory
    followed American mining laws, includin[...]others 1992:32; Karpiscak and Wright 1991:102).

    Arizona mining law is complex; a "simplified statement" of federal and state mining laws and
    regulations published by the State Department of Mines and Mineral Resources[...]
    [...]ineral prospecting and location. The summation of Arizona mining law, Mineral Rights in
    An'zona, states bal[...]districts, stock-raising homesteads, power sites, state lands, state
    game refuges, and state wildlife areas are generally open to acquisition[...]ges, Spanish land
    grants, railroad lands, and the Arizona-Mexico border (considered to be 60 ft wide) are g[...]roads

    National events have had ripple effects on Arizona's gold and silver mining industry. The first
    impo[...]alion. Bound for California, they did not
    stop in Arizona on their way westward. A decade later, in the sum[...]a gold fields and the Nevada silver mines came to Arizona in the early
    1860s, hoping to replicate th[...]
    [...]urrence that had an imponant ripple effect on the Arizona mining industry was
    the completion of transcontin[...]essing. Because only a few smelters were built
    in Arizona prior to the growth of the copper industry in the late nineteenth century, Arizona mine
    owners sent their ores . to San Francisco an[...]onstruction of
    transcontinental railroads through Arizona in the 1880s greatly reduced these transportation[...]consequently, increased prospecting for silver in Arizona. Ten years later, Congress's 1893
    repeal of the S[...]eed high price for
    gold sent people back out into Arizona stream beds to rework old placers. In 1929, there had been
    only 22 placer operations in Arizona; by 1934, the number had increased to 179 (Ayres and others
    1992:28; Greeley 1987:27).

    Silver production in Arizona was similarly affected by recovery legislation. P[...]conflict between the Native Americans residing in Arizona and the Euro-Americans who
    entered the territory[...]effect on the course of gold and silver mining in Arizona,
    delaying its development south of the Gila River[...]gold and silver helped to bring newcomers to the state; the Native Americans,
    particularly the Apaches,[...]nal territory.

    Prospectors entering the lands of Arizona in the 1850s stepped onto a battlefield and into[...]f the region. For nearly 150 years, the people
    of Arizona had been battling each other in "unremitti[...]
    [...]ned with the history of gold and silver mining in Arizona.

    In the 1850s, the first American miners began t[...]of mining throughout much of what is now southern Arizona.

    In 1861, the Civil War in the East drew military troops out of Arizona. Apache and Yavapai (who
    were often confused with[...]feat, and increased their raiding across southern Arizona and expanded into central Arizona.

    The Apaches' sense of victory lasted only two y[...]n news of significant gold
    discoveries in central Arizona reached Eastern politicians and Union military co[...]to re-establish a strong military presence in the Arizona Territory. The importance of gold and silver
    to t[...]al firepower to bear against the Indian people of Arizona.
    Fort Whipple and Fort Verde opened in 1864, and[...]military men west to battle the Apache
    people in Arizona. Although the Apache had been successful in slowing the development of mining
    in southern Arizona prior to the Civil War, that success earned them[...]diers to chase Indians and bring more business to Arizona and
    New Mexico. To the white people invol[...]n Apache attack that named one of the most famous historic mining towns
    in Arizona. When prospector Ed Schieffelin took out f[...]
    [...]c temptation to paint all Native
    Americans in the Arizona Territory, or even all of the Apaches, as maraude[...]he
    conflicts with Yavapais and Apaches in central Arizona in the 1860s, history gives us a counter
    example[...]Iretaba, chief of the Mohave tribe in northwestem Arizona, showed Captain
    John Moss the location of an outc[...]ted
    from the history of gold and silver mining in Arizona. Deadly Apache raids successfully hindered
    the gr[...]pache threat, the
    American settlement of southern Arizona would have evolved differently, and towns such as[...]mall, remote mining operations, the mainstream of Arizona miners quickly adopted improved
    technologies as t[...]ch other, as in the Bradshaw Mountains of
    central Arizona. Minerals are chiefly found in association[...]
    [...]ple
    · placer mining techniques have been used in Arizona since the Spanish occupation (Figure 1-4 )[...]
    [...]d for mining engineers.


    Assaying

    The assayer's office is a familiar prop in the American West of[...]
    [...]he Spanish, Mexican, and early American miners in Arizona used an apparatus known as an arrastra
    to crush r[...]s the most
    commonly used rock crushing machine in Arizona (Figure 1-9) (Young 1970: 197). The "awkward
    and[...]mills could be operated either "wet" or "dry;" in Arizona mining districts, mills were often
    built n[...]
    [...]~

    J. Ross Browne, A. Tour Through Arizona, 1864




    Entrance to the Mowry Mine, 1864[...]
    [...]e nineteenth century, there were few smelters
    in Arizona; crushed and concentrated ores were shipped to Sa[...]s built at the silver/lead Mowry Mine in southern Arizona
    (Figure 1-10) (Rickard 1987:191).


    REVIVING HISPANIC MINING IN SOUTHERN ARIZONA, PRE-1848 TO 1861

    The first Europeans to enter Arizona came looking for gold and silver. Because[...]
    [...]J. Ross Browne, A Tour Through Arizona, 1864




    Headquarters and Smelter of the[...]
    [...]d Borderlands historian H. H. Bancroft led
    him to state that the Spanish worked only a few mines in Arizona, field evidence of Spanish mining
    endeavors would[...]ed traces of old mines (antiguas) across southern Arizona in the Santa
    Catalina Mountains, in the mining di[...]California, mining pioneers had traveled through Arizona without stopping.
    Despite the boom in California[...]1850s, the old Spanish town of Tubac in southern
    Arizona housed only about 300 inhabitants in 1860 (Wagone[...]investing in the newly acquired lands of southern
    Arizona, the Gadsden Purchase.

    Some of the first American and European settlers in southern Arizona in the 1850s were mine
    developers interested in t[...]goner 1989:383-385).

    Often termed the "Father of Arizona" for his many years of promoting the territory, C[...]ot the only prospectors and promoters in southern Arizona during
    the 1850s. In 1854, a party financed out o[...]a mining and trading company
    to prospect southern Arizona. The party split up; Peter Brady found cop[...]
    [...]Most of the early mining operations in southern Arizona were "chloriders," working surface outcrops
    by o[...]sulphur
    rather than chloride. Mowry had come to Arizona as the commanding officer at Fort Yuma and had
    resigned his military post to prospect in southern Arizona The Patagonia mine prospered quickly,
    employing[...]ops stationed at Fort Buchanan and other forts in Arizona were
    sent cast to fight in the Civil War. The[...]s were
    sold to a Rhode Island corporation, the Arizona Land and Mining Company. Later owners/operators
    .[...]Guevavi

    The oldest gold mining site in southern Arizona seems to have been the area near the Spanish mission
    church of Gucvavi, just north of the present-day Arizona-Mexico border east of Nogales. The site
    is menti[...]CTING, AND HARD ROCK GOLD MINING IN WEST-CENTRAL
    ARIZONA, 1858-1870

    In the 1820s and 1830s in many parts[...]ning generally cast
    to west across south central Arizona, was one such path. As early as 1825, trap[...]
    [...]military expeditions across the west and through
    Arizona during the Mexican War. Topographical engineer Li[...]sh
    brought a huge wave of miners through, not to, Arizona. As early as March 1848, the first gold-
    seekers passed through southern Arizona en route to California, a party of 25 headed by J[...]d that some 60,000 miners trekked across
    southern Arizona between 1849 and 1851 on their way to the gold st[...]a
    and the new Territories of Idaho, Colorado, and Arizona (Beck and Haase 1989:68). Because of high
    transpo[...]ments occurred when placer gold was discovered
    in Arizona Territory. First finds in 1858 were along[...]
    [...]ho had served with Kit Carson, found some gold in Arizona in 1861 but
    chose to prospect in California first[...]ade the first discovery of a lode gold deposit in Arizona Territory.
    Earlier in the year, Wickenburg had tr[...]s, Wickenburg was one of the largest towns in the Arizona
    Territory and was being discussed as a possible s[...]ia gold miners William and Isaac Bradshaw came to Arizona about
    1862 and operated a ferry across the Colora[...]am joined the
    Walker prospecting party in central Arizona, and gave his name to the mountains south[...]
    [...]ine faced many of the familiar problems of remote Arizona mines.
    Transportation into and out of the area wa[...]-18).


    SILVER MINING FROM NORTHWEST TO SOUTHEAST ARIZONA, 1870-1893

    Post-Civil War commodity prices were[...]es, and in Tombstone.
    Silver production dominated Arizona's economy in the years 1865-1893 (Nash 198[...]
    300 miners in the area; the Weekly Arizona Miner printed the laws of the new district. In Ju[...]sts were always an issue for miners in the remote Arizona Territory; the high costs
    of transportin[...]
    [...]1960:223).



    Silver King and Stonewall Jackson

    Arizona's "Silver Belt" in southern Gila County an[...]
    [...]ached 1,500-1,700, the second largest camp in the Arizona Territory. Curiously, the
    strike was located wit[...]on.

    But the silver played out quickly; the post office and last business closed in 1882. In 1890, only o[...]st" based its boom on the discovery of silver in
    Arizona (Cook 1987:229). Prospector Ed Schieffelin found silver in the high desert of southeastem
    Arizona in 1878, calling his claim, "Tombstone." By the 1[...]the silver mining town became the largest town in Arizona Territory during 1882-1884
    when the popul[...]
    [...]NEW PROCESSES AND A SECOND GOLD BOOM IN WESTERN ARIZONA, 1890-1917

    Many reasons underlay the new gold boom in Arizona in the last decade of the nineteenth century.
    F[...]estern gold mines brought new investment money to Arizona
    in the 1880s and 1890s, providing new capital t[...]stors, and nearly every
    territorial governor of Arizona between 1889 and 1923 invested in Arizona gold mines. With the
    · precipitous drop i[...]
    [...]More than 400 gold operations existed across the state at
    the tum of the century (Spude 1991:177).


    N[...]967:56).

    Two names that appear and re-appear in Arizona mining are Frank Murphy and E. B. Gage. Joint
    ow[...]ess dealings, Murphy and his associates owned the Arizona Republican Phoenix
    newspaper from 1898-1909, the[...]al Bank (Coggin 1991:112-116).


    Gold in Western Arizona

    Not all of the new gold boom concentrated on re[...]rro continued to prospect the desolate reaches of Arizona and found pay-offs in the rich[...]
    discoveries of the King of Arizona, Fortuna, and Harquahala Mines in the deserts of western Arizona.

    The King of Arizona, or KOFA, mine was discovered in 1897 by Charles[...]the Camino del Diablo,
    the route across southern Arizona taken by thousands of California-bound gold seekers.

    As in other Arizona desert mining locations, water was scarce.[...]
    [...]phy and E. B. Gage. By May 1891, the Congress was
    Arizona's largest gold mine, producing nearly $8 million[...]ral wooden buildings in
    town, a familiar story in Arizona mining communities. President McKinley visited Co[...]ny.
    One of the first cyanide processing plants in Arizona was built at Octave in 1899, along with a 40-
    sta[...]d Sherman
    1969:109).


    The Greatest Gold Mines in Arizona

    In the Black Mountains of western Mohave County,[...]strict produced the three greatest gold
    mir.es in Arizona: the Gold Road Mine opened in 1899, the To[...]
    [...]n surpassed the value of gold and silver mined in
    Arizona Territory. In the twentieth century, most of the gold and silver produced in Arizona has been
    as by-products in the smelting an[...]
    [...]order number L208 . closed all the gold mines in Arizona[...]
    CHAPTER 2
    HISTORIC GOLD AND SILVER MINING PROPERTIES IN ARIZONA


    [Miners l occupied not fenile valleys or[...]reflect the history of gold and silver mining in
    Arizona. It is intended to be a "taking stock" of where w[...]me
    perspective for evaluating the significance of historic properties related to gold and silver mining.

    In the jargon of preservation planning, historic "property types" must first be defined, then the[...]information needs, which we then use to formulate
    preservation issues and recommend strategies for preservation planning, the subject of Chapter 3.


    PROPERTY TY[...]to provide guidance for
    evaluating and nominating historic mining sites. The Bulletin points out that[...]
    [...]TABLE 2·1
    Historic Gold and Sliver Mining Property Types•[...]
    [...]or industrial use. Much of the final refining of Arizona gold and silver was
    done in places such as San Fr[...]melting sites are unlikely to remain intact. Some historic mines may have standing
    buildings, but the equipm[...]rties should not be overlooked.
    In addition, some historic properties may be situated ~d preserved so as to form dramatic landscapes,
    and the historic values of such settings warrant special co[...]
    [...]le of archaeological and historical sites for the state complicates the
    compilation of information regard[...]g. To provide
    some indication of the numbers ·of historic gold and silver mining sites that have been recor[...]the computerized AZSITE system maintained by the Arizona State Museum, the informal
    state inventory at the State Historic Preservation Office, and perused relevant technical reports.


    Proper[...]ITE System

    The AZSITE database maintained by the Arizona State Museum in Tucson has information on some
    21,000 a[...]chaeological and historical sites
    recorded in the state, but substantial other files are maintained by the State Historic Preservation
    Office [the SHPO files are discussed below], universitie[...]the label "mine." Clearly, other sites related to historic gold and silver mining may have
    been coded with o[...]t of the locations of these 115 sites on a map of Arizona reveals a not unexpected pattern that
    follows the[...]ts running from northwest to southeast across the state
    (Figure 2-1). Forty-two of the sites were identif[...]e historically important gold
    and silver mines in Arizona have not been recorded as historic sites. Of the "top ten" gold and silver
    mining districts in Arizona, only the Old Vulture, Pioneer (Superior), and Co[...]n the AZSITE database. Of course, there may be no historic remnants of many of
    the more famous mines,[...]
    [...]ntified Archaeological Sites Related to Mining in Arizona Figure 2-1
    (Source: Arizona State Museum AZSITE Data Base)
    [...]TABLE 2-2
    Historic Mines Identified as Archaeological
    Sites In Arizona

    .Site No. Mine Name[...]) Pilgrim Mine Mohave Historic gold/silver mine
    AZ. F:14:105 (ASM) Katherine Ext[...]) Swansea Mining Townsite La Paz Historic mining town
    AZ. N:11 :11 (ASM) Senator Mine[...]Dominion Mine Gila Historic copper mine
    AZ. V:9:8 (ASM) Pioneer Silver Mi[...]Rosemont/ Old Rosemont Pima


    Source: Arizona State Museum AZSITE Data Base[...]
    [...]al Sites
    Related to Mining In Arizona


    Mining Sites
    Sites Related to Gold Mining .[...]d as part of a
    district pn Tucson Mountains Historic Mining District?]
    6. AZ. EE:1:108 (ASM) unnamed mine, listed as part of a district [Empire Historic
    Mining District?]
    7. SN C:1 :14 (ASM) V[...]mericana, Lukeville vicinity (silver)

    Sources: Arizona State Museum AZSITE Database[...]
    [...]ified as
    being listed on the National Register of Historic Places, and only one is a silver mine, the Victor[...].


    Properties Listed on the National Register of Historic Places

    To supplement our sampling of the AZSITE database, w also reviewed the Arizona listings on the
    National Register of Historic Places. We were able to identify only thirteen si[...]these
    represent less than one percent of the 950 Arizona propenies listed -through June 30, 1991 (Figure
    2[...]he social, political, and economic development of Arizona, the number of
    listed gold and silver mining propenies clearly is an under-representation of an imponant historic
    theme.

    Those properties listed on the National Register that are directly related to historic gold and silver
    mining in Arizona include the Victoria (earlier called the La Ameri[...]vy into one of the giants of silver mining in the state (Hoy
    1970:128-130).

    The Lynx Creek Distri[...]
    [...]remains of Keating's camps. In 1912-1915, the New State Hydraulic Company re-used the facilities.
    In both[...]gister that are only peripherally associated with historic gold
    and silver mining in Arizona include four towns or townsites (Tombstone, Presc[...]f the connection .
    of each of these properties to historic gold and silver mining is outlined in the following paragraphs.

    The Tombstone Historic District, which. is also designated as a National Historic Landmark (one of
    three dozen within the state), includes only six square blocks of the central[...]d remain in private hands (Hollis Cook,
    Tombstone Historic Courthouse Museum, personal communication, 1992).[...]over the past one hundred years to rank as a top Arizona silver
    mine (refer to Table 1-3, entry 18)[...]
    [...]cinity Criteria Notes
    1 Tombstone Historic District Tombstone A silver mining camp; National Historic Landmark

    2 Prescott Territorial Buildings MR[...]placer mining, dam, and ditch



    Arizona Gold and and Silver Mining and Mining-Related[...]Locations Listed on the National Register of Historic Places
    [...]rman 1969:130-131). In 1992, at the urging of the Arizona Preservation Foundation, the Arizona
    State Parks Board approved funding to help preserve the[...]ld boom town of Oatman owe their
    existence to the historic gold and silver mining industries of Arizona. but do not convey· specific
    information about t[...]ure in excellent repair, located just outside the
    historic mining town of Walker, in the Walker Mining Distr[...]survey targeted on major gold and silver mines in Arizona. Instead, most
    mining sites have been found by ch[...]s, we checked the informal statewide inventory of historic
    properties at the State Historic Preservation Office. This list has also been computerized, and[...]
    [...]Victoria Mine (silver), both in Puna County.

    No Arizona mines or mining p·roperties have been described in the Historic American Buildings
    Survey (HABS) or in the Historic American Engineering Record (HAER) (Barker and Hu[...]to the National Register. Another compilation of historic site data along the Colorado
    River from Lee's Fer[...]ter Air Force Range in the southwest comer of the state have noted
    some of the mining sites in the area.[...]na Mine has been briefly
    described (University of Arizona 1986: 10-17), and one very ephemeral, tum of the[...]n a few weeks sometime during the 1880s or 1890s. Historic records indicate that the Salt River
    Minin[...]
    [...]n able to identify only five mining properties in Arizona that have been investigated by
    historical archaeo[...]report we mention is Hardesty's (1988) review of historic mining properties in Nevada
    This report provides[...]be
    preserved.


    EVALUATING THE SIGNIFICANCE OF . HISTORIC GOLD AND SILVER MINING
    PROPERTIES

    Historic preservation planning involves identifying historic properties, evaluating their significance,
    and assigning preservation priorities. Our review of inventoried and registered historic properties
    related .to gold and silver mining in Arizona indicates that although substantial inventory wor[...]valuations are, of course, essential in targeting preservation efforts.

    Participants in a recent historic mining conference observed again and again[...]
    [...]"Without question, assessing the integrity of historic mines is a difficult problem"
    (Hardesty[...]professionals and resource managers who deal with historic mining sites operate
    under a wide and of[...]out the approaches, criteria of significance, and preservation options open to them in
    managing such si[...]s who have been struggling with the evaluation of historic
    mining sites for a number of years, we have pre[...]ies related to the mining of gold and silver
    in Arizona: In preparing this guidance, we envisioned the po[...]iven by some modern
    development, (2) federal or state agency cultural resource specialists who might be[...]properties on lands they ·
    administer, and (3) preservation activists or local government officials who might[...]st town they know about is important and warrants preservation
    effons. All readers are warned at the outset th[...], "Guidelines for Completing National Register of Historic
    Places Fonns"

    ■ Natio[...]etin 30, "How to Identify, Evaluate, and Register Historic Rural
    Landscapes"[...]
    [...]ntifying, evaluating, and
    registering historic mining properties

    Because these last two Bulleti[...]cceptance of this report as an element of the State Historic Preservation Plan implies some
    recognition by the State Historic Preservation Office of the usefulness of this guidance, but
    evaluatio[...]s discussed here.

    Within the regulatory arena of historic preservation, the criteria for inclusion in the National Register
    of Historic Places have been adopted as the fundamental stand[...]te that these standards have been adopted for the Arizona State
    Register as well, although the State Historic Preservation Office has flexibility in registering
    properties that ma[...]ster standards that address (1) the categories of historic properties that are potentially
    eligible, (2) the criteria for identifying significant historic values, (3) the fundamental need for the
    properti[...]requirement for National Register listing is that historic values be tied to tangible
    properties. The Nation[...]ch of what we value about the
    past are intangible historic lessons, morals, or "truths," but such intangible[...]pes we identified above include administrative or office buildings, warehouses, workshops, mills,
    s[...]
    Sites are locations that may possess historic significance regardless of the condition of any b[...]al distinction, but as a whole
    embody significant historic values. Districts may include "noncontributing" e[...]in a
    landscape that will best reflect significant historic values (Feierabend 1990).


    Criteria for Evaluating Historic Values

    National Register guidelines specify that a historic property must meet at least one of four criteria for
    identifying significant historic values. In shorthand, these can be thought of as[...]ea of significance," which is essentially a broad historic context reflecting
    significant patterns of our hi[...]an
    be used to characterize areas of significance. Historic mining properties could be expected to mos[...]
    [...]ing the significance of gold and silver mining in Arizona
    from 1848-1945. Individual properties could be re[...]iving Hispanic gold and silver mining in southern Arizona, pre-1848-1861
    ■ First gold mining boom in western Arizona, 1858-1870
    ■ Silver mining from northwest to southeast Arizona, 1870-1893
    ■ Second gold mining boom in Arizona, 1890-1917
    ■ Secondary gold and silver mining in Arizona, 1900-1942

    Chapter 1 discusses the significance of these events in the history of Arizona, and relating specific
    properties to these themes[...]l of significance, with the options
    being local, state, and national. Gold and silver mining properties[...]n
    this context are logical candidates for having state level significance because this context was
    prep[...]lly important people were involved with mining in
    Arizona, and numerous individuals can be considered important because of their role in the history
    of mining in the state or within local areas of the state. Some of these persons are identified in the
    appe[...]riod of this
    significance. Comparisons with other historic properties that may be associated with the[...]
    [...]lly significant. Even if individual components of historic mining properties
    lack individual distinction, th[...]xtensive throughout the American West than intact historic buildings and
    structures (see DeLony 1990:[...]
    [...]egrity is the ability of a property to convey its historic significance, and is a necessary requisite
    for co[...]C must retain essential physical features of the historic era they represent, and these
    features must be su[...]n is an important element of integrity. Typically historic properties should be in their original
    locations.[...]hey were originally used. If the associations are
    historic, such factors should not be considered to be a la[...]equipment moved onto a mining site later than the historic era of significance
    cannot be considered t[...]
    [...]hey were worked and such modifications
    during the historic era should not eliminate propenies from being con[...]activities
    certainly could impair the setting of historic mining properties to the point of destroying thei[...]nless remodelings reflect a series of significant
    historic occupations. If some aspects of properties have b[...]ons of buildings or structures fabricated to look historic
    are not National Register eligible.

    Historic mining properties should ideally retain some evid[...]wners.

    Feeling is a property's expression of the historic or aesthetic sense of a particular period of time[...]or persons.
    Associations must be demonstrated by historic research and also require that physical aspects o[...]tain sufficient features to convey a sense of the historic mining
    activities that were associated wit[...]
    [...]y and abundantly visible, having numerous obvious
    historic features that enhance their integrity. However, i[...]red, they may lack sufficient focus because their historic appearance has been lost and historical
    and archa[...]m their original
    locations, reconstructed historic buildings, properties primarily commemorative in[...]ure most importantly
    associated with a historic person or event

    c. a birthplace or grave[...]inctive design features, or from association with historic events

    e. a reconstructed buildin[...]
    [...]al property classes that might be associated with historic
    mining properties are graves or cemeteries associ[...]er propenies related to gold and silver mining in Arizona, and present some hypothetical
    examples of the ty[...]tant events and
    broad patterns for the history of Arizona.


    Extraction Properties

    None of the Nati[...]
    [...]icient physical features to convey a sense of the historic activities that
    were pursued at the site. If shaf[...]ain sufficient integrity to reflect the important historic features of mining sites.

    Considerations of rela[...]tures for rare
    but important sites. Only a single Arizona mine has been listed on the National Register, th[...]may be
    acceptable in order to represent important historic mining themes in the state. For example, no sites
    representing the theme of reviving Hispanic gold and silver mining in southern Arizona, pre-1848-
    1861, which was a major stimulus for A[...]mining has less
    importance for the history of the state. That does not imply that a small, well preserved[...]ious periods of gold and silver mining within the state.


    Processing Sites

    Four historic gold and silver processing properties have been l[...]other significant sites to represent the various historic subthemes that have
    been identified is again limi[...]ng facilities at the Oro Belle Mine, owned by the
    Arizona Historical Society, at least warrant evalu[...]
    [...]nd Sliver Mining and Mining-Related Properties In Arizona[...]
    [...]ion A as reflections of gold and silver mining in Arizona, this is more
    than in any other category. These r[...]the
    silver boom of 1870-1893 (Tombstone National Historic Landmark, Prescott Territorial Buildings
    MRA), an[...]ada and Central City, Colorado, and threatens its historic qualities.

    The public interpretation of Tombston[...]hat thrived during the second gold mining boom in Arizona.

    The ghost town of Ruby has survived so well bec[...]ation in this category.

    Old La Paz, representing Arizona's first gold boom in western Arizona, 1858-1870, is essentially an
    archaeological site[...]Register eligible.


    Criterion B Examples

    Two of Arizona's gold and silver mining properties listed[...]
    [...]s in the development of gold and silver mining in Arizona Certainly, much of the
    labor associated with min[...]" people whose lives
    are seldom well recorded in historic documents, but many of the well known persons associated with
    gold and silver mining in Arizona are discussed in Chapter 1. Brief biographical sk[...]of Weaver that was named -after hin). Conversely, historic research might yield
    substantial linkages between particular mine developers and historic properties but that is not an
    · indi~ation these[...]y promoting one of the rare hydraulic mines
    in Arizona but also pursuit of other mining and agricultural ventures in central Arizona. However,
    the research indicated that none of[...]in the
    development of gold and silver mining in Arizona. The chances of nominating prospecting sites
    und[...]·


    Criterion C Examples

    Five historic properties related to gold and silver mining in Arizona have been listed on the National
    Register[...]
    [...].were abandoned. The probabilities of identifying historic mills and smelters with integrity are
    probably no[...]d warrant nomination
    if they retain integrity and historic associations can be documented. Again, integrity[...]under other criteria.


    Criterion D Examples

    Two Arizona gold and silver mining related properties have be[...]ts during
    the first boom period of gold mining in Arizona. The Humbug Creek placer mine complex has[...]
    [...]al that they
    are unlikely to be very informative. Historic records of mining claims are much more likely to[...]ssessment
    work may provide useful confirmation of historic records, but these sites are likely to yield litt[...]hrough time. Such information may be available in historic records,
    and if so, the information values of the[...]t perfected at the 'processing facility at Pinal, Arizona in 1885. Although the facility is an
    archaeologic[...]s development, if studied
    in combination with the historic documents relating to the site and drawing[...]
    [...]archaeological investigated in any detail
    within Arizona, and even in states such as Nevada, which is perh[...]ss the issue of defining information potential at historic mining sites (for
    example, Barker 1990; Edabum[...]dual locality, to an entire mining district,
    to state, national and international systems.

    Draft Natio[...]Concluding Thoughts on Significance Evaluations

    Historic properties related to gold and silver mining are abundant in many parts of the state. The fact
    that so few gold and silver mini[...]
    [...]ed in Chapter 1, based on the documentary record. Historic preservation will
    have achieved an important goal if it stimul[...]ical
    perspectives.


    SUMMARY

    A great variety of historic property types may reflect gold and silver mining in Arizona, but they are
    likely to be classifiable into thre[...]role of gold and silver mining in the history of Arizona, no thematic mining property inventories have
    been pursued within the state. Current inventories are not organized to[...]
    [...]n the computerized AZSITE files maintained by the Arizona State Museum, and
    approximately 40 in computerized files maintained by the State Historic Preservation Office. Many
    of these sites were common to both database[...]es with any relation to gold and silver mining in Arizona currently are listed on the
    National Register of Historic Places. Two of these, the Tombstone Historic District and the Guevavi
    Mission, have been designated as a National Historic Landmarks, but the relation of these properties
    t[...]ities themselves.

    Evaluating the significance of historic mining sites may be difficult, but these properti[...]tance of gold and
    silver mining to the history of Arizona. further inventory and evaluation efforts are warranted.
    Preservation planning issues and recommended strategies for managing historic gold and silver mining
    sites within the state are discussed in the next chapter.[...]
    CHAPTER 3
    PRESERVATION ISSUES AND RECOMMENDED STRATEGIES


    Although gold and silver are not among the famous "Five Cs" resources of Arizona (climate, citrus,
    cotton, cattle, and copper), pr[...]the Euro-American exploration .and settlement of Arizona Many
    names on our landscape are related to gold a[...]ver mining sites are scattered across much of the state's broad mineral
    belt, and these historic properties are an important component of the state's heritage. But as
    documented in Chapter 2, only a handful of what must be thousands of historic properties related to
    gold and silver mining have been formally inventoried within the state, and the significance of the
    vast majority of the[...]cana,
    has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places; none of Arizona's major gold and silver
    mines have been listed.[...]d and re-worked over time,
    obliterating traces of historic mining activities.

    Despite these difficulties, o[...]ease their efforts
    to save at least a sampling of Arizona's historic gold and silver mines. The purpose of this chapter
    is to highlight several issues related to the preservation of important historic gold and silver mining
    properties, and to suggest[...]rvation of significant properties.


    ISSUE 1: Few historic mining sites have been inventoried, fewer have be[...]and only a
    handful are listed on the National or State Register of Historic Places.

    STRATEGY: The SHPO could support thematic inventory studies focusing on all types of historic
    properties related to gold and silver mini[...]
    [...]he Bradshaw Mountains; lode gold
    mines in western Arizona such as the North Star, KOFA, and Harquahala mine[...]d Chloride districts; the richest gold country in Arizona in the Oatman district;
    and silver mines and mill[...]me of the
    survey responsibilities under the Rural Preservation Initiative of the Arizona Heritage Fund.


    ISSUE 2: Much of the previous ev[...]listed properties, such as the Tombstone National Historic Landmark, emphasize
    only the architecture of a si[...]stablish a more holistic perspective on mining in
    Arizona, perhaps a study could be initiated to investigat[...]ocessing
    localities still exist and which warrant preservation efforts. This might be attacked with a mining
    district by mining district strategy.


    ISSUE 3: Historic gold and silver mining properties are vulnerable[...]le of renewed mining activity threatens surviving historic properties.

    STRATEGY: Any regulatory review of state or federally permitted mining activities should be
    aware of the potential for historic properties at existing mines. The SHPO may also w[...]o consider options for identifying and evaluating historic properties, or, as a public
    service, generally supporting preservation programs related to mining.


    ISSUE 4: Historic gold and silver mining properties are vulnerable[...]result many are i:iot being actively managed for preservation.

    STRATEGY: First, the SHPO could encourage federal and state land managing agencies to more
    actively id[...]
    ISSUE 5: Historic gold and silver mining properties are vulnerable[...]ost towns to promote an ethic of appreciation and
    preservation of historic sites. Such a brochure could counter distorted hi[...].stories of some
    of the mining camps and towns of Arizona. The studies should include an examination of the
    formation of historic mining districts and their political and legal po[...]the polymetallic nature of the mining
    industry of Arizona, and mines originally developed to extract one ty[...]It would
    seem to be counter-productive to isolate preservation efforts by type of metal mined. but instead to
    coordinate preservation of all mining-related historic properties. At the same time. we must be aware
    of[...]nder-emphasizing
    gold, silver, and lead mining in Arizona.


    ISSUE 8: Although the technology of processing[...]extent of processing at any one mill location in Arizona is not well understood. In
    mining jargon. a "mill[...]sses with standing
    structures is also unclear. In historic photographs. "mills" are usually large, barn-like[...]t of the
    history of gold and silver mining in the state. with a particular emphasis on identifying[...]
    [...]and air resources. The extent of such effects in Arizona are not well
    documented or understood.

    STRATEGY:[...]silver mining on the physical environment of the state.


    CONCLUSION

    Historic preservation goals focus on saving tangible remnants of the past. The underlying assumption
    motivating preservation efforts is that this physical evidence will revea[...]ssons for wisely planning the exploitation of the state's mineral wealth and other
    natural resources. Thi[...]appreciation of not only the history of mining in Arizona, but also appreciation of the
    implications[...]
    [...]GLOSSARY OF TERMS USED
    IN THE HISTORIC GOLD AND SILVER MINING INDUSTRY



    The following[...]er Bulletin 42 (Draft), Evaluating and Nominating Historic Mining Sites.


    adit a horizonta[...]
    [...]new process caused the gold boom of 1890-1917 in Arizona, as
    miners hurried to re-wor[...]
    [...]chnique and may have been used in
    Arizona since the Spanish period.

    patio process[...]
    [...]S OF CULTURAL OR ETHNIC GROUPS
    TO HISTORIC GOLD AND SILVER MINING IN ARIZONA



    Ethnicity and ethnic relations are amon[...]e laborers. Many of the ethnic groups involved
    in Arizona gold and silver mining have operated as anonymous[...]s metals lured the first Spaniards to what is now Arizona, but these
    explorers failed to locate the riches[...]ntury placer and simple lode mining technology in Arizona was borrowed directly from the Spanish,
    and many[...]ship of mines, although some Mexicans in Southern Arizona did
    own mines. For an example, Estevan Ochoa, who[...]Hired on by the Peeples party prospecting central Arizona in 1863, an unnamed Mexican set out to
    ret[...]
    deposit in Arizona (Sherman and Sherman 1969:168).

    At the KOFA Mine[...]out and lode gold and silver mines were opened in Arizona, miners
    were recruited from Cornwall for their le[...]of underground mining. In 1888, the
    editor of The Arizona Silver Belt urged Comish miners to leave Leadvill[...]oid alann." In
    recruiting miners from Colorado to Arizona, editor Hackney failed to mention the heat and isolation
    of Arizona mines (Eppinga 1991:55-56).

    Much of the terminol[...]Comishmen worked in the gold mines of southwestem Arizona, and at the Vulture Mine where
    Comishman C[...]
    [...]were the first laborers hired
    in the mines of the Arizona Territory. Their undocumented labors have largely[...]storians; a recent article on ethnic diversity in Arizona's early mining camps makes no mention of
    the Indian contribution to the silver mines of southern Arizona (Eppinga 1991:49-73).


    Specific References to Na[...]Arizonac in 1736, a fabulous discovery that gave
    Arizona its name. Ironically, the location of the "Bolas de Plata" silver strike is today in Sonora,
    Mexico, not Arizona (Officer 1987:332-32; Walker and Bufkin 1986:48).[...]er 1987:154).


    CHINESE

    Chinese miners coming to Arizona met a great deal of racism and prejudice. Perhaps[...]sentiments in California in the 1850s and 1860s, Arizona newspaper editors lashed
    out at the trickle of Chinese placer miners in 1869; the Arizona Weekly Miner stated that "there are
    now four of t[...]ing in many of the remote mining camps throughout Arizona.
    By 1870, several Chinese were working placers on[...]techniques, but this does not seem to be true in Arizona. Due to the scarcity
    of water, there were few hydraulic operations in Arizona and none seem to have been operated by
    Chi[...]
    [...]ing town of Crown King in 1897, along with a post
    office, a company store, several saloons, and a feed yar[...]man and Sherman 1969:136);
    and in the southeastem Arizona mining towns of Tombstone, Fairbank (Keane[...]
    [...]icans to the gold and silver mining industries of Arizona ranged from
    the scholarly contributions of Henry[...]West Point graduate Henry Ossian Flipper came to Arizona as U.S. Deputy Mineral Slµ'Veyor in
    Nogales in t[...]burg (Eppinga 1991 :56-57).

    A hunter in southern Arizona with a similar sobriquet, "Nigger Brown,"[...]
    [...]S WHO MADE OUTSTANDING CONTRIBUTIONS
    TO HISTORIC GOLD AND SILVER MINING IN ARIZONA



    Bean, Curtis Coe 1828-1904
    Prospecto[...]al Governor Safford, an
    active investor in Arizona mines, on a tour of the Peck Mine in May 1876. Be[...]h the winter of
    1878-1879, he wrote to the Arizona Weekly Miner in March 1879, ·[...]York, and Boston
    promoting investments in Arizona's mines (Goff 1983:11,12; Wilson 1992:32-39, 46,[...]m joined the Walker p3:I1Y to prospect in central Arizona . . Although he
    brought little gold[...]
    [...]miners so influential in the early days
    of Arizona. Born in Washington D. C., Brady headed west to j[...]for the Boundary Commission. Coming back to Arizona from California in 1856, Brady
    represented[...]ing a petition requesting the establishment of an Arizona Territory
    separate from New Mexico. Fluent[...]ima County sheriff, and served three tenns in the Arizona
    Territorial Legislature. He settled in Florence, Arizona, marrying first a girl from Altar
    Sonora. A[...]C. Fremont in California.
    Ehrenberg came to Arizona in the early 1850s as an employee of the Sonora E[...]ngress requesting separate territorial status for Arizona. By 1858, he
    resigned from the Sonora Explo[...]a historian,
    it was the gold and silver of Arizona that brought him to the Territory. Born in Tennes[...]urer in 1897. In 1913,
    he was appointed the state's first historian, a job he held until his death six years later.
    During his tenure as state historian, Farish produced the eight-volume History of Arizona that
    continues to be a primary source for early Arizona history (Goff 1983:33).[...]
    [...]ington, a banker from Illinois, first invested in Arizona gold mines
    in 1887 when he put money into[...]escription
    of Harrington's work in central Arizona, see Robert Spude's (1991) chronicle in the Journal
    of Arizona History.


    Heintzelman, Samuel Peter 1805-1880[...]to put money into a mining venture in southern Arizona. While remaining in the army,
    Heint[...]
    [...]tition asking for separate territorial status for Arizona.
    At the outbreak of the Civil War, Heintz[...]his military duties, pressed for formation of the Arizona Territory. He died in
    Washington, D. C. i[...]he left San
    Francisco and sailed to Yuma, Arizona. The next year, he came to Prescott and spent the
    next three years prospecting in central Arizona. In September 1867, he became editor and
    eventually part-owner of the influential Arizona Miner, the first newspaper published north
    of the Gila River in Arizona Territory. With his vitriolic prose and terrible[...]nknown)
    Prospector. A prospector who came to Arizona with the successful Walker party, Jackson
    Mc[...]r Mowry
    cut a large swath across southern Arizona in the mid-nineteenth century. Born in Rhode[...]Point in the class of 1852. Mowry came to
    Arizona as commanding officer of Fort Yuma in 1855, but r[...]three
    years later to prospect in southern Arizona. He purchased the Patagonia Mine in the Santa[...]requesting the U. S. Congress to establish Arizona as a separate territory. Edward Cross,[...]
    [...]the population figures Mowry used to argue for an Arizona Territory. The two
    men exchanged public le[...]solutions passed by the U.S. Senate and the first Arizona Territorial Legislature. Although
    one historian labelled Mowry an "individualist and lecher," the Arizona Miner commented on
    his death by writing, "This is sad news for Arizona. In the death of Mr. Mowry this Territory[...]bought the mine and soon the
    Congress was Arizona's largest gold mine. After succeeding at C[...]
    In other business dealings, Murphy owned th_e Arizona Republican Phoenix newspaper from
    1898-190[...]hy, served as governor of the
    Territory of Arizona in 1892-1893 and 1898-1902 (Coggin 1991:111-117;[...]ter, public official. Often termed the "Father of Arizona" for his years of
    promoting the territory,[...]a customs house. Four years later, he arrived in Arizona to prospect
    for gold and silver south of T[...]requesting separate
    territorial status for Arizona, and when territorial status was granted .in 1863[...]irs. Ever the promoter, Poston
    returned to Arizona from Washington in company with the writer, J. Ro[...]ompany.
    The resulting book, A Tour Through Arizona in 1864, remains a classic account of early
    Arizona.[...]
    Poston was elected the Arizona Territory's first Congressional delegate in 1864.[...]eld various government jobs and public offices in Arizona, Texas, Mexico, and Washington,
    D.C. About 1877, he was appointed registrar of the U.S. Land Office in Florence. While
    there, he built a road[...]on's Butte outside
    Florence, his destitute state at his death prevented it In 1925, the D.A.R. rai[...]n the late 1850s. In company with Poston, he left Arizona
    for California in 1861, never to return. As[...]higan. His 1870 book describing his adventures in Arizona, Across America
    and Asia, is an important source of information on early southern Arizona (Goff 1983:83).


    Ruth, Adolph 1854-1931
    G[...]ruck a bonanza when he located silver in southern Arizona
    in 1878, naming the claim Tombstone[...]
    [...]g to note his
    connection with the gold .of Arizona Born in South Carolina, Swilling fought in the Me[...]efore coming to California In 1857, he arrived in Arizona and worked for overland
    stage lines. After[...]American West." Born in the
    then-frontier state of Tennessee in the first decade of the 1800s, Wa[...]y 1863, the 65-year old Joseph Walker had come to Arizona and organized a prospecting
    party to explore the new Arizona Territory for gold. The party included King Wools[...]Prospector. Fascination with gold created Arizona's greatest legend. Jacob Waltz, the
    legend[...]n St. Louis and California and came to the
    Arizona Territory sometime before 1864. He prospec[...]
    [...]came south to a warmer climate to trap beaver in Arizona. Traveling to Tucson and Tubac,
    he is said[...]the Casa Grande ruin.

    His familiarity with Arizona made Weaver a welcome guide to the Mormon Battali[...]d the surveyors of the northern
    part of the state, Captain Lorenzo Sitgreaves (1851) and Lieutenant[...]Fort McDowell,
    and Camp Lincoln, all in the Arizona Territory. He died in 1867. In 1929, his remains[...]eman on board ship. By
    1862, he had come to Arizona and worked the placers of the Colorado Riv[...]
    [...]APPENDIX 4
    HISTORIC MINING DISTRICTS IN ARIZONA



    Mines, mills, and mining communities in Arizona are often identified by mining district. Mining
    d[...], and because some of the 246 mining districts in Arizona have
    been known by several names over the last 15[...]is appendix becomes a helpful tool in
    identifying Arizona mines.

    The following set of county maps drawn in 1961 locates all 246 historic mining districts in Arizona.
    Each district is indicated by a number on[...]
    129




    Historic Mining Districts in Yuma and La Paz Counties
    [...]131




    Historic Mining Districts in Pima, Pinal, and Santa[...]
    133




    Historic Mining Districts in Mohave County
    Historic Mining Districts in Cochise, Graham, Gila,[...]
    Historic Mining Districts in Yavapai and Maricopa Counties
    [...]' , ,-..r-/




    Historic Mining Districts in Coconino County
    141




    Historic Mining Districts
    In Navajo and Apache Counties
    [...]Index to Historic Mining Districts
    [...]Index to Historic Mining Districts (continued)
    [...]Index to Historic Mining Districts (continued)
    [...]PENDIX S:
    MINES IN THE HISTORIC INVENTORY



    The following six pages list those properties in the State Historic Preservation Office statewide
    inventory. The list of 41 properties wa[...]he property is listed on the National Register of Historic Places, CE indicates that the property
    is[...]
    MINES IN THE HISTORIC INVENTORY


    Historic Property Name: Cedar Mine[...]Ml1cell ■ n1oua: Pearce vicinity




    Historic Property Nam,: Copper Mountain Mine[...]I: Category: B Hisloric C Historic Archaeology
    Ml1cellaneou1: Not accessibl[...]I: Category: B Hisloric C Historic Archaeology
    Mlac1llan1oua:




    Historic Property N■ me: Fortuna Mine and Mining ClfT1>[...]I: Category: C Hilloric B Historic Archaeology
    Ml1cell1neou1:




    Hletorlc[...]SHPO I: Category: B Historic C Historic Archaeology
    Ml1cell1neoua: Good I[...]
    MINES IN THE HISTORIC INVENTORY


    Hlatorlc Property Name: Gold Kilg Mne[...]O t : C1tegory: ■ H.IOric O Historic Archaeology
    Ml scelleneous: Copper mine wa[...]and was localed 3000 Ifft below the canyon nm




    Historic Property Neme: Harq.iaHalaMne[...]C1tegory: □ Hisloric ■ Historic Archaeology
    Ml1cellIneouI: Ruins and some bulldngs rernlln




    Historic Property Neme: Hi Henry Mine[...]C1tegory: □ HislOric ■ Historic Archaeology
    Ml1c1 ll 1neou1: Ruins remail



    Historic Property N1me: Hilltop Tunnel and Mine[...]Category: □ HillOric II Historic Archaeology
    MlIc ellIneou1: Mine[...]
    [...]MINES IN THE HISTORIC INVENTORY


    Hl1torlc Property N1m1: Lost Cabin Mi[...]Category: ■ Hisloric □ Historic Arc:naeology
    Ml1c1llaneou1: Currently un[...]C1t1gory: ■ Hislortc □ Historic Archaeology
    Ml1cell1neou1: Associated bu[...]Category: B HiBloric □ Historic Arc:naeology
    Ml1c1ll1n1ou1: Produ[...]
    MINES IN THE HISTORIC INVENTORY


    Hl1torlc Property Name: Mineral Belt[...]Category: II Hisl0ric □ Historic Archaeology
    Ml1cellaneou1:




    Hl1torlc[...]C1tegory: □ Hisl0ric II Historic Alchaeology
    Ml1cell1neou1: Ruins and sma[...]I: Category: ■ Hisloric □ Historic Archaeology
    Ml1cellaneou1:




    Hl1torlc[...]I: Category: ■ Hilloric □ Historic Archaeology
    lll1c1llaneou1:




    H[...]
    MINES IN THE HISTORIC INVENTORY


    Hl1torlc Property Name: S■leto Mine[...]ineteenth century mine in excellenl concilion.



    Historic Property N1m1: Sliver King Mine Superintendenrs O[...]Hilloric Arctlaeology
    Mlsc1ll1n1ou1:




    Historic Property N1m1: Toughnut Mine[...]C1t1gory: ■ Hisloric: C] Historic Archaeology
    Mlsc1llan1ous:



    Historic Property N1m1: Vulture Mine[...]Hist0<ic Arctiaeoiogy
    Mlscellan,ous:



    Historic Property N1m1: Vulture Mine Hilloric Oistric:t[...]Hiltoric Arctll80iogy
    Mlsc1ll1n1ou1:



    Historic Property N1m1: Cludad, San Ylkt-o; lrondoor Mine;[...]C1t1gory: ■ HillOrlc ID Historic Arc:tiaeology
    111 scella n,ou 1:[...]
    [...]MINES IN THE HISTORIC INVENTORY


    Hl ■torlc Property N ■me: New Com[...]C1tegory: □ HillOric ■ Historic ArchNOl,<>gy
    Mlscelleneou,: Vlrtualy not[...]Category: □ Hinoric B Historic Archaeology
    M IIce 11 1 n e Ou 1 : , Surv[...]PO t: Category: B Historic D Historic Atcnaeology
    Ml1cell1neou1:




    Historic Property Name:[...]Category: B HillOric □ Historic Archaeology
    Ml1cell1n1ou1:[...]
    [...]n the Rosemont Area, Santa Rita
    Mountains, Arizona. Arizona State Museum Archaeological Series No. 147(3). University of
    Arizona, Tucson.

    Ayres, James E., A. E. Rogge, Everett J[...]ology of Placer Mining on Humbug Creek in Central Arizona.
    Dames & Moore, Phoenix.

    Bain, Diane
    1990 Gold Panning in Arizona. Mineral Report No. 7. Department of Min[...]The Fortune and Fate of the Famous Fortuna Mine. Arizona Professional Engineer 32:6-9.

    Barker, Leo R.
    1990 Managing the Archaeology of Historic Mining Sites. In Death Valley to Deadwood; Kennecott
    to Cripple Creek: Proceedings of the Historic Mining Conference, January 23-27, 1989,
    De[...]d; Kennecott to Cripple Creek: Proceedings of the Historic Mining
    Conference, January 23-27, 1989, D[...]ice,
    San Francisco.

    Barnes, Will C.
    1960 Arizona Place Names. Revised and enlarged by Byrd H. Granger. University of Arizona
    Press, Tucson.

    1988 Arizona Place Names. Reprint of 1935 edition. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.

    Beck, Warren A. and Ynez D. Haase[...]a History of South
    Mountain Park, Phoenix, Arizona. Archaeology Section, City of Phoenix.[...]
    [...]f a Pioneer: Peter R. Brady 1825-1902. Journal of Arizona History 16:171-194.

    Brewer, James W., Jr. ·
    198[...]el N. Greeley (editors)
    1987 History of Mining in Arizona. Mining Club of the Southwest Foundation, Tucson.

    1991 History of Mining in Arizona, Volume 2. Mining Club of the Southwest Foundatio[...]an, T. G. (editor)
    1962 The Mineral Industries of Arizona: A Brief History of the Development of Arizona's Mineral
    Resources. Arizona Bureau of Mines Bulletin 16. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.

    Clark, Larry D. and Victor H. Verity
    1986 Mineral Rights in Arizona: Laws and Regulations. Special Report No. 12. Dep[...]ggin, H. Mason
    1987 A History of Placer Mining in Arizona. In History of Mining in Arizona, edited by J. Michael
    Canty and Michael N.[...]undation,
    Tucson.

    1991 Frank M. Murphy, Arizona Gold Miner. In History of Mining in Arizona, Volume 2, edited
    by J. Michael Canty and[...]and the Tombstone Story. In History of Mining in Arizona,
    edited by J. Michael Canty and Michael N.[...]n Archaeological Survey of the Buttes !Jeservoir. Arizona State Museum Archaeological
    Series No. 93. University of Arizona, Tucson.

    DeLony, Eric
    1990 National Historic Mining Initiative. In Death Valley to Deadwood; Kennecott to Cripple
    Creek: Proceedings of the Historic Mining Conference, January 23-27, 1989, De[...]
    [...]haeological Element for the Nevada Historiq
    Preservation Plan, coordinated by Margaret M. Lyneis, pp. 235-249. Nevada Division of
    Historic Preservation and Archaeology, Carson City.

    Eppinga, Jane[...].
    1991 Ethnic Diversity in Arizona's Early Mining Camps. In History of Mining in Arizona Volume
    2, edited by J. Michael Canty and M[...]hwest Fowidation, Tucson.

    Feierabend, Carey
    1990 Historic Mine Lands as Cultural Landscapes. In Death Valle[...]ecott to
    Cripple Creek: Proceedings of the Historic Mining Conference, January 23-27, 1989, Death[...]rk Service, San Francisco.

    Fireman, Bert M.
    1982 Arizona: Historic Land. Alfred A. Knopf, New York.

    Fong, Lawrence M.
    1980 Sojourners and Settlers: The Chinese Experience in Arizona. In The Chinese Experience in
    Arizona and Nonhern Mexico, pp 1-30. Arizona Historical Society, Tucson.

    Francaviglia, Richard V.
    1991 Hard Places: Reading the Landscape of America's Historic Mining Districts. University of
    Iowa Press, Iowa City.

    Goff, John S.
    1983 Arizona Biographical Dictionary. Black Mowitain Press, Cave Creek, Arizona.

    Goudy, Karin
    1987 Life in a Boom Town--Oatman, Arizona. In History of Mining in Arizona, edited by J.
    Michael Canty and Michael N.[...]nce of Mining in ArizoRa. In History of Mining in Arizona, edited by J.
    Michael Canty and Michael N.[...]Fowidation,
    Tucson.

    Haak, Wilbur A.
    1991 Arizona's Silver Belt. In History of Mining in Arizona, Volume 2, edited by J. Michael Canty[...]
    [...]Kennecott to Cripple Creek: Proceedings of the Historic Mining Conference, January 23-27,
    1989, D[...]logy of Mining and Miners: A View from the Silver State: Special Publication
    Series No. 6. Societ[...]Hecht, Melvin E. and Richard W. Reeves
    1981 The Arizona Atlas. Office of Arid Lands Studies, University of Arizona, Tucson.

    Howell, Kirn K.
    1991 A History of the Mines at Tiger. In History of Mining in Arizona, Volume, edited by J.
    Michael Canty and Mi[...]Service, Organ Pipe National
    Monument, Ajo, Arizona.

    Irvin, G. W. (Jerry)
    1987 A Sequential History of Arizona Railroad and Mining Development, 1864-1920. In History
    of Mining in Arizona, edited by J. Michael Canty and Michael N. Greele[...]ht
    1991 Mining and the Environment. In Preserving Arizona's Environmental Heritage, pp. 101-112.
    University of Arizona, Tucson.[...]
    [...]Rogge and Bradford Luckingham
    1992 The Chinese in Arizona, 1870-1950; A Context for Historic Preservation Planning. Dames
    & Moore, Phoenix.

    Kearney[...]ons: The Fate of Adolph Ruth. Journal of Arizona History
    33(2):117-152.

    Keiser, William
    1984 The King of Arizona Mine. In Arizona Memories, edited by Ann Hodges Morgan and
    Rennard Strickland, pp. 89-106. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.

    Keith, Stanley B., Don E. Gest, E[...]1983 Metallic Mineral Districts and Production in Arizona. Arizona Bureau of Geology and
    Mineral Technology Bulletin No. 194. University of Arizona, Tucson.

    Lacy, John C.
    1986 Manual for Determination of Status and Ownership, Arizona Mineral and Water Rights.
    Department of Mi[...]1882-1982. Mohave Graphics, Inc., Kingman, Arizona.

    Limerick, Patricia N.
    1987 The Legacy of Conque[...], New York.

    Martinez, Oscar J.
    1987 Hispanics in Arizona In Arizona at Seventy-Five: The Next Twenty-five Years, edited by
    Beth Luey and Noel J. Stowe, pp. 87-122. Arizona State University Public History Program
    and the Arizona Historical Society, Tempe.

    Moore, Richard T. and[...]liography of the Geology and Mineral Resources of Arizona, 1848-1964. Arizona Bureau
    of Mines Bulletin No. 173. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.

    Nash, Gerald D.
    1987 Reshaping Arizona's Economy. In Arizona at Seventy-Five: The Next Twenty-Five Years,
    edited by Beth Lucy and Noel J. Stowe, pp. 123-148. Arizona State University Public History
    Program and the Arizona Historical Society; Tempe, Arizona

    1985 The American West Transformed: The[...]
    [...]o Press, Albuquerque.

    National Park Service
    1983 Historic Resource Study, Lake Mead Nalional Recreation Area, Arizona - Nevada. Branch of
    Cultural Resources, De[...]). Chicago.

    Noble, Bruce J., Jr.
    1990 Evaluating Historic Mining Resources: A National Register Perspective[...]d; Kennecott to Cripple Creek: Proceedings of the Historic Mining Conference,
    January 23-27, 1989, De[...]San Francisco.

    Officer, James E.
    1987 Hispanic Arizona, 1536-1856. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.

    Paul, Rodman W.
    1988 The Far We[...]ral Processing in Ariwna. In History of Mining in Arizona, edited by J.
    Michael Canty and Michael[...]d; Kennecott to Cripple Creek: Proceedings of the Historic Mining Conference,
    January 23-27, 1989, De[...]ation of the Jackrabbit Mine: Preliminary Report. Arizona State
    Museum Archaeological Series No. 39. University of Arizona, Tucson.

    Rickard, Forrest R.
    1987 History of Smelting in Arizona. In History of Mining in Arizona, volume 1, edited by J.
    Michael Ca[...]
    [...]A Pictorial History. Primrose Pres·s, Prescott, Arizona.

    Sargent, Charles
    1988 Metro Arizona. Biffingfon Books, Phoenix.

    Sherman, James E. and Barbara H. Sherman
    1969 Ghost Towns of Arizona. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman.

    Smith, 0.[...]ge to Saint: A New Image for Geronimo. Journal of Arizona History 27:5-34.

    1982 Tucson: The life and Tim[...]iversity of Oklahoma Press, Norman.

    South Dakota State Historical Society
    1987 Proceedings of the Workshop on Historic Mining Resources: Defining the Research
    Questions for Evaluation and Preservation. Ms. on file, State Historic Preservation Office,
    Phoenix.

    Spence, Clark C.
    1958 British I[...]ecott to
    Cripple Creek: Proceedings of the Historic Mining Conference, January 23-27, 1989, Death[...]Park Service, San Francisco.

    1979 Tombstone: Arizona Silver Camp. Nevada Publications, Las Vegas.

    197[...]Mining Camp of the Bradshaw Mountain. MS on file, State Historic Preservation
    Office, Arizona State Parks, Phoenix.

    Teague, George A.
    1988 Archaeology of the Ephemeral: Research Themes for Western Historic Sites. In Tools to
    Manage the Past:[...]
    [...]in Nonh America. PhD dissertation, University of Arizona,
    Tucson. University Microfilms, Ann Arbor,[...]cson.

    Trimble, Marshall
    1986 Roadside History of Arizona. Mountain Press Publishing Company, Missoula, Montana.

    University of Arizona
    1986 Natural Resources Management Plan/or Luke Ai[...]Agriculture, Tucson.

    Wagoner, Jay J.
    1989 Early Arizona: Prehistory to Civil War. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.

    Walker, Gladys and T. G. Chilton[...]ry of Mining at Superior. In History of Mining in Arizona, Volume 2, edited by J. ·
    Michael Canty a[...]Henry P. and Don Buflcin
    1986 Historical Atlas of Arizona. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman.

    Westec Se[...]Complete History. Crown King Press, Mesa,
    Arizona.

    Wilson, Eldred
    1933 Arizona Gold Placers and Placering. Mineral Technology Se[...]'




    Arizona Bulletin No. 135. Arizona Bureau of Mines, Tucson.[...]n, Eldred, J. B. Cunningham and G. M~ Butler
    1967 Arizona Lode Gold Mines and Gold Mining (reprint of Arizona Bureau of Mines Bulletin 137,
    1934). University of Arizona Press, Tucson.

    Work Projects Administration (WPA) Writers Program
    1989 The WPA Guide to 1930s Arizona (reprint of Arizona: A State Guide, Hastings House, New
    York, 1940). University of Arizona Press, Tucson. ·[...]
    [...]AL REPORT FOR THE SOJOURNER CENTER, PHOENIX,
    ARIZONA, by Dorothy L. Larson, Melissa Keane, Gregory R.[...]bles, 5 plates, references.

    3. THE CIIlNESE IN ARIZONA, 1870-1950: A CONTEXT FOR IDSTORIC PRESERVATION
    PLANNING, by Melissa Keane, A.E. Rogge and B[...]AIR STATION, YUMA TRAINING RANGE COMPLEX IN ARIZONA AND CALIFORNIA, by Gregory
    R. Woodall, Lynn[...]1992) (draft). ·

    6. GOLD AND SU.VER MINING IN ARIZONA, 1848-1945: A CONTEXT FOR lllSTORIC
    PRESERVATION PLANNING, by Melissa Keane and A.E. Rogge (1992),[...]GUA FR.IA RECHARGE PROJECT,
    MARICOPA COUNTY, ARIZONA, by Lori E. Rhodes, Bonnie 1. Clark and 1. Simon[...]00
    N. Dreamy Draw Drive, Suite 145, Phoenix, Arizona 85020 (602•37J.1110, FAX: 602•861-7431).

    MD

    State Document
    Arizona State Historic Preservation Office
    Arizona State Historic Preservation Office
    Gold mines and mining--Arizona
    Silver mines and mining--Arizona
    State of Arizona Research Library- Arizona State Library, Archives and Public Records
    Arizona State Government Publications
    Arizona State Parks Board
    State Historic Preservation Office
    Arizona
    Arizona State Parks Board
    Arizona Mining
    Historic Preservation