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    The United States military in Arizona, 1846-1945 : a component of the Arizona historic preservation plan

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    THE UNITED STATES MILITARY
    IN ARIZONA
    1846-1945




    A Component of the Arizona Historic Preservation Plan

    Prepared for :
    Arizona State Historic Preservation Office
    Arizona State Parks Board
    800[...]Phoenix, Arizona 85007[...]arriker
    Arizona State Univerity
    Tempe, Arizona[...]
    [...]nging the Locations of Camps 7
    Historic Narrative: U.S. Military Presence in Arizona 8
    1846 to 1864[...]Property Types Associated with the Military In Arizona 52
    The Condition of Properties[...]77
    The Eligibility of Historic Battlefields 78[...]
    [...]3

    ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

    This historic context of properties related to the United States military's activities in Arizona began as
    a class project in the Arizona State University Public History Program. In the Spring of 1991, the State
    Historic Preservation Officer, Shereen Lerner, while teaching the principles of historic preservation,
    guided the efforts of three graduate students to produce a usable document which would help guide
    preservation efforts towards these important historic places. Without her direction, this study would n[...]f the military's importance to the development of Arizona is large indeed, and to make the
    material ma[...]ry were handled by Robert M. Carriker.


    The State Historic Preservation Office staff has been most generous in allowing me time[...]search and write the final version of this study. State Historic
    Preservation Officer Jim Garrison is thanked for his patience[...]their comments on
    the rough draft. Finally, Preservation Planner Jay Ziemann is gratefully thanked[...]
    [...]reserve the significant elements of the past, the Arizona State Historic
    Preservation Office plans for the future by developing historic context reports. As history is not merely
    the collection of facts about the past, historic preservation is not merely the maintenance of things that
    are old. Historic context is what gives meaning to both facts and m[...]stances in which a particular event occurs." This historic context
    report is designed to help researchers an[...]ted to the United States military's activities in Arizona were built. It is an integral part of
    the Arizona Statewide Comprehensive Historic Preservation Plan.


    The first section of this historic context report will present an overview of the many activities of the
    military in this state. It is not the intent of this report to be the de[...]articular event
    in the history of the military in Arizona. Rather, the outline of those activities will be[...]States Army into
    the region that would become the state of Arizona. It concludes in 1945 at the end of World War II.[...]th the Spanish-American War of 1898. In this era, Arizona was no longer a battleground, but rather
    a traini[...]d to play an important role in the development of Arizona. In fact,
    the opposite is true. The various branc[...]prominent and
    influential presence throughout the state. The end date of 1945 was chosen because of the criterion of
    the National Register of Historic Places that properties be at least fifty years ol[...]eria of the National Register as the basis of its preservation program. It is the
    responsibility of the State Historic Preservation Office (SHPO) to follow these national guidelines in
    creating a coordinated program of preservation within the state.


    The World War II period presents a special cha[...]ion in the level of the military' s activities in
    Arizona resulting from the war effort. As the many[...]
    [...]5

    our preservation priorities. Our consideration of the WWil period[...]ucture is undergoing a considerable scaling back. Historic properties must be identified early
    if they are t[...]xplains the criterion of the National Register of Historic
    Places as they relate to military properties in Arizona. The National Register documents the appearance
    a[...]e broad pattern of events that have shaped local,
    state, and national development. The National Park Serv[...]ificant properties, which are designated
    National Historic Landmarks and prehistoric and historic units of the National Park System. Both of
    these[...]ior's Standards and
    Guidelines for Archeology and Historic Preservation, which are uniform, national standards for
    preservation activities. (For a more detailed examination of t[...]egister serves as the centerpiece of the national historic preservation process, it is
    at the state and local level that the most important preservation work is carried out. The responsibility
    for the i[...]initial evaluation, nomination, and treatment of historic resources lies with private
    individuals, the State historic preservation officers, Federal preservation offices, local governments, and
    Indian tribes. A planning guide for the Arizona SHPO will be presented in the final section of this report
    to aid in developing a coordinated and efficient preservation program. The research potential for military
    properties in Arizona will be examined so that the historic value of these physical properties is
    manifested.[...]als, strategies, and priorities for management of historic
    military resources.



    Names of Military Installa[...]mps" or "forts," most of the posts established in Arizona before 1866 were termed forts. However,
    on Novemb[...]a directed "that except for Whipple
    and Yuma, all Arizona Posts would be designated camps." In deference to the order, nearly all Arizona
    [...]), local geographic features, or men in political office. Occasionally, they were also named
    after Indian tribes. (Frazer 1965: xxiv-xxvi) Thus in Arizona we see posts Barrett, Beale's Springs,
    Bowie, Can[...]Buchanan
    (President), Goodwin (first governor of Arizona Territory), Lincoln (President), and Rawlins (Sec[...]hich Frazer doesn't discuss, but which appears in Arizona,
    are those posts which describe something,[...]
    [...]were problems in several of the military posts in Arizona. Camp Goodwin was
    especially bad. John H.[...]
    8

    HISTORIC NARRATIVE: THE U.S. MILITARY PRESENCE IN ARIZONA

    The history of the U. S. anned forces in Arizona may be discussed in terms of three periods, disti[...]ion of the Indian tribes by the U. S. military as Arizona Territory was made secure for non-native
    settleme[...]us shifted to foreign foes as the Territory,
    then State, became a training ground, assembly point, and in[...]ils.


    The following pages provide an overview of Arizona's rich military history, focusing particularly on[...]895, Richardson's United States Military Posts in Arizona
    from 1849 through 1900, and Lynch's various works[...]ntury. Agnew's
    Garrison of the Regular U.S. Army, Arizona 1851-1899 is a useful guide for researchers. Agne[...]of the Regular U. S. Army that were stationed in Arizona, and where they
    were located. He does not, howeve[...]formation regarding the California, New Mexico or
    Arizona Volunteers or Militia. Also, his time frame is limited to the "frontier" era of military activity
    in Arizona.


    1846 to 1864

    The period 1846 through 1864 wit[...]in the political condition of the land now
    called Arizona. At the onset of this eighteen-year period, all of Arizona lay within the territory of Mexico.
    Following the[...], the confederate
    government in Richmond declared Arizona a separate territory, drawing the borderline east-west. The
    confederate Territory of Arizona encompassed the southern portion of what is now the states of Arizona
    and New Mexico. The federal Territory of Arizona was created when President Lincoln signed the
    Org[...]e federal government directed military actions in Arizona
    toward three enemies--the Mexicans, the Am[...]
    [...]iod.


    The first expedition of the U.S. Army into Arizona was by the First Dragoons of the Army of the West[...]ephen Watts Kearny, in 1846. Kearny's presence in Arizona was incidental
    to his main mission which was the[...]n New Mexico and keeping along the Gil a
    River in Arizona (see Map 1, p. 11). Through October and November[...]s for supplies. The only trace of the Dragoons
    in Arizona are the artifacts they lost or discarded along th[...]talion Trail is documented
    in a study by the Utah State Historical Society (Peterson and others 1972) and[...]precisely traced.


    The Mormon Battalion entered Arizona on November 30, 1846. Coming out of New Mexico th[...]he first night in the far southeast corner of the state, where
    one wagon was abandoned because of damage[...]and Fronteras, was
    the first wagon road entering Arizona (Talbot 1992: 34-35). The march continued for the[...]ys
    mostly in Mexico, but crossed into present-day Arizona on December 6th just west of Douglas. That
    night,[...]9th near Palominas. Their camp was near Hereford,
    Arizona.


    While marching north along the San Pedr[...]
    [...]Yuma.


    The march of the Mormon Battalion across Arizona had more than military significance. The trek
    pro[...]f possible
    places to settle, thus contributing to Arizona's eventual colonization by Mormons.


    The signing[...]ed States. Although the war with Mexico was over, Arizona-then part of the U.S.
    Territory of New Mexico (wi[...]California brought a flood of immigrants through Arizona.
    The U.S. government was determined to make its n[...]m microfilm
    copy of Samuel P. Heintzelman Papers, Arizona Western College, Yuma, Arizona). Heintzelman found
    this position unsatisfactory[...]river's
    banks and is bisected by the present-day Arizona-California border. To supply the new post,[...]
    [...]13



    THE NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES
    KEARNY CAMPSIT[...]can War was entered onto the National Register of Historic Places on October 9, 1974. It
    remains today the only property from that war in Arizona to be on the Register. This property is of
    speci[...]on both in describing the site and in providing a historic context for why it is significant. The
    descripti[...]. It is still
    in a relatively primitive state, little changed from 1846 when Colonel Kearny' s[...]ity to convey
    its significance as defined in the historic context, that is, it has integrity.

    In the narrative statement of significance (the Section 8 historic context), the Kearny
    campsite nomination makes[...]he site was no longer in a
    "relatively primitive state" as described in the nomination. It had be[...]
    [...]een whites and Indians simmered in other parts of Arizona as well. The U.S. government
    had settled the long[...]he Indian territory
    that would become part of the state of Oklahoma. A similar strategy was developed for[...]Mexico. The Navajo were the first Indians in the Arizona portion of the Territory to face a formal
    pacific[...]of Bonito Canyon just to the west of the present Arizona-New Mexico line, about thirty miles
    west of Gallu[...]ost formidable force blocking American control of Arizona. The majority of military
    installations es[...]
    [...]agecoaches began using the primitive roads across Arizona to get to and from
    California. A new road from El[...]on road blazed by Edward F. Beale across northern Arizona had become an important pathway
    for California go[...]oved
    too marshy and so the camp was placed on the Arizona side on a gravel bluff near the head of Mo[...]
    [...], in 1861, the U.S. military abandoned all of its Arizona posts in order
    to meet manpower demands in the Ea[...]Gila City, 20 miles upriver from Yuma. Believing Arizona to be
    a land of untapped mineral riches and takin[...]vernment in Richmond, Virginia proclaimed its own Arizona Territory, defined as all of
    the Territory of New[...]he Pimas (Faulk 1970: 105-06). The first clash in Arizona
    between confederate and Union troops occur[...]
    [...]REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES
    35TH PARALLEL ROUTE[...]onal Register in 1977. The route was pioneered in historic times by
    traders and trappers and then explored a[...]e first white
    Americans to travel across northern Arizona were the traders and trappers who in the 18 30s a[...]oughly along the 35th parallel, crossing northern Arizona on his way
    from Albuquerque to the Colorado River[...]herd of
    camels and drove them over from Texas to Arizona. The 35th Parallel Route has become known as
    the[...]roads or
    railroads no longer visually convey the historic features of the route. Overtime, these structures[...]segments of U.S. 66 which have been recognized as historic and are listed on the National Register.
    T[...]
    18

    Tucson in May, the Civil War in Arizona was essentially over. Perhaps the most lasting ef[...]permits
    to his volunteers to prospect in northern Arizona, permits which reputedly carried an unwritten
    und[...]were soon made in northern, central, and western Arizona. These bonanzas awakened
    President Lincoln and others in Congress to the potential of Arizona, and in 1863 Arizona was declared
    a separate U.S. territory. A north-south line rather than east-west line was chosen to divide Arizona from
    New Mexico because the former would break a[...]of Camp McDowell.


    One of the largest battles in Arizona history ensued as volunteers of the California Co[...]1954: 22). The
    latter location is now a National Historic Site.


    In Navajo country, Colonel Christopher "Kit" Carson led troops into Arizona and reoccupied Canyon
    Bonito. A new base w[...]
    [...]e Redondo, New Mexico.


    The discovery of gold in Arizona brought a flood of immigrants, and with them, int[...]became
    headquarters for the army's Department of Arizona.


    The last three military facilities to be established in Arizona, 1846 to 1864, were Fort Lincoln (January[...]
    [...]ma Villages
    Ft. Bowie 1862-94 SE Arizona, near Chiricahua Mts.
    Ft. Breckinridge 1860-[...]o Ft. Y uma
    Ft. Canby 1863-64 NE Arizona Site of Ft Defiance
    C. Ca[...]Ft.Whipple
    Camp Colorado 1858 NW Arizona Precursor Ft. Mohave
    Ft. Defiance 1851-61 NE Arizona Near NM border
    El Revento[...]reckinridge
    Ewell's Camp 1858 NE Arizona near Ft Defiance
    Ft. Goodwin 1864[...]no dates
    Ft. Mohave 1859-61 NW Arizona Site of Camp Color[...]
    22


    THE NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES[...]
    [...]tallations on a northwest, southeast curve across
    Arizona (Fireman 1982: 117). The military authorities cho[...]trails which linked the various tribes of central
    Arizona. (Richardson 1954: 35) Fort Bowie sat on the Apac[...]Activities


    In 1964, the first census of the new Arizona Territory taken by U.S. Marshal, Milton B. Duffie[...]Tucson. Violence
    erupted as settlers pushed into Arizona and furthered displaced native peoples. To protec[...]John S. Mason assumed command of the District of Arizona. Mason was
    concerned with safeguarding the[...]
    [...]ed to guard the same general area of east-central Arizona. Established to protect miners
    and farmers[...]
    [...]Thomas C. Devon became the military commander of Arizona. He
    fought aggressively against the various tribe[...]The Yuma Quartermaster Depot office building




    In early 1870 the War Department ann[...]mand of the newly-
    created Military Department of Arizona in April of that year, his response to thi[...]
    [...]27



    THE NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES
    FORT BOWIE NATIONAL HISTORIC SITE

    Travel across southern Arizona is funnelled by the formidable Chiricahua and Dos[...]ts of
    company quarters for 300 men, an adjutant's office, bakery, post library, storehouses, a hospital, a[...]ed with
    shingles in alternating colors.

    Arizona's Indian wars came to an end in 1886 with the sur[...]vents at Apache
    Pass by designating it a National Historic Site. Now under the care of the National P[...]
    [...]nough to protect them. John
    Marion, editor of the Arizona Miner, the principal newspaper of the territorial[...]the land since they did not own it. In his view, Arizona had been purchased
    and won from Mexico by the Uni[...]man, rob a ranch, or stampede a Government herd" (Arizona Miner, June 4, 1870).


    Frustrated with a program[...]Marion's newspaper reflected the local sentiment
    (Arizona Miner, May 20, 1871):


    Sunday April 30, 1[...]tory, as on that day several citizens of southern Arizona and about a
    hundred Papago Indians[...]
    [...]become quiet and are fast becoming
    domesticated" (Arizona Miner, May 6, 1871). Reacting angrily to Stoneman[...]trated by the Apache Indians, in the Territory of
    Arizona, during the Years 1869 and 1870 (Powell in Marion[...]ral George Crook arrived to command the
    troops in Arizona. Crook immediately developed a strategy to[...]
    [...]973: 194). By the time Colyer and Howard left Arizona in 1871 they had relocated
    approximately 4,000 In[...].


    One of Crook's major accomplishments while in Arizona Territory was persuading the U.S. government
    and[...]or raiding trips into Mexico and various
    parts of Arizona. Many Apaches had been sent to the San Carlos Res[...]ed by Victorio
    killed nearly a thousand people in Arizona, New Mexico, and Chihuahua, Mexico. This led to a[...]of
    confrontations. Crook was placed in command in Arizona again in 1882 in an attempt to force Geron[...]
    [...]31


    THE NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES

    THE SCHWERT[...]tector of American settlers, the Army presence in Arizona
    Territory also served a vital role in promoting i[...]e sample of properties related to the military
    in Arizona, it should be the goal of preservationists to ide[...], which was entered
    onto the National Register of Historic Places on August 25, 1983.

    Delos Hutchi[...]n important transportation center for southeastem Arizona. Smith knew that the
    new rail road would serve as[...]e significant for its relation to the military in Arizona
    (Criteria A of the National Register), it is also[...]tyles as well as building materials resulted from
    Arizona's improved communications with the East Victorian[...]early indicates the importance
    of the railroad on Arizona architecture in the late 19th century.[...]
    [...]eronimo in September of 1886, hostilities between Arizona's Indians and the
    military drew to an end. In the[...]as peace was finally attained in the Territory of Arizona.


    Military installations were not limited[...]
    [...]rn of the century, the need for frontier posts in Arizona had ceased to be a military priority. Local
    and t[...]eth century progressed, military installations in Arizona were
    to play an increasingly important role in in[...]ere detailed to Cuba and the Philippines, leaving Arizona's
    remaining military installations (Camp San Carl[...]sts along
    the border from Texas to California. In Arizona Territory, Camp Nogales, Camp Little at Naco, Cam[...]Germany would help
    restore Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona to Mexico.
    [...]by declaring war on Germany. Units were sent from
    Arizona bases-particularly from FortHuachuca-to fight in[...]15). Economically, the war created a boom in the state's raw
    materials industries. Both the cotton and c[...]achuca were the only active regular
    army posts in Arizona. Fort Apache was something of an anachronism by t[...]Brodie and Sloan served as training areas for the Arizona National Guard.


    Between the world wars, the regular Army did not open any major installations in Arizona. The Arizona
    National Guard did, however, receive funding from the Arizona legislature and the Federal government
    to[...]
    [...]e Coconino County Parks and Recreation
    Department office. The Santa Fe railroad extended a spur line to Fo[...]from a decentralized, heterogeneous collection
    of state militias to a formal extension of the regular Arm[...]ed on Guard vehicles. The building now houses the
    Arizona Military Academy and the Arizona Military Museum. The arsenal building is significant not
    only for its association with the Arizona National Guard, it is architecturally significant as one of the
    largest adobe constructions in the state and as the work of the Work Projects Administrati[...]ession, the R.O.T.C. stables at the University of Arizona
    represent the connection between the military and[...]tructions connected to
    the equestrian-era Army in Arizona.


    The Second World War had a profound effect on Arizona. During the 1940s, the military's presence in
    Arizona rapidly grew as new facilities sprung up across the state (see sections below on Major and Minor
    Wor[...]
    [...]39


    THE NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES
    FARAWAY RANCH HISTORIC DISTRICT AND STAFFORD CABIN
    Located in B[...]in what is now Chiricahua National Monument is a historic
    homestead with ties to several aspects of Arizona history, including the military. The Stafford Cab[...]to the development of agriculture in southeastern Arizona is tied to its military significance as well.
    Sta[...]iers was an important part of their
    supplies. The preservation of the Stafford cabin and its associated structur[...]vious connection between the military presence in Arizona and civilian
    economic development. If we are to m[...]military presence
    touched on many aspects of the state's growth and a high priority set by this Historic Context Study
    is to find and preserve properties,[...]ivilians and the military. Neil Erick.son came to Arizona as a soldier and stayed
    after his discharge to ra[...]nd their ranch illustrate an important pattern in Arizona's frontier settlement. The black
    soldiers at the[...]res in Bonita Canyon by listing the Faraway Ranch Historic District. This district comprises
    the previously[...]end
    and protect Chiricahua National Monument. The preservation of the historic district adds a new
    dimension to the Park Service[...]. The district
    and the nearby Fort Bowie National Historic Site illustrate the variety of properties related to the
    military in Arizona. But while these sites have been recognized, we must understand that their
    preservation is an ongoing concern. The unique qualities of these properties make them especially
    worthy of preservation efforts. Issues of physical preservation and public education related to these
    properties should have a high priority from the State Historic Preservation Office.
    [...]Air Force Base in Chandler formed the backbone of Arizona's new
    defense installations. But development was[...]jo and Gila Bend
    in the south western part of the state, and ground training facilities such as the desert/tank training center
    in south western Arizona. Prisoner-of-war camps were located all around the state; those at Florence and
    Papago Park, Phoenix are o[...]vers,
    outside of Florence, Poston, in far western Arizona, and Leupp, east of Flagstaff) were yet another t[...]ning
    of future military pilots (Murray 1965: 70). Arizona's mild weather made it a superb location f[...]
    [...]vanced training
    in bombardment (Murray 1965: 75). Arizona's fourth advan~ed training facility opened in Douglas on
    May 28, 1942 (Arizona Highways, August 1944: 30). Pilot training at Arizona schools and bases was
    not limited to American air[...]me of them amusing in retrospect On one occasion,
    Arizona residents were convinced that an enemy attack was[...]ended in 1944, 145,221 pilots had been trained at Arizona's military bases and civilian
    schools, an[...]
    [...]Dam as the Yuma Test ·
    Branch. The Corps rented office and dormitory space from the Bureau of Reclamatio[...]me the YumaProving
    Ground (established in 1951 ). Historic photographs show most of the facility's buildings and structures
    on the California side, but a few on the Arizona side (Howard 1976: 434).


    In addition to the tes[...]rport. Other paintings are distributed
    throughout Arizona and other parts of the country. Italian stonemaso[...]en were not the only ones in the military to find Arizona's geography and climate congenial.
    General Patton[...]ops and located his Desert Training Center in the
    state. This multi-million acre training ground extended[...]1943, was
    located between Kofa Station and Horn, Arizona, on the northern branch of the Southern Pacific
    R[...]of Camps Hom and Hyder are visible from the air (Historic Properties Report: Yuma Proving Ground
    [...]AL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES
    FORT LOWELL MULTIPLE RESOUR[...]on was as a supply depot
    for southern and eastern Arizona. Supplies shipped in from Yuma were reshipped to[...]t on to
    become a prominent politician in southern Arizona, serving in the Territorial Legislature and as
    Ma[...]Section 36, a school section, reverted to the state and was leased out. There was a local driv[...]
    [...]Desert Training Center was renamed the California-Arizona Maneuver Area
    and used as a general maneuver grou[...]nited States. Three
    such internment camps were in Arizona. The camp at Poston, on the Gila Indian Reservation three miles
    from the Colorado River, was the largest in Arizona, holding as many as 18,000 Japanese-Americans
    (Ya[...]hed
    around the country. Thirteen of these were in Arizona. The state was a favorite location for such camps
    because th[...]e for weighing trucks.


    World War II transformed Arizona as it did the rest of the country. Increased dema[...]This effort sparked
    the first industrial boom in Arizona. New industrial plants included Consolidated Vult[...]ler production facilities. Between 1940 and 1945, Arizona's gross income from manufacturing
    grew fro[...]
    [...]45


    THE NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES
    YUMA CROSSING NATIONAL HISTORIC LANDMARK
    Fort Yum a is largely known for[...]onquest by the United States of what
    is today the state of Arizona. The fort's garrison guarded the strategic crossi[...]major supply depot for military posts throughout Arizona, receiving supplies via steamboat up the
    Colorado[...]a became the staging ground for the
    reconquest of Arizona from the Confederates in 1862. The remains of the fort along with other historic
    buildings and structures were designated by Congress as the Yuma Crossing National Historic
    Landmark. By the provisions of the federal Historic Preservation Act of 1966, this designation also
    gave them auto[...]x of
    buildings, the Quartermaster Depot is on the Arizona side of the Colorado River. The depot is
    comprise[...]a stone water tower-the oldest such structure in Arizona,
    two adobe warehouses from 1864, an 1864 barracks (pictured above), and the 1871 office building.
    The Quartennaster's House is of special interest because it was acquired by Arizona State Parks in
    1972 at a time when the State Parks Board was considering the creation of a Quartennaster Depot State
    Park. While the board had a lease on the Quartennaster House, creating a viable historic park
    depended on gathering the other associated b[...]oped. Recognition by the people of Yum a
    that the historic buildings at Yuma Crossing could enhance the city[...]planning for their future. The direct interest of Arizona State Parks should give the SHPO a strong
    voice[...]
    [...]that
    became famous were the "Bushmasters" of the Arizona National Guard and the Navajo Codetalkers.[...]
    [...]ns

    1. Kingman army air base, located in Kingman, Arizona, established as a primary flight training school[...]Poston internment camp, located in southwestem Arizona close to the border of California and
    established[...]over 20,000 Japanese-Americans. Only a small post office
    remains.


    4. Camp Hom, part of the Dese[...]
    [...]AFB, is located in the south western comer of the
    state. It was established in 1943 as a training station[...]e.


    10. Navajo Army Depot is located in northern Arizona, near Flagstaff. This is one of the few installations
    in the northern Arizona and was used as a storage facility during World W[...]Gila Bend gunnery base, located in south western Arizona, was established June 8, 1942, for bombing
    traini[...]ange, located in the far south western section of Arizona. This area was
    developed as a gunnery rang[...]
    [...]ort Huachuca, located in the southeastem comer of Arizona, was headquarters for troops along the
    border pr[...]fort's frontier era
    comprise a National Register historic district.


    ·24. Camp Little, located in the southeastem comer of Arizona, was used from 1910-1933 to patrol the
    border. O[...]olution was located in the
    . southeastem comer of Arizona. This camp closed in 1929. It is now the only rem[...]ple, thefrontier military post located in central Arizona, closed in 1913. It later reopened
    as a v[...]
    [...]51


    THE NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES
    FORT VERDE[...]dministration building-
    which now form Fort Verde State Historic Park.




    ·---[...]
    52

    PROPERTY TYPES ASSOCIATED WITH THE MILITARY IN ARIZONA

    The following list describes some of the types of properties that mark military activity in Arizona. When
    possible, the property types are designated[...]nent as a military installation could be in early Arizona. Unlike forts on the Plains, those in
    Arizona were not fortified because the Nc\tive Ame[...]
    [...]ort
    Huachuca was the only active military base in Arizona, and it is still in operation today.


    2. Tempora[...]the wagon road from
    Fort Defiance across northern Arizona to Fort Mohave.


    Telegraph lines were often stru[...]r, poles had to be installed. On the
    east side of Arizona they were spaced 25 to the mile, tended to be of[...]4 ft in the ground. Poles on the west side of the state were placed 17
    to the mile, were usually o[...]
    54

    4. Battlesites. Most battlesites in Arizona mark skirmishes between, or lopsided attac[...]
    [...]55


    THE NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES
    SKELETON CAVE[...]
    [...]57


    THE NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES
    FORT McDOWELL ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORIC DISTRICT
    The Fort McDowell Archaeological and Historic District encompasses a variety of
    prehistoric and historic elements that represent several centuries of huma[...]with various subsistence activities, and sites of historic
    Yavapai usage. Fort McDowell was occupied by a ca[...]fort. On the fort
    grounds now stands a variety of historic and non-historic buildings.
    [...]uxiliary bases were built in various parts of the state
    and used on a temporary basis by the air bases an[...]ers were kept in custody at thirteen locations
    in Arizona during World War II. At Papago Park, only two bui[...]ese-Americans were detained at three locations in Arizona during World
    War II: Poston, Camp Jim Rivers, and[...]tions remain today.


    12. Gunnery ranges. Because Arizona was home to air bases and training schools, it al[...]veral small camps in the southwestern part of the state. These camps
    were fully dismantled followi[...]
    [...]59


    THE NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES
    PETERSE[...]portant connection
    between military activities in Arizona and civilian economic development In March 1898,[...]Enlistments
    grew for the local Company Co of the Arizona National Guard. As the Tempe News reported, "Neve[...]lding remained an important part of Mill Avenue's
    historic character until December of 1990 when a fire brok[...]represents a significant loss not only in Tempe's
    historic fabric, but in Arizona's physical connection to the events in its[...]
    [...]on of the Army's
    manpower force since the days of state militias. Buildings such as Tempe's Petersen Buil[...]e the connection between the military presence in Arizona and civilian development.[...]War eras are
    almost entirely in an archaeological state. There are two reasons for the scarcity of object[...]that the army ordered almost all of the posts in Arizona to be
    [...]rly
    period at Fort Bowie, which is now a National Historic Site. Most of the ruins at Fort Bowie date from
    t[...]t has no safeguards and is returning to a natural state. Even though Picacho Peak
    is now a state park, the integrity of the setting is being erode[...]a variety of topics relating to military posts in Arizona. Why, when there
    is so much interest in the subje[...]rizonans are unfamiliar with the history of their state. In part this is because most of Arizona's
    population has moved here in recent years. They[...]the significant contributions of the
    military in Arizona in the exploration and mapping of the terr[...]
    [...]ns that many people want to talce home a piece of Arizona's military past. Vandalism
    and removal of[...]
    [...]63


    THE NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES
    FORT[...]rrived prospectors
    that were moving into northern Arizona following the discovery of gold. The separation of Arizona
    Territory from New Mexico and the establishment o[...]ently to Phoenix.

    As with nearly all of Arizona's frontier military posts, the end of the Indian[...]1970s, efforts were begun to place Fort Whipple's historic buildings on the
    National Register. A nomination was developed by the Veteran's Administration to create a historic
    district that would encompass thirty four buildin[...]June 25, 1981. This determination
    means that the historic buildings at Fort Whipple receive the same level of consideration from the
    National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 as listed properties. Any federal und[...]06 and 110 of that Act and as administered by the Arizona State Historic Preservation Office.

    Since the Keeper's determination of el[...]81, no effort has been made to actually
    place the historic district on the National Register. In the meantim[...]aspect of twentieth century military activity in Arizona. It
    should be a goal of the SHPO to reevaluate th[...]tatus of the buildings on the complex, expand
    the historic context of the nomination to include struc[...]
    [...]source Base

    Over the next decade the survival of historic resources on property still controlled by[...]
    [...]Budget cuts for the military also pose threats to historic resources. Traditional base
    functions have become[...]properties associated with military activities in
    Arizona. There are many types of properties, including fo[...]about what to preserve and how.


    The reality of preservation is that, unfortunately, only some properti[...]
    [...]~
    THE NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES
    TONTO NATI[...]c. A.D. 1700) at five sites.
    There is also a historic military trash scatter dating from about 1915. Wh[...]e of the area by the military.

    The historic trash scatter has been designated as archaeologic[...]nsions of 28m x 28m (784 sq. m.). As of 1987 this historic archaeological site has been
    left undisturbe[...]his was the period when
    military activity in Arizona revolved around patrolling against border disturb[...]ump lies
    in its potential to inform us about historic use of this land prior to the establishment of th[...]investigations may shed light on additional
    historic values of the monument not reflected in known historic archaeological sites.[...]
    [...]rst. The purpose of this context study is to help preservation planners create a basis on
    which to make preservation decisions. We must determine our goals and priorities be for evaluation,
    registration, and treatment of historic properties.


    The centerpiece of the historic preservation program is the National Register of Historic Places. Its
    mission is mandated by federal law an[...]generally used to judge which properties deserve preservation. Its guidelines are often the basis for state
    and local historic preservation legislation and ordinances. In Arizona, the State Register of Historic
    Places and the State Historic Preservation Act parallel the National Register and the National Historic
    Preservation Act, providing historic properties with a measure of consideration and protection in the face
    of state undertakings. Properties listed or eligible for i[...]grants-in-aid from the federal government through State Historic Preservation Offices. Federal and local
    tax incentives for rehabilitation of properties are also available. The state of Arizona, for example, has
    state property tax reduction programs for residential a[...]onsidered for listing on the National Register of Historic Places, a property must meet three broad
    qualifie[...]fine as the recognizable
    importance embodied in a historic property. The third qualifier is that the property must retain historic
    integrity. The National Register recognizes different types of values embodied in historic sites,
    buildings, structures, objects, and[...]
    [...]HAEOLOGY, defined as the study of prehistoric and historic cultures through
    excavation and the analys[...]ins. Many of the military installations in
    Arizona are historic archaeology sites. For example, as described in t[...]rtant connection to
    the Indian cultures in Arizona. It was not uncommon for there to be large number[...]d significantly to the exploration and mapping of Arizona's geog-
    raphy and topography. Because of t[...]on the frontier were an important phase in
    Arizona's development. After the Civil War, a large perce[...]e military's
    manpower was committed to the Arizona campaigns. The posts in Arizona represent the
    final phase in the co[...]
    [...]69


    THE NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES
    FORT APACHE HISTORIC DISTRICT
    A short distance above where th[...]delay the fate of
    abandonment that befell most of Arizona's frontier posts. Fort Apache remained an active[...]00 acres of the old military reservation and many historic buildings survive to the present day. The
    Fort Apache Historic District was entered onto the National Register i[...]out camps, the old military cemetery, and
    several historic and prehistoric ruins.

    Fort Apache was[...]ude some of these buildings from the 1930s if the historic context of the district was
    expanded to take in t[...]bligation of Sections 106 and 110 of the National Historic Preservation
    Act. The tribe claims full rights over those buil[...]lt from Tribal special legal status.
    Because many historic military posts are on reservations, it should be[...]O to
    resolve legal ambiguities and support tribal preservation efforts.
    [...]outposts patrolled the main supply routes of the Arizona Territory, enabling
    commercial ventures t[...]ental in getting the telegraph lines into
    Arizona, and constructing the lines across the territory.[...]criterion will
    probably be rarely used since few Arizona military installations are significantly r[...]
    [...]ion used by the military. The last Quonset hut in Arizona, at Williams
    Air Force Base, is an[...]
    72

    as the ability of a property to convey its historic significance. National Register guidelines recogn[...]ust retain the essential physical features of
    the historic era they represent. These features must be suffic[...]ether
    functional or aesthetic.


    The army came to Arizona with a job to do and with hardly more resources t[...]plan followed by every permanent military post in
    Arizona, there were common design elements. Nearly[...]
    [...]thills of the Chiricahua Mountains. This National Historic Site has
    retained its integrity of setting to a r[...]of a visual buffer around the site to reflect
    the historic setting.


    When nominating a property to the Nati[...]e military
    reservation of Fort Yuma extended into Arizona even though most of its building are on the Calif[...]ciated lands that are undeveloped and reflect the historic setting as possible. Buffer zones, however,
    are n[...]36). For military properties in an archaeological state, integrity of material is of crucial
    importance.[...]ecessary criteria for
    a site in an archaeological state to be eligible for the National Register. A property has integrity of
    materials if the site contains enough historic matter to yield "information important in[...]
    [...]gs for lumber, to natural force of wind and rain, historic
    materials have been disappearing from sites.



    W[...]namental detailing ... Examples of workmanship in historic build-
    ings include tooling, carving, painting, g[...]a to apply.


    Feeling is the quality of a historic resource has in evoking the aesthetic or historic sense
    of a past period of time. Although[...]of physical characteristics to convey the historic qualities that evoke feeling. It may also[...]n is crucial to any nomination no matter what its state.
    "Association is the direct link between a[...]
    [...]property is to be associated with the military
    in Arizona then the objects that are on the site must be lin[...]association will be with the Spanish
    presence in Arizona, not the army's.



    How to ~ess the Integrity of[...]It has to be acknowledged that very few historic properties retain all their historic physical
    features. Change is a natural part of an[...]al physical features that enable it to convey its historic identity.
    By 'essential physical features' we mea[...]would not be eligible. The physical existence of historic materials is
    not sufficient for eligibility. Imagine, for example, that you have a historic adobe building that in recent
    times has been surr[...]brick additions so that you can no longer see the historic core.
    Although the historic design and materials still exist, the buil[...]
    [...]REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES
    FORT HUACHUCA NATIONAL HISTORIC LANDMARK .

    At the beginning of 1875, it appeared that Arizona was finally safe for white settlement. As
    pa[...]osts along the
    border zone of New Mexico and Arizona could do little to stop the raids. Furthermore, i[...]heir leader, Geronimo, they became the scourge of Arizona, New Mexico, and Mexico.

    Although Colonel August Kautz, commander of the Department of Arizona, thought that
    reports of raids were exaggera[...]greed to
    establish two new posts in southern Arizona. Captain Samuel M. Whitside and two companies of[...]tructures were built, including an administrative office, a hospital, a bakery, and several quarters.[...]as a major military base-the only post from
    Arizona's frontier era. In recognition of the post's historic service to the nation, it has been designated
    a National Historic Landmark. About 110 acres and 48 pre-1920 structures have been set aside as a
    historic district. The "Old Post Area" contains twenty thr[...]57, there are many WWII era structures
    whose preservation will serve as a physical and educational l[...]
    [...]oved from their original locations, reconstructed
    historic buildings, properties primarily commemorative in[...]ucture most importantly
    associated with a historic person or event


    c. a birthplace or[...]design features, or from association with
    historic events


    e. a reconstructed building[...]for its relationship with military development in Arizona during
    the Cold War.
    78



    THE ELIGIBILITY OF HISTORIC BATTLEFIELDS

    The battlefields on which the U.S. military fought in Arizona were small compared to those in other areas
    of th[...]e seen in the effect
    it had on the development of Arizona. Picacho Pass effectively demonstrated that the c[...]of the Gila River. The
    confederacy's interest in Arizona was the key factor in determining the present shape of the state of
    Arizona since the north-south boundary with New Mexico wa[...]. The decades-long war to subjugate the Apache of Arizona was
    the last in the centuries-long conflict by Eu[...]blish Fort Mohave in order to secure northwestern Arizona.


    Fort Mohave. A year after the Rose Mass[...]
    [...]entifying , Evaluating, and Registering
    America's Historic Battlefields. The process of nominating a battlefield is the same as for any other
    historic property. The site of the battle must be established by a survey and its significance defined in
    a historic context. Evaluating integrity follows the same pa[...]a building, structure, or object.
    The survey and historic context will determine which of the seven[...]
    [...]e of the boundary.


    At present there is only one Arizona battlefield listed on the National Register, the Skeleton Cave
    Massacre Site. While Picacho Peak is now a State Park, the area of the pass on which the Civil War battle
    occurred is not included. The Arizona SHPO should promote a survey of historic battlesites with the
    [...]nated where eligible, and given support for their preservation.



    THE RESEARCH POTENTIAL OF MILITARY PROPERTIES[...]of information that researchers can use to study Arizona exploration,
    conquest, settlement, and developmen[...]and whens of their usage. The
    frontier period of Arizona history and military history both have their devotees. Much has already been
    written on the military in Arizona, but the subject certainly has not been exhausted[...]s.


    There exists numerous documentary sources on Arizona military posts. Records produced directly by
    and for the military include lists of soldiers assigned to Arizona duty, orders issued from Washington,
    dispatches f[...]posts. One of the most famous journals of life in Arizona was written by
    the wife of an army officer, Martha Summerhayes' Vanished Arizona (1939). Her description of life in
    various posts[...]scripts in the Gatewood collection of the Tucson, Arizona
    Historical Society containing interviews with Ger[...]oo underutilized research source. Territorial and state papers often carried
    notices of activities at the[...]fornia, and after 1870. the Department of
    Arizona, many of which are on microfilm in the Nat[...]
    [...]les of research questions about military posts in Arizona? The following list of
    research topics is designe[...]hought about how military posts were important to Arizona's
    history.[...]these camps as being "nearby." Air Force Bases in Arizona had the use of many
    auxiliary fields. Toda[...]
    [...]ts.


    Since the building of large dams on many of Arizona's rivers, the old river beds have become dry and[...]archer should bear in mind that many areas of the state used to be much wetter.
    Where water tables have f[...]imilar properties could be found elsewhere in the state, they could be an
    important link between the military and Arizona's economic development.
    [...]ents develop around military installations?

    Many Arizona settlements grew up close by a post, Prescott for[...]n what ways did various roads and trails open the state up for settlement?

    The long-te~ impact of milita[...]he numerous
    pathways and preserve their remaining historic segments would enlighten us about how transportat[...]military efforts to bring the telegraph into
    the state?


    Research Question 9: What is the potential for[...]soldiers in camp which can be gained by studying historic archeology? What can we learn
    about the women who[...]conditions like at the interment and POW camps?


    Historic archaeology potentially could reveal new i[...]
    [...]in the Civilian Pilot Training Program may have
    a historic value related to the military presence in Arizona.


    Research Question 12: How should the SHPO eval[...]he Department of Defense, the Advisory
    Council on Historic Preservation, and the National Conference of State Historic Preservation Officers,
    the military recently undertook a natio[...]sh
    the remaining buildings as it saw fit. Several state historic preservation offices, including Arizona's,
    believe that the military's goal of protecting[...]res their potential
    significance at the local and state levels. The most recent word from the military is[...]re beginning
    to recognize the potential local and state level significance and might be working towards a[...]ners make every possible effort to preserve these historic buildings.
    [...]ITIES FOR MANAGEMENT

    Undoubtedly, there are many historic military properties worthy of preservation. At present the National
    Register of Historic Places recognizes the importance of seventeen sit[...]sting are,


    1. Fort Bowie National Historic Site, 8/30/64
    2. Yuma Crossing and Associated Sites National Historic Landmark, 11/13/66
    3. Fort Verde Di[...]0/9n4
    6. Old Fort Huachuca National Historic Landmark, l l/20n4
    7. Stafford Cabin, 3/31n5
    8. Fort Apache Historic District, 10/14n6
    9. The Beale Came[...]uilding, 3/18/80 .
    12. Faraway Ranch Historic District, 8/27/80
    13. Fort Whipple ([...]17. Fort McDowell Archaeological and Historic District, 8/27/92


    Even though military installations have played an important role in Arizona's history and have drawn
    some scholarly attention[...]y properties and sites.


    There are already three state parks that have an association with the military[...]e,
    and Picacho Peak. Given the limitations in the state budget, it is unlikely that more sites will be gi[...]segments of military roads are slipping back to a state of nature. Locations at
    which archaeologic[...]
    [...]e true "westernmost" skirmish of the Civil
    War.


    Historic building surveys should be conducted at Luke Air[...]by case basis for each building or structure. The historic context of
    these constructions must be seen as a[...]lations for their WWII-era properties and develop historic contexts that describe how the
    installations grew and were used. By surveying all the Arizona military installations it will be possible
    to mak[...]to make decisions about which properties deserve preservation effort. In the
    case of Navajo Army Depot, such a[...]rve sites and
    associated properties.


    While some state and federal agencies may have inventoried resourc[...]sed as the main tool to raise their
    awareness and preservation consciousness. Where owners cannot be convinced t[...]ways to provide financial incentives to encourage preservation.



    Goal 3: Develop preservation treatments consistent with the values that particular sites possess.


    Very little historic archaeology has been done at military site[...]
    [...]whatever steps it can to increase the priority of historic archaeology at military
    sites.


    The military usu[...]HPO should be active in
    distributing materials on preservation treatments such as those contained in the National Park Service's
    series Preservation Briefs. This non-copyrighted material is intended[...]public awareness of the dangers that threaten our historic military sites.


    Natural processes have taken a considerable toll on historic military sites over the years, but human
    activiti[...]nt vandalism continuously wear away the remaining historic fabric of these
    [...]of the site of Camp Date Creek (about
    95%) is on state land, they could be charged with trespass on State Trust lands (ARS §37-501), both
    felony and misdemeanor violations of the Arizona Antiquities Act (ARS §41-841 • §41-846 and§ 13-
    3702), and criminal theft of State property (§13-1802). That the suspects were appr[...]and those concerned with researching and studying
    Arizona history to prepare a thematic National Register N[...]ilitary installations to the National Register of Historic Places.


    Although the protection afforded by inc[...]text in discussing the importance of the sites to Arizona's history. While the SHPO may
    get involved in the[...]nts of dollars which go into communities close by
    historic sites. Towns will get involved in the preservation of these sites, not only for the tourist dollars,[...]y.


    Goal 5: Encourage public involvement in site preservation. Public awareness is of little value unless
    that[...]ated into positive action for the benefit of site preservation.


    Strategy 1: The SHPO should help bring together people interested in the preservation of historic military
    sites.


    Groups of history-minded people such as the Arizona Historical Society, many of whose members have
    a strong interest in Arizona's military history, should be informed of efforts at site preservation. If these
    group's efforts can be combined with groups interested in historic preservation,per se, such as the Arizona
    Preservation Foundation, the protection of military sights wil[...]'s own
    newsletter should mention the interest the office has in this area.
    [...]emphasis, there are Site Stewards who watch over historic sites.
    Camp Date Creek is the only military site[...]hould actively encourage volunteers to watch over historic
    military sites.


    Goal 6: Work with officials at[...]ently undergoing a downsizing of the military and Arizona, which
    has many active military properties, will[...]time has come in which we must take stock
    of the historic elements of these installations and decide what is deserving of preservation.


    Strate~y 1: The SHPO should take a proactive stance towards preservation at bases earmarked for
    closure. Installations suc[...]ide the
    future of the base and only reacts to the preservation issue through the compliance process, it is likel[...]s in the development process and inject a dose of preservation concern.


    Strate~y 2: Open the doors of mili[...]good contacts.


    To complete in depth research on historic buildings located on active military insta[...]
    [...]ere. There are even
    ex-prisoners of war from the Arizona camps who now live in the United States. A good place to start
    research is at the Arizona Military Museum in Phoenix, Arizona. Other historical societies and museums
    will als[...]this era were directed towards Indian control. In Arizona, as in other
    areas of the West, the Army signifi[...]ptain Lorenzo Sitgreaves traveled across northern Arizona looking
    for a new route to California via the Zu[...]by
    Lieutenant Amiel Weeks Whipple again crossed Arizona along the 35th parallel in order to locate a
    con[...]The forthcoming National Register Bulletin #36, Historic Archeological Properties: Guidelines for
    their E[...]isible resources altered to the point where their historic
    appearance had been totally lost and what[...]
    [...]Agnew, S. C. Garrisons of the Re~ularU.S. Army. Arizona 1851-1899. Arlington, Virginia: Council[...]Altshuler, Constance Wynn. Chains of Command: Arizona and the Army. 1856-1875. Tucson: The
    Arizona Historical Society, 1981.

    _ _ _ _ _ _. "Fort Yuma and Camp Lowell: Early Views." Journal of Arizona History. Vol. 26,
    No. 1 (Spring, 1985).[...]_ _ _. Startin~ with Defiance: Nineteenth Century Arizona Military Posts. Historical
    Monograph Series (7). Tucson: Arizona Historical Society, 1983.

    Anonymous. The Official History of Williams Field. Chandler, Arizona: Installment I, Coverin~ History
    to the Date of December 7. 1941. Chandler, Arizona: 1943.

    Anonymous. The Fort Newell Report. Bl[...]Flyin~ Trainin~ Win~ and Williams Air Force Base, Arizona. Williams
    AFB: Office of 82nd Flying Training Wing, 1991.

    / Anonymous. "Fort Apache, Arizona." Arizona Sheriff, May/June, 1977.

    Arizona Hi~hways. "Conquer We Must: The Story of Luke Fie[...]Springs Apache. Tucson: University of
    Arizona Press, 1970.

    Barker, Leo R., and Ann[...]
    [...]. Indian Agent." Journal of Arizona History. Vol. 17, No. 3.
    (Autumn 1976). 265-300.

    Davisson,Lori. "FiftyYearsatFortApache." Journal of Arizona History. Vol.17,No. 3. (Autumn 1976).
    301-[...].

    Dinges, Bruce J. (ed.). "A New York Private in Arizona Territory: The Letters of George H. Cranston,
    1867-1870." Journal of Arizona History. Vol. 26, No. 1 (Spring, 1985). 53-76.

    D[...]enix: Indian Tribal Series, 1971.

    Faulk, Odie B. Arizona: A Short History. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1970.

    Fireman, Bert M. Arizona: Historic Land. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1982.

    Gamer, Jo[...]An Account of the Surrender of Geronimo." Tucson, Arizona Historical Society,
    Gatewood Collection. Ma[...]"Captain Charles King at Sunset Pass." Journal of Arizona History. Vol. 17, No. 3
    (Autumn, 1976). 253-64.

    Historic Properties Report: Yuma Provin~ Ground, Yuma, Arizona. Document prepared under Contract
    CX-0001[...]rporated, Silver Springs, Maryland and the
    Historic American Building Survey/Historic American Engineering Record, National Park[...]arly Days of the Yuma Proving Ground." Journal of Arizona
    History. Vol. 17, No. 4 (Winter, 1976). 431[...]nd His Guardian, Mr. G.M. Wratton." Tucson:
    Arizona Historical Society, Gatewood Collection.
    [...]cal Geo~aphy of the Heliomph in The Department of Arizona.
    MA Thesis, Arizona State University, Tempe, May 1980.

    Keane, Melissa, and A. E. Rogge. Gold & Silver Minin~ in Arizona. 1848-1945: A Context for Historic
    Preservation Plannin~. Dames & Moore Intermountain Cultural Re[...]December 1992.

    Kraus, J. "Old Forts of Southern Arizona." Desert December 1977.

    Leckie, William H. The B[...]es of Will C. Barnes. Tucson:
    University of Arizona Press, 1982.

    Lubick, George M. "Soldiers and Scientists in the Petrified Forest." Journal of Arizona Histozy. Vol.
    29, No. 4 (Winter, 1988). 39[...]on, J.H. Notes of Travel Through the Territory of Arizona: Being an Account of the Trip Made by
    Gener[...]onald M. Powell, ed., Tucson:
    University of Arizona Press, 1965.

    Monroe, Keith. "Wings Over Tucson." Arizona Hi~hways. October, 1944.

    Munson, Robert W. "Terr[...]au. Vol. 53, No. 1.

    Murray, Michael. Aviation in Arizona: From Pioneer Flights to the End of World War II. M.A. Thesis,
    University of Arizona, 1965.

    National Archives, Record Group 94, Records of the Adjutant General's Office, Microcopy 617, Post
    Returns from U.S. Mil[...]alion Trail
    G.l.llik. Salt Lake City: Utah State Historical Society, 1972.
    Provence, Jean. Luke Field Durin ~ World War II. Goodyear, Arizona: Luke Air Force Base, 1954.
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    Society of Wisconsin. Milwaukee[...]ort McDowell-The "Most Unhappy Post."" Journal of Arizona Histozy. Vol. 17, No. 3
    (Autumn 1976), 321[...]The Last Bu~le Call: A Histozy of Fort McDowell. Arizona Territozy. 1865-1890. Parsons,
    West Virgin[...], Harold Charles. United States Militruy Posts in Arizona, 1849 Throu&h 1900. MA Thesis,
    Arizona State College, Tempe, Arizona, 1954.

    Rickey, Don Jr. Forty Miles a Day on Bean[...]n Wire: Construction of the Military Telegraph in Arizona Territory."
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    Scheips, Paul J. "Will Croft Barn[...], Jim. "Born a Cavalryman: Carnillo C. C. Carr in Arizona," Journal of Arizona Histozy. Vol.
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    by the author, 1989.

    Summerhayes, Martha. Vanished Arizona. Chicago: Lakeside Press, 1939.

    Talbot, Dan. A H[...]67.

    Unofficial Guide to Fort Huachuca. Huachuca, Arizona: Sierra Vista Printers, date unknown.

    Utl[...]
    [...]Indiana University Press, 1973.

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    1970.

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    University of Oklahoma Press, 1986.

    Weekly Arizona Miner, 15 May 1869, 1:2.

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    l.8M,. February 10, 1992.

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    Y atsushir[...]

    MD

    State Document
    Arizona State Historic Preservation Office
    Arizona State Historic Preservation Office, Arizona State Parks Board
    Military camps--Arizona
    Arizona--History, Military
    State of Arizona Research Library- Arizona State Library, Archives and Public Records
    Arizona State Government Publications
    Arizona State Parks Board
    State Historic Preservation Office
    Arizona
    Arizona State Parks Board
    Historic Preservation