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The United States military in Arizona, 1846-1945 : a component of the Arizona historic preservation plan
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![]() | THE UNITED STATES MILITARY IN ARIZONA 1846-1945 A Component of the Arizona Historic Preservation Plan Prepared for : Arizona State Historic Preservation Office Arizona State Parks Board 800[...]Phoenix, Arizona 85007[...]arriker Arizona State Univerity Tempe, Arizona[...] |
![]() | [...]nging the Locations of Camps 7 Historic Narrative: U.S. Military Presence in Arizona 8 1846 to 1864[...]Property Types Associated with the Military In Arizona 52 The Condition of Properties[...]77 The Eligibility of Historic Battlefields 78[...] |
![]() | [...]3 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This historic context of properties related to the United States military's activities in Arizona began as a class project in the Arizona State University Public History Program. In the Spring of 1991, the State Historic Preservation Officer, Shereen Lerner, while teaching the principles of historic preservation, guided the efforts of three graduate students to produce a usable document which would help guide preservation efforts towards these important historic places. Without her direction, this study would n[...]f the military's importance to the development of Arizona is large indeed, and to make the material ma[...]ry were handled by Robert M. Carriker. The State Historic Preservation Office staff has been most generous in allowing me time[...]search and write the final version of this study. State Historic Preservation Officer Jim Garrison is thanked for his patience[...]their comments on the rough draft. Finally, Preservation Planner Jay Ziemann is gratefully thanked[...] |
![]() | [...]reserve the significant elements of the past, the Arizona State Historic Preservation Office plans for the future by developing historic context reports. As history is not merely the collection of facts about the past, historic preservation is not merely the maintenance of things that are old. Historic context is what gives meaning to both facts and m[...]stances in which a particular event occurs." This historic context report is designed to help researchers an[...]ted to the United States military's activities in Arizona were built. It is an integral part of the Arizona Statewide Comprehensive Historic Preservation Plan. The first section of this historic context report will present an overview of the many activities of the military in this state. It is not the intent of this report to be the de[...]articular event in the history of the military in Arizona. Rather, the outline of those activities will be[...]States Army into the region that would become the state of Arizona. It concludes in 1945 at the end of World War II.[...]th the Spanish-American War of 1898. In this era, Arizona was no longer a battleground, but rather a traini[...]d to play an important role in the development of Arizona. In fact, the opposite is true. The various branc[...]prominent and influential presence throughout the state. The end date of 1945 was chosen because of the criterion of the National Register of Historic Places that properties be at least fifty years ol[...]eria of the National Register as the basis of its preservation program. It is the responsibility of the State Historic Preservation Office (SHPO) to follow these national guidelines in creating a coordinated program of preservation within the state. The World War II period presents a special cha[...]ion in the level of the military' s activities in Arizona resulting from the war effort. As the many[...] |
![]() | [...]5 our preservation priorities. Our consideration of the WWil period[...]ucture is undergoing a considerable scaling back. Historic properties must be identified early if they are t[...]xplains the criterion of the National Register of Historic Places as they relate to military properties in Arizona. The National Register documents the appearance a[...]e broad pattern of events that have shaped local, state, and national development. The National Park Serv[...]ificant properties, which are designated National Historic Landmarks and prehistoric and historic units of the National Park System. Both of these[...]ior's Standards and Guidelines for Archeology and Historic Preservation, which are uniform, national standards for preservation activities. (For a more detailed examination of t[...]egister serves as the centerpiece of the national historic preservation process, it is at the state and local level that the most important preservation work is carried out. The responsibility for the i[...]initial evaluation, nomination, and treatment of historic resources lies with private individuals, the State historic preservation officers, Federal preservation offices, local governments, and Indian tribes. A planning guide for the Arizona SHPO will be presented in the final section of this report to aid in developing a coordinated and efficient preservation program. The research potential for military properties in Arizona will be examined so that the historic value of these physical properties is manifested.[...]als, strategies, and priorities for management of historic military resources. Names of Military Installa[...]mps" or "forts," most of the posts established in Arizona before 1866 were termed forts. However, on Novemb[...]a directed "that except for Whipple and Yuma, all Arizona Posts would be designated camps." In deference to the order, nearly all Arizona |
![]() | [...]), local geographic features, or men in political office. Occasionally, they were also named after Indian tribes. (Frazer 1965: xxiv-xxvi) Thus in Arizona we see posts Barrett, Beale's Springs, Bowie, Can[...]Buchanan (President), Goodwin (first governor of Arizona Territory), Lincoln (President), and Rawlins (Sec[...]hich Frazer doesn't discuss, but which appears in Arizona, are those posts which describe something,[...] |
![]() | [...]were problems in several of the military posts in Arizona. Camp Goodwin was especially bad. John H.[...] |
![]() | 8 HISTORIC NARRATIVE: THE U.S. MILITARY PRESENCE IN ARIZONA The history of the U. S. anned forces in Arizona may be discussed in terms of three periods, disti[...]ion of the Indian tribes by the U. S. military as Arizona Territory was made secure for non-native settleme[...]us shifted to foreign foes as the Territory, then State, became a training ground, assembly point, and in[...]ils. The following pages provide an overview of Arizona's rich military history, focusing particularly on[...]895, Richardson's United States Military Posts in Arizona from 1849 through 1900, and Lynch's various works[...]ntury. Agnew's Garrison of the Regular U.S. Army, Arizona 1851-1899 is a useful guide for researchers. Agne[...]of the Regular U. S. Army that were stationed in Arizona, and where they were located. He does not, howeve[...]formation regarding the California, New Mexico or Arizona Volunteers or Militia. Also, his time frame is limited to the "frontier" era of military activity in Arizona. 1846 to 1864 The period 1846 through 1864 wit[...]in the political condition of the land now called Arizona. At the onset of this eighteen-year period, all of Arizona lay within the territory of Mexico. Following the[...], the confederate government in Richmond declared Arizona a separate territory, drawing the borderline east-west. The confederate Territory of Arizona encompassed the southern portion of what is now the states of Arizona and New Mexico. The federal Territory of Arizona was created when President Lincoln signed the Org[...]e federal government directed military actions in Arizona toward three enemies--the Mexicans, the Am[...] |
![]() | [...]iod. The first expedition of the U.S. Army into Arizona was by the First Dragoons of the Army of the West[...]ephen Watts Kearny, in 1846. Kearny's presence in Arizona was incidental to his main mission which was the[...]n New Mexico and keeping along the Gil a River in Arizona (see Map 1, p. 11). Through October and November[...]s for supplies. The only trace of the Dragoons in Arizona are the artifacts they lost or discarded along th[...]talion Trail is documented in a study by the Utah State Historical Society (Peterson and others 1972) and[...]precisely traced. The Mormon Battalion entered Arizona on November 30, 1846. Coming out of New Mexico th[...]he first night in the far southeast corner of the state, where one wagon was abandoned because of damage[...]and Fronteras, was the first wagon road entering Arizona (Talbot 1992: 34-35). The march continued for the[...]ys mostly in Mexico, but crossed into present-day Arizona on December 6th just west of Douglas. That night,[...]9th near Palominas. Their camp was near Hereford, Arizona. While marching north along the San Pedr[...] |
![]() | [...]Yuma. The march of the Mormon Battalion across Arizona had more than military significance. The trek pro[...]f possible places to settle, thus contributing to Arizona's eventual colonization by Mormons. The signing[...]ed States. Although the war with Mexico was over, Arizona-then part of the U.S. Territory of New Mexico (wi[...]California brought a flood of immigrants through Arizona. The U.S. government was determined to make its n[...]m microfilm copy of Samuel P. Heintzelman Papers, Arizona Western College, Yuma, Arizona). Heintzelman found this position unsatisfactory[...]river's banks and is bisected by the present-day Arizona-California border. To supply the new post,[...] |
![]() | [...]13 THE NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES KEARNY CAMPSIT[...]can War was entered onto the National Register of Historic Places on October 9, 1974. It remains today the only property from that war in Arizona to be on the Register. This property is of speci[...]on both in describing the site and in providing a historic context for why it is significant. The descripti[...]. It is still in a relatively primitive state, little changed from 1846 when Colonel Kearny' s[...]ity to convey its significance as defined in the historic context, that is, it has integrity. In the narrative statement of significance (the Section 8 historic context), the Kearny campsite nomination makes[...]he site was no longer in a "relatively primitive state" as described in the nomination. It had be[...] |
![]() | [...]een whites and Indians simmered in other parts of Arizona as well. The U.S. government had settled the long[...]he Indian territory that would become part of the state of Oklahoma. A similar strategy was developed for[...]Mexico. The Navajo were the first Indians in the Arizona portion of the Territory to face a formal pacific[...]of Bonito Canyon just to the west of the present Arizona-New Mexico line, about thirty miles west of Gallu[...]ost formidable force blocking American control of Arizona. The majority of military installations es[...] |
![]() | [...]agecoaches began using the primitive roads across Arizona to get to and from California. A new road from El[...]on road blazed by Edward F. Beale across northern Arizona had become an important pathway for California go[...]oved too marshy and so the camp was placed on the Arizona side on a gravel bluff near the head of Mo[...] |
![]() | [...], in 1861, the U.S. military abandoned all of its Arizona posts in order to meet manpower demands in the Ea[...]Gila City, 20 miles upriver from Yuma. Believing Arizona to be a land of untapped mineral riches and takin[...]vernment in Richmond, Virginia proclaimed its own Arizona Territory, defined as all of the Territory of New[...]he Pimas (Faulk 1970: 105-06). The first clash in Arizona between confederate and Union troops occur[...] |
![]() | [...]REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES 35TH PARALLEL ROUTE[...]onal Register in 1977. The route was pioneered in historic times by traders and trappers and then explored a[...]e first white Americans to travel across northern Arizona were the traders and trappers who in the 18 30s a[...]oughly along the 35th parallel, crossing northern Arizona on his way from Albuquerque to the Colorado River[...]herd of camels and drove them over from Texas to Arizona. The 35th Parallel Route has become known as the[...]roads or railroads no longer visually convey the historic features of the route. Overtime, these structures[...]segments of U.S. 66 which have been recognized as historic and are listed on the National Register. T[...] |
![]() | 18 Tucson in May, the Civil War in Arizona was essentially over. Perhaps the most lasting ef[...]permits to his volunteers to prospect in northern Arizona, permits which reputedly carried an unwritten und[...]were soon made in northern, central, and western Arizona. These bonanzas awakened President Lincoln and others in Congress to the potential of Arizona, and in 1863 Arizona was declared a separate U.S. territory. A north-south line rather than east-west line was chosen to divide Arizona from New Mexico because the former would break a[...]of Camp McDowell. One of the largest battles in Arizona history ensued as volunteers of the California Co[...]1954: 22). The latter location is now a National Historic Site. In Navajo country, Colonel Christopher "Kit" Carson led troops into Arizona and reoccupied Canyon Bonito. A new base w[...] |
![]() | [...]e Redondo, New Mexico. The discovery of gold in Arizona brought a flood of immigrants, and with them, int[...]became headquarters for the army's Department of Arizona. The last three military facilities to be established in Arizona, 1846 to 1864, were Fort Lincoln (January[...] |
![]() | [...]ma Villages Ft. Bowie 1862-94 SE Arizona, near Chiricahua Mts. Ft. Breckinridge 1860-[...]o Ft. Y uma Ft. Canby 1863-64 NE Arizona Site of Ft Defiance C. Ca[...]Ft.Whipple Camp Colorado 1858 NW Arizona Precursor Ft. Mohave Ft. Defiance 1851-61 NE Arizona Near NM border El Revento[...]reckinridge Ewell's Camp 1858 NE Arizona near Ft Defiance Ft. Goodwin 1864[...]no dates Ft. Mohave 1859-61 NW Arizona Site of Camp Color[...] |
![]() | 22 THE NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES[...] |
![]() | [...]tallations on a northwest, southeast curve across Arizona (Fireman 1982: 117). The military authorities cho[...]trails which linked the various tribes of central Arizona. (Richardson 1954: 35) Fort Bowie sat on the Apac[...]Activities In 1964, the first census of the new Arizona Territory taken by U.S. Marshal, Milton B. Duffie[...]Tucson. Violence erupted as settlers pushed into Arizona and furthered displaced native peoples. To protec[...]John S. Mason assumed command of the District of Arizona. Mason was concerned with safeguarding the[...] |
![]() | [...]ed to guard the same general area of east-central Arizona. Established to protect miners and farmers[...] |
![]() | [...]Thomas C. Devon became the military commander of Arizona. He fought aggressively against the various tribe[...]The Yuma Quartermaster Depot office building In early 1870 the War Department ann[...]mand of the newly- created Military Department of Arizona in April of that year, his response to thi[...] |
![]() | [...]27 THE NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES FORT BOWIE NATIONAL HISTORIC SITE Travel across southern Arizona is funnelled by the formidable Chiricahua and Dos[...]ts of company quarters for 300 men, an adjutant's office, bakery, post library, storehouses, a hospital, a[...]ed with shingles in alternating colors. Arizona's Indian wars came to an end in 1886 with the sur[...]vents at Apache Pass by designating it a National Historic Site. Now under the care of the National P[...] |
![]() | [...]nough to protect them. John Marion, editor of the Arizona Miner, the principal newspaper of the territorial[...]the land since they did not own it. In his view, Arizona had been purchased and won from Mexico by the Uni[...]man, rob a ranch, or stampede a Government herd" (Arizona Miner, June 4, 1870). Frustrated with a program[...]Marion's newspaper reflected the local sentiment (Arizona Miner, May 20, 1871): Sunday April 30, 1[...]tory, as on that day several citizens of southern Arizona and about a hundred Papago Indians[...] |
![]() | [...]become quiet and are fast becoming domesticated" (Arizona Miner, May 6, 1871). Reacting angrily to Stoneman[...]trated by the Apache Indians, in the Territory of Arizona, during the Years 1869 and 1870 (Powell in Marion[...]ral George Crook arrived to command the troops in Arizona. Crook immediately developed a strategy to[...] |
![]() | [...]973: 194). By the time Colyer and Howard left Arizona in 1871 they had relocated approximately 4,000 In[...]. One of Crook's major accomplishments while in Arizona Territory was persuading the U.S. government and[...]or raiding trips into Mexico and various parts of Arizona. Many Apaches had been sent to the San Carlos Res[...]ed by Victorio killed nearly a thousand people in Arizona, New Mexico, and Chihuahua, Mexico. This led to a[...]of confrontations. Crook was placed in command in Arizona again in 1882 in an attempt to force Geron[...] |
![]() | [...]31 THE NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES THE SCHWERT[...]tector of American settlers, the Army presence in Arizona Territory also served a vital role in promoting i[...]e sample of properties related to the military in Arizona, it should be the goal of preservationists to ide[...], which was entered onto the National Register of Historic Places on August 25, 1983. Delos Hutchi[...]n important transportation center for southeastem Arizona. Smith knew that the new rail road would serve as[...]e significant for its relation to the military in Arizona (Criteria A of the National Register), it is also[...]tyles as well as building materials resulted from Arizona's improved communications with the East Victorian[...]early indicates the importance of the railroad on Arizona architecture in the late 19th century.[...] |
![]() | [...]eronimo in September of 1886, hostilities between Arizona's Indians and the military drew to an end. In the[...]as peace was finally attained in the Territory of Arizona. Military installations were not limited[...] |
![]() | [...]rn of the century, the need for frontier posts in Arizona had ceased to be a military priority. Local and t[...]eth century progressed, military installations in Arizona were to play an increasingly important role in in[...]ere detailed to Cuba and the Philippines, leaving Arizona's remaining military installations (Camp San Carl[...]sts along the border from Texas to California. In Arizona Territory, Camp Nogales, Camp Little at Naco, Cam[...]Germany would help restore Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona to Mexico. |
![]() | [...]by declaring war on Germany. Units were sent from Arizona bases-particularly from FortHuachuca-to fight in[...]15). Economically, the war created a boom in the state's raw materials industries. Both the cotton and c[...]achuca were the only active regular army posts in Arizona. Fort Apache was something of an anachronism by t[...]Brodie and Sloan served as training areas for the Arizona National Guard. Between the world wars, the regular Army did not open any major installations in Arizona. The Arizona National Guard did, however, receive funding from the Arizona legislature and the Federal government to[...] |
![]() | [...]e Coconino County Parks and Recreation Department office. The Santa Fe railroad extended a spur line to Fo[...]from a decentralized, heterogeneous collection of state militias to a formal extension of the regular Arm[...]ed on Guard vehicles. The building now houses the Arizona Military Academy and the Arizona Military Museum. The arsenal building is significant not only for its association with the Arizona National Guard, it is architecturally significant as one of the largest adobe constructions in the state and as the work of the Work Projects Administrati[...]ession, the R.O.T.C. stables at the University of Arizona represent the connection between the military and[...]tructions connected to the equestrian-era Army in Arizona. The Second World War had a profound effect on Arizona. During the 1940s, the military's presence in Arizona rapidly grew as new facilities sprung up across the state (see sections below on Major and Minor Wor[...] |
![]() | [...]39 THE NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES FARAWAY RANCH HISTORIC DISTRICT AND STAFFORD CABIN Located in B[...]in what is now Chiricahua National Monument is a historic homestead with ties to several aspects of Arizona history, including the military. The Stafford Cab[...]to the development of agriculture in southeastern Arizona is tied to its military significance as well. Sta[...]iers was an important part of their supplies. The preservation of the Stafford cabin and its associated structur[...]vious connection between the military presence in Arizona and civilian economic development. If we are to m[...]military presence touched on many aspects of the state's growth and a high priority set by this Historic Context Study is to find and preserve properties,[...]ivilians and the military. Neil Erick.son came to Arizona as a soldier and stayed after his discharge to ra[...]nd their ranch illustrate an important pattern in Arizona's frontier settlement. The black soldiers at the[...]res in Bonita Canyon by listing the Faraway Ranch Historic District. This district comprises the previously[...]end and protect Chiricahua National Monument. The preservation of the historic district adds a new dimension to the Park Service[...]. The district and the nearby Fort Bowie National Historic Site illustrate the variety of properties related to the military in Arizona. But while these sites have been recognized, we must understand that their preservation is an ongoing concern. The unique qualities of these properties make them especially worthy of preservation efforts. Issues of physical preservation and public education related to these properties should have a high priority from the State Historic Preservation Office. |
![]() | [...]Air Force Base in Chandler formed the backbone of Arizona's new defense installations. But development was[...]jo and Gila Bend in the south western part of the state, and ground training facilities such as the desert/tank training center in south western Arizona. Prisoner-of-war camps were located all around the state; those at Florence and Papago Park, Phoenix are o[...]vers, outside of Florence, Poston, in far western Arizona, and Leupp, east of Flagstaff) were yet another t[...]ning of future military pilots (Murray 1965: 70). Arizona's mild weather made it a superb location f[...] |
![]() | [...]vanced training in bombardment (Murray 1965: 75). Arizona's fourth advan~ed training facility opened in Douglas on May 28, 1942 (Arizona Highways, August 1944: 30). Pilot training at Arizona schools and bases was not limited to American air[...]me of them amusing in retrospect On one occasion, Arizona residents were convinced that an enemy attack was[...]ended in 1944, 145,221 pilots had been trained at Arizona's military bases and civilian schools, an[...] |
![]() | [...]Dam as the Yuma Test · Branch. The Corps rented office and dormitory space from the Bureau of Reclamatio[...]me the YumaProving Ground (established in 1951 ). Historic photographs show most of the facility's buildings and structures on the California side, but a few on the Arizona side (Howard 1976: 434). In addition to the tes[...]rport. Other paintings are distributed throughout Arizona and other parts of the country. Italian stonemaso[...]en were not the only ones in the military to find Arizona's geography and climate congenial. General Patton[...]ops and located his Desert Training Center in the state. This multi-million acre training ground extended[...]1943, was located between Kofa Station and Horn, Arizona, on the northern branch of the Southern Pacific R[...]of Camps Hom and Hyder are visible from the air (Historic Properties Report: Yuma Proving Ground |
![]() | [...]AL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES FORT LOWELL MULTIPLE RESOUR[...]on was as a supply depot for southern and eastern Arizona. Supplies shipped in from Yuma were reshipped to[...]t on to become a prominent politician in southern Arizona, serving in the Territorial Legislature and as Ma[...]Section 36, a school section, reverted to the state and was leased out. There was a local driv[...] |
![]() | [...]Desert Training Center was renamed the California-Arizona Maneuver Area and used as a general maneuver grou[...]nited States. Three such internment camps were in Arizona. The camp at Poston, on the Gila Indian Reservation three miles from the Colorado River, was the largest in Arizona, holding as many as 18,000 Japanese-Americans (Ya[...]hed around the country. Thirteen of these were in Arizona. The state was a favorite location for such camps because th[...]e for weighing trucks. World War II transformed Arizona as it did the rest of the country. Increased dema[...]This effort sparked the first industrial boom in Arizona. New industrial plants included Consolidated Vult[...]ler production facilities. Between 1940 and 1945, Arizona's gross income from manufacturing grew fro[...] |
![]() | [...]45 THE NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES YUMA CROSSING NATIONAL HISTORIC LANDMARK Fort Yum a is largely known for[...]onquest by the United States of what is today the state of Arizona. The fort's garrison guarded the strategic crossi[...]major supply depot for military posts throughout Arizona, receiving supplies via steamboat up the Colorado[...]a became the staging ground for the reconquest of Arizona from the Confederates in 1862. The remains of the fort along with other historic buildings and structures were designated by Congress as the Yuma Crossing National Historic Landmark. By the provisions of the federal Historic Preservation Act of 1966, this designation also gave them auto[...]x of buildings, the Quartermaster Depot is on the Arizona side of the Colorado River. The depot is comprise[...]a stone water tower-the oldest such structure in Arizona, two adobe warehouses from 1864, an 1864 barracks (pictured above), and the 1871 office building. The Quartennaster's House is of special interest because it was acquired by Arizona State Parks in 1972 at a time when the State Parks Board was considering the creation of a Quartennaster Depot State Park. While the board had a lease on the Quartennaster House, creating a viable historic park depended on gathering the other associated b[...]oped. Recognition by the people of Yum a that the historic buildings at Yuma Crossing could enhance the city[...]planning for their future. The direct interest of Arizona State Parks should give the SHPO a strong voice[...] |
![]() | [...]that became famous were the "Bushmasters" of the Arizona National Guard and the Navajo Codetalkers.[...] |
![]() | [...]ns 1. Kingman army air base, located in Kingman, Arizona, established as a primary flight training school[...]Poston internment camp, located in southwestem Arizona close to the border of California and established[...]over 20,000 Japanese-Americans. Only a small post office remains. 4. Camp Hom, part of the Dese[...] |
![]() | [...]AFB, is located in the south western comer of the state. It was established in 1943 as a training station[...]e. 10. Navajo Army Depot is located in northern Arizona, near Flagstaff. This is one of the few installations in the northern Arizona and was used as a storage facility during World W[...]Gila Bend gunnery base, located in south western Arizona, was established June 8, 1942, for bombing traini[...]ange, located in the far south western section of Arizona. This area was developed as a gunnery rang[...] |
![]() | [...]ort Huachuca, located in the southeastem comer of Arizona, was headquarters for troops along the border pr[...]fort's frontier era comprise a National Register historic district. ·24. Camp Little, located in the southeastem comer of Arizona, was used from 1910-1933 to patrol the border. O[...]olution was located in the . southeastem comer of Arizona. This camp closed in 1929. It is now the only rem[...]ple, thefrontier military post located in central Arizona, closed in 1913. It later reopened as a v[...] |
![]() | [...]51 THE NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES FORT VERDE[...]dministration building- which now form Fort Verde State Historic Park. ·---[...] |
![]() | 52 PROPERTY TYPES ASSOCIATED WITH THE MILITARY IN ARIZONA The following list describes some of the types of properties that mark military activity in Arizona. When possible, the property types are designated[...]nent as a military installation could be in early Arizona. Unlike forts on the Plains, those in Arizona were not fortified because the Nc\tive Ame[...] |
![]() | [...]ort Huachuca was the only active military base in Arizona, and it is still in operation today. 2. Tempora[...]the wagon road from Fort Defiance across northern Arizona to Fort Mohave. Telegraph lines were often stru[...]r, poles had to be installed. On the east side of Arizona they were spaced 25 to the mile, tended to be of[...]4 ft in the ground. Poles on the west side of the state were placed 17 to the mile, were usually o[...] |
![]() | 54 4. Battlesites. Most battlesites in Arizona mark skirmishes between, or lopsided attac[...] |
![]() | [...]55 THE NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES SKELETON CAVE[...] |
![]() | [...]57 THE NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES FORT McDOWELL ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORIC DISTRICT The Fort McDowell Archaeological and Historic District encompasses a variety of prehistoric and historic elements that represent several centuries of huma[...]with various subsistence activities, and sites of historic Yavapai usage. Fort McDowell was occupied by a ca[...]fort. On the fort grounds now stands a variety of historic and non-historic buildings. |
![]() | [...]uxiliary bases were built in various parts of the state and used on a temporary basis by the air bases an[...]ers were kept in custody at thirteen locations in Arizona during World War II. At Papago Park, only two bui[...]ese-Americans were detained at three locations in Arizona during World War II: Poston, Camp Jim Rivers, and[...]tions remain today. 12. Gunnery ranges. Because Arizona was home to air bases and training schools, it al[...]veral small camps in the southwestern part of the state. These camps were fully dismantled followi[...] |
![]() | [...]59 THE NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES PETERSE[...]portant connection between military activities in Arizona and civilian economic development In March 1898,[...]Enlistments grew for the local Company Co of the Arizona National Guard. As the Tempe News reported, "Neve[...]lding remained an important part of Mill Avenue's historic character until December of 1990 when a fire brok[...]represents a significant loss not only in Tempe's historic fabric, but in Arizona's physical connection to the events in its[...] |
![]() | [...]on of the Army's manpower force since the days of state militias. Buildings such as Tempe's Petersen Buil[...]e the connection between the military presence in Arizona and civilian development.[...]War eras are almost entirely in an archaeological state. There are two reasons for the scarcity of object[...]that the army ordered almost all of the posts in Arizona to be |
![]() | [...]rly period at Fort Bowie, which is now a National Historic Site. Most of the ruins at Fort Bowie date from t[...]t has no safeguards and is returning to a natural state. Even though Picacho Peak is now a state park, the integrity of the setting is being erode[...]a variety of topics relating to military posts in Arizona. Why, when there is so much interest in the subje[...]rizonans are unfamiliar with the history of their state. In part this is because most of Arizona's population has moved here in recent years. They[...]the significant contributions of the military in Arizona in the exploration and mapping of the terr[...] |
![]() | [...]ns that many people want to talce home a piece of Arizona's military past. Vandalism and removal of[...] |
![]() | [...]63 THE NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES FORT[...]rrived prospectors that were moving into northern Arizona following the discovery of gold. The separation of Arizona Territory from New Mexico and the establishment o[...]ently to Phoenix. As with nearly all of Arizona's frontier military posts, the end of the Indian[...]1970s, efforts were begun to place Fort Whipple's historic buildings on the National Register. A nomination was developed by the Veteran's Administration to create a historic district that would encompass thirty four buildin[...]June 25, 1981. This determination means that the historic buildings at Fort Whipple receive the same level of consideration from the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 as listed properties. Any federal und[...]06 and 110 of that Act and as administered by the Arizona State Historic Preservation Office. Since the Keeper's determination of el[...]81, no effort has been made to actually place the historic district on the National Register. In the meantim[...]aspect of twentieth century military activity in Arizona. It should be a goal of the SHPO to reevaluate th[...]tatus of the buildings on the complex, expand the historic context of the nomination to include struc[...] |
![]() | [...]source Base Over the next decade the survival of historic resources on property still controlled by[...] |
![]() | [...]Budget cuts for the military also pose threats to historic resources. Traditional base functions have become[...]properties associated with military activities in Arizona. There are many types of properties, including fo[...]about what to preserve and how. The reality of preservation is that, unfortunately, only some properti[...] |
![]() | [...]~ THE NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES TONTO NATI[...]c. A.D. 1700) at five sites. There is also a historic military trash scatter dating from about 1915. Wh[...]e of the area by the military. The historic trash scatter has been designated as archaeologic[...]nsions of 28m x 28m (784 sq. m.). As of 1987 this historic archaeological site has been left undisturbe[...]his was the period when military activity in Arizona revolved around patrolling against border disturb[...]ump lies in its potential to inform us about historic use of this land prior to the establishment of th[...]investigations may shed light on additional historic values of the monument not reflected in known historic archaeological sites.[...] |
![]() | [...]rst. The purpose of this context study is to help preservation planners create a basis on which to make preservation decisions. We must determine our goals and priorities be for evaluation, registration, and treatment of historic properties. The centerpiece of the historic preservation program is the National Register of Historic Places. Its mission is mandated by federal law an[...]generally used to judge which properties deserve preservation. Its guidelines are often the basis for state and local historic preservation legislation and ordinances. In Arizona, the State Register of Historic Places and the State Historic Preservation Act parallel the National Register and the National Historic Preservation Act, providing historic properties with a measure of consideration and protection in the face of state undertakings. Properties listed or eligible for i[...]grants-in-aid from the federal government through State Historic Preservation Offices. Federal and local tax incentives for rehabilitation of properties are also available. The state of Arizona, for example, has state property tax reduction programs for residential a[...]onsidered for listing on the National Register of Historic Places, a property must meet three broad qualifie[...]fine as the recognizable importance embodied in a historic property. The third qualifier is that the property must retain historic integrity. The National Register recognizes different types of values embodied in historic sites, buildings, structures, objects, and[...] |
![]() | [...]HAEOLOGY, defined as the study of prehistoric and historic cultures through excavation and the analys[...]ins. Many of the military installations in Arizona are historic archaeology sites. For example, as described in t[...]rtant connection to the Indian cultures in Arizona. It was not uncommon for there to be large number[...]d significantly to the exploration and mapping of Arizona's geog- raphy and topography. Because of t[...]on the frontier were an important phase in Arizona's development. After the Civil War, a large perce[...]e military's manpower was committed to the Arizona campaigns. The posts in Arizona represent the final phase in the co[...] |
![]() | [...]69 THE NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES FORT APACHE HISTORIC DISTRICT A short distance above where th[...]delay the fate of abandonment that befell most of Arizona's frontier posts. Fort Apache remained an active[...]00 acres of the old military reservation and many historic buildings survive to the present day. The Fort Apache Historic District was entered onto the National Register i[...]out camps, the old military cemetery, and several historic and prehistoric ruins. Fort Apache was[...]ude some of these buildings from the 1930s if the historic context of the district was expanded to take in t[...]bligation of Sections 106 and 110 of the National Historic Preservation Act. The tribe claims full rights over those buil[...]lt from Tribal special legal status. Because many historic military posts are on reservations, it should be[...]O to resolve legal ambiguities and support tribal preservation efforts. |
![]() | [...]outposts patrolled the main supply routes of the Arizona Territory, enabling commercial ventures t[...]ental in getting the telegraph lines into Arizona, and constructing the lines across the territory.[...]criterion will probably be rarely used since few Arizona military installations are significantly r[...] |
![]() | [...]ion used by the military. The last Quonset hut in Arizona, at Williams Air Force Base, is an[...] |
![]() | 72 as the ability of a property to convey its historic significance. National Register guidelines recogn[...]ust retain the essential physical features of the historic era they represent. These features must be suffic[...]ether functional or aesthetic. The army came to Arizona with a job to do and with hardly more resources t[...]plan followed by every permanent military post in Arizona, there were common design elements. Nearly[...] |
![]() | [...]thills of the Chiricahua Mountains. This National Historic Site has retained its integrity of setting to a r[...]of a visual buffer around the site to reflect the historic setting. When nominating a property to the Nati[...]e military reservation of Fort Yuma extended into Arizona even though most of its building are on the Calif[...]ciated lands that are undeveloped and reflect the historic setting as possible. Buffer zones, however, are n[...]36). For military properties in an archaeological state, integrity of material is of crucial importance.[...]ecessary criteria for a site in an archaeological state to be eligible for the National Register. A property has integrity of materials if the site contains enough historic matter to yield "information important in[...] |
![]() | [...]gs for lumber, to natural force of wind and rain, historic materials have been disappearing from sites. W[...]namental detailing ... Examples of workmanship in historic build- ings include tooling, carving, painting, g[...]a to apply. Feeling is the quality of a historic resource has in evoking the aesthetic or historic sense of a past period of time. Although[...]of physical characteristics to convey the historic qualities that evoke feeling. It may also[...]n is crucial to any nomination no matter what its state. "Association is the direct link between a[...] |
![]() | [...]property is to be associated with the military in Arizona then the objects that are on the site must be lin[...]association will be with the Spanish presence in Arizona, not the army's. How to ~ess the Integrity of[...]It has to be acknowledged that very few historic properties retain all their historic physical features. Change is a natural part of an[...]al physical features that enable it to convey its historic identity. By 'essential physical features' we mea[...]would not be eligible. The physical existence of historic materials is not sufficient for eligibility. Imagine, for example, that you have a historic adobe building that in recent times has been surr[...]brick additions so that you can no longer see the historic core. Although the historic design and materials still exist, the buil[...] |
![]() | [...]REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES FORT HUACHUCA NATIONAL HISTORIC LANDMARK . At the beginning of 1875, it appeared that Arizona was finally safe for white settlement. As pa[...]osts along the border zone of New Mexico and Arizona could do little to stop the raids. Furthermore, i[...]heir leader, Geronimo, they became the scourge of Arizona, New Mexico, and Mexico. Although Colonel August Kautz, commander of the Department of Arizona, thought that reports of raids were exaggera[...]greed to establish two new posts in southern Arizona. Captain Samuel M. Whitside and two companies of[...]tructures were built, including an administrative office, a hospital, a bakery, and several quarters.[...]as a major military base-the only post from Arizona's frontier era. In recognition of the post's historic service to the nation, it has been designated a National Historic Landmark. About 110 acres and 48 pre-1920 structures have been set aside as a historic district. The "Old Post Area" contains twenty thr[...]57, there are many WWII era structures whose preservation will serve as a physical and educational l[...] |
![]() | [...]oved from their original locations, reconstructed historic buildings, properties primarily commemorative in[...]ucture most importantly associated with a historic person or event c. a birthplace or[...]design features, or from association with historic events e. a reconstructed building[...]for its relationship with military development in Arizona during the Cold War. |
![]() | 78 THE ELIGIBILITY OF HISTORIC BATTLEFIELDS The battlefields on which the U.S. military fought in Arizona were small compared to those in other areas of th[...]e seen in the effect it had on the development of Arizona. Picacho Pass effectively demonstrated that the c[...]of the Gila River. The confederacy's interest in Arizona was the key factor in determining the present shape of the state of Arizona since the north-south boundary with New Mexico wa[...]. The decades-long war to subjugate the Apache of Arizona was the last in the centuries-long conflict by Eu[...]blish Fort Mohave in order to secure northwestern Arizona. Fort Mohave. A year after the Rose Mass[...] |
![]() | [...]entifying , Evaluating, and Registering America's Historic Battlefields. The process of nominating a battlefield is the same as for any other historic property. The site of the battle must be established by a survey and its significance defined in a historic context. Evaluating integrity follows the same pa[...]a building, structure, or object. The survey and historic context will determine which of the seven[...] |
![]() | [...]e of the boundary. At present there is only one Arizona battlefield listed on the National Register, the Skeleton Cave Massacre Site. While Picacho Peak is now a State Park, the area of the pass on which the Civil War battle occurred is not included. The Arizona SHPO should promote a survey of historic battlesites with the |
![]() | [...]nated where eligible, and given support for their preservation. THE RESEARCH POTENTIAL OF MILITARY PROPERTIES[...]of information that researchers can use to study Arizona exploration, conquest, settlement, and developmen[...]and whens of their usage. The frontier period of Arizona history and military history both have their devotees. Much has already been written on the military in Arizona, but the subject certainly has not been exhausted[...]s. There exists numerous documentary sources on Arizona military posts. Records produced directly by and for the military include lists of soldiers assigned to Arizona duty, orders issued from Washington, dispatches f[...]posts. One of the most famous journals of life in Arizona was written by the wife of an army officer, Martha Summerhayes' Vanished Arizona (1939). Her description of life in various posts[...]scripts in the Gatewood collection of the Tucson, Arizona Historical Society containing interviews with Ger[...]oo underutilized research source. Territorial and state papers often carried notices of activities at the[...]fornia, and after 1870. the Department of Arizona, many of which are on microfilm in the Nat[...] |
![]() | [...]les of research questions about military posts in Arizona? The following list of research topics is designe[...]hought about how military posts were important to Arizona's history.[...]these camps as being "nearby." Air Force Bases in Arizona had the use of many auxiliary fields. Toda[...] |
![]() | [...]ts. Since the building of large dams on many of Arizona's rivers, the old river beds have become dry and[...]archer should bear in mind that many areas of the state used to be much wetter. Where water tables have f[...]imilar properties could be found elsewhere in the state, they could be an important link between the military and Arizona's economic development. |
![]() | [...]ents develop around military installations? Many Arizona settlements grew up close by a post, Prescott for[...]n what ways did various roads and trails open the state up for settlement? The long-te~ impact of milita[...]he numerous pathways and preserve their remaining historic segments would enlighten us about how transportat[...]military efforts to bring the telegraph into the state? Research Question 9: What is the potential for[...]soldiers in camp which can be gained by studying historic archeology? What can we learn about the women who[...]conditions like at the interment and POW camps? Historic archaeology potentially could reveal new i[...] |
![]() | [...]in the Civilian Pilot Training Program may have a historic value related to the military presence in Arizona. Research Question 12: How should the SHPO eval[...]he Department of Defense, the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation, and the National Conference of State Historic Preservation Officers, the military recently undertook a natio[...]sh the remaining buildings as it saw fit. Several state historic preservation offices, including Arizona's, believe that the military's goal of protecting[...]res their potential significance at the local and state levels. The most recent word from the military is[...]re beginning to recognize the potential local and state level significance and might be working towards a[...]ners make every possible effort to preserve these historic buildings. |
![]() | [...]ITIES FOR MANAGEMENT Undoubtedly, there are many historic military properties worthy of preservation. At present the National Register of Historic Places recognizes the importance of seventeen sit[...]sting are, 1. Fort Bowie National Historic Site, 8/30/64 2. Yuma Crossing and Associated Sites National Historic Landmark, 11/13/66 3. Fort Verde Di[...]0/9n4 6. Old Fort Huachuca National Historic Landmark, l l/20n4 7. Stafford Cabin, 3/31n5 8. Fort Apache Historic District, 10/14n6 9. The Beale Came[...]uilding, 3/18/80 . 12. Faraway Ranch Historic District, 8/27/80 13. Fort Whipple ([...]17. Fort McDowell Archaeological and Historic District, 8/27/92 Even though military installations have played an important role in Arizona's history and have drawn some scholarly attention[...]y properties and sites. There are already three state parks that have an association with the military[...]e, and Picacho Peak. Given the limitations in the state budget, it is unlikely that more sites will be gi[...]segments of military roads are slipping back to a state of nature. Locations at which archaeologic[...] |
![]() | [...]e true "westernmost" skirmish of the Civil War. Historic building surveys should be conducted at Luke Air[...]by case basis for each building or structure. The historic context of these constructions must be seen as a[...]lations for their WWII-era properties and develop historic contexts that describe how the installations grew and were used. By surveying all the Arizona military installations it will be possible to mak[...]to make decisions about which properties deserve preservation effort. In the case of Navajo Army Depot, such a[...]rve sites and associated properties. While some state and federal agencies may have inventoried resourc[...]sed as the main tool to raise their awareness and preservation consciousness. Where owners cannot be convinced t[...]ways to provide financial incentives to encourage preservation. Goal 3: Develop preservation treatments consistent with the values that particular sites possess. Very little historic archaeology has been done at military site[...] |
![]() | [...]whatever steps it can to increase the priority of historic archaeology at military sites. The military usu[...]HPO should be active in distributing materials on preservation treatments such as those contained in the National Park Service's series Preservation Briefs. This non-copyrighted material is intended[...]public awareness of the dangers that threaten our historic military sites. Natural processes have taken a considerable toll on historic military sites over the years, but human activiti[...]nt vandalism continuously wear away the remaining historic fabric of these |
![]() | [...]of the site of Camp Date Creek (about 95%) is on state land, they could be charged with trespass on State Trust lands (ARS §37-501), both felony and misdemeanor violations of the Arizona Antiquities Act (ARS §41-841 • §41-846 and§ 13- 3702), and criminal theft of State property (§13-1802). That the suspects were appr[...]and those concerned with researching and studying Arizona history to prepare a thematic National Register N[...]ilitary installations to the National Register of Historic Places. Although the protection afforded by inc[...]text in discussing the importance of the sites to Arizona's history. While the SHPO may get involved in the[...]nts of dollars which go into communities close by historic sites. Towns will get involved in the preservation of these sites, not only for the tourist dollars,[...]y. Goal 5: Encourage public involvement in site preservation. Public awareness is of little value unless that[...]ated into positive action for the benefit of site preservation. Strategy 1: The SHPO should help bring together people interested in the preservation of historic military sites. Groups of history-minded people such as the Arizona Historical Society, many of whose members have a strong interest in Arizona's military history, should be informed of efforts at site preservation. If these group's efforts can be combined with groups interested in historic preservation,per se, such as the Arizona Preservation Foundation, the protection of military sights wil[...]'s own newsletter should mention the interest the office has in this area. |
![]() | [...]emphasis, there are Site Stewards who watch over historic sites. Camp Date Creek is the only military site[...]hould actively encourage volunteers to watch over historic military sites. Goal 6: Work with officials at[...]ently undergoing a downsizing of the military and Arizona, which has many active military properties, will[...]time has come in which we must take stock of the historic elements of these installations and decide what is deserving of preservation. Strate~y 1: The SHPO should take a proactive stance towards preservation at bases earmarked for closure. Installations suc[...]ide the future of the base and only reacts to the preservation issue through the compliance process, it is likel[...]s in the development process and inject a dose of preservation concern. Strate~y 2: Open the doors of mili[...]good contacts. To complete in depth research on historic buildings located on active military insta[...] |
![]() | [...]ere. There are even ex-prisoners of war from the Arizona camps who now live in the United States. A good place to start research is at the Arizona Military Museum in Phoenix, Arizona. Other historical societies and museums will als[...]this era were directed towards Indian control. In Arizona, as in other areas of the West, the Army signifi[...]ptain Lorenzo Sitgreaves traveled across northern Arizona looking for a new route to California via the Zu[...]by Lieutenant Amiel Weeks Whipple again crossed Arizona along the 35th parallel in order to locate a con[...]The forthcoming National Register Bulletin #36, Historic Archeological Properties: Guidelines for their E[...]isible resources altered to the point where their historic appearance had been totally lost and what[...] |
![]() | [...]Agnew, S. C. Garrisons of the Re~ularU.S. Army. Arizona 1851-1899. Arlington, Virginia: Council[...]Altshuler, Constance Wynn. Chains of Command: Arizona and the Army. 1856-1875. Tucson: The Arizona Historical Society, 1981. _ _ _ _ _ _. "Fort Yuma and Camp Lowell: Early Views." Journal of Arizona History. Vol. 26, No. 1 (Spring, 1985).[...]_ _ _. Startin~ with Defiance: Nineteenth Century Arizona Military Posts. Historical Monograph Series (7). Tucson: Arizona Historical Society, 1983. Anonymous. The Official History of Williams Field. Chandler, Arizona: Installment I, Coverin~ History to the Date of December 7. 1941. Chandler, Arizona: 1943. Anonymous. The Fort Newell Report. Bl[...]Flyin~ Trainin~ Win~ and Williams Air Force Base, Arizona. Williams AFB: Office of 82nd Flying Training Wing, 1991. / Anonymous. "Fort Apache, Arizona." Arizona Sheriff, May/June, 1977. Arizona Hi~hways. "Conquer We Must: The Story of Luke Fie[...]Springs Apache. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1970. Barker, Leo R., and Ann[...] |
![]() | [...]. Indian Agent." Journal of Arizona History. Vol. 17, No. 3. (Autumn 1976). 265-300. Davisson,Lori. "FiftyYearsatFortApache." Journal of Arizona History. Vol.17,No. 3. (Autumn 1976). 301-[...]. Dinges, Bruce J. (ed.). "A New York Private in Arizona Territory: The Letters of George H. Cranston, 1867-1870." Journal of Arizona History. Vol. 26, No. 1 (Spring, 1985). 53-76. D[...]enix: Indian Tribal Series, 1971. Faulk, Odie B. Arizona: A Short History. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1970. Fireman, Bert M. Arizona: Historic Land. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1982. Gamer, Jo[...]An Account of the Surrender of Geronimo." Tucson, Arizona Historical Society, Gatewood Collection. Ma[...]"Captain Charles King at Sunset Pass." Journal of Arizona History. Vol. 17, No. 3 (Autumn, 1976). 253-64. Historic Properties Report: Yuma Provin~ Ground, Yuma, Arizona. Document prepared under Contract CX-0001[...]rporated, Silver Springs, Maryland and the Historic American Building Survey/Historic American Engineering Record, National Park[...]arly Days of the Yuma Proving Ground." Journal of Arizona History. Vol. 17, No. 4 (Winter, 1976). 431[...]nd His Guardian, Mr. G.M. Wratton." Tucson: Arizona Historical Society, Gatewood Collection. |
![]() | [...]cal Geo~aphy of the Heliomph in The Department of Arizona. MA Thesis, Arizona State University, Tempe, May 1980. Keane, Melissa, and A. E. Rogge. Gold & Silver Minin~ in Arizona. 1848-1945: A Context for Historic Preservation Plannin~. Dames & Moore Intermountain Cultural Re[...]December 1992. Kraus, J. "Old Forts of Southern Arizona." Desert December 1977. Leckie, William H. The B[...]es of Will C. Barnes. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1982. Lubick, George M. "Soldiers and Scientists in the Petrified Forest." Journal of Arizona Histozy. Vol. 29, No. 4 (Winter, 1988). 39[...]on, J.H. Notes of Travel Through the Territory of Arizona: Being an Account of the Trip Made by Gener[...]onald M. Powell, ed., Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1965. Monroe, Keith. "Wings Over Tucson." Arizona Hi~hways. October, 1944. Munson, Robert W. "Terr[...]au. Vol. 53, No. 1. Murray, Michael. Aviation in Arizona: From Pioneer Flights to the End of World War II. M.A. Thesis, University of Arizona, 1965. National Archives, Record Group 94, Records of the Adjutant General's Office, Microcopy 617, Post Returns from U.S. Mil[...]alion Trail G.l.llik. Salt Lake City: Utah State Historical Society, 1972. Provence, Jean. Luke Field Durin ~ World War II. Goodyear, Arizona: Luke Air Force Base, 1954. |
![]() | [...]litruy Posts of the United States, 1789-1895. The State Historical Society of Wisconsin. Milwaukee[...]ort McDowell-The "Most Unhappy Post."" Journal of Arizona Histozy. Vol. 17, No. 3 (Autumn 1976), 321[...]The Last Bu~le Call: A Histozy of Fort McDowell. Arizona Territozy. 1865-1890. Parsons, West Virgin[...], Harold Charles. United States Militruy Posts in Arizona, 1849 Throu&h 1900. MA Thesis, Arizona State College, Tempe, Arizona, 1954. Rickey, Don Jr. Forty Miles a Day on Bean[...]n Wire: Construction of the Military Telegraph in Arizona Territory." MA Thesis, University of Arizona, Tucson, 1967. Scheips, Paul J. "Will Croft Barn[...], Jim. "Born a Cavalryman: Carnillo C. C. Carr in Arizona," Journal of Arizona Histozy. Vol. 30, No. 2, (Summer, 1989), 1[...]. Hell Hath No Limits: The Army. The Apaches. and Arizona's Camp Reno. Published by the author, 1989. Summerhayes, Martha. Vanished Arizona. Chicago: Lakeside Press, 1939. Talbot, Dan. A H[...]67. Unofficial Guide to Fort Huachuca. Huachuca, Arizona: Sierra Vista Printers, date unknown. Utl[...] |
![]() | [...]Indiana University Press, 1973. Wagoner, J.J. Arizona Territory 1863-1912. A Political History. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1970. W_alker, Henry P. and Don Bufkin, Historical Atlas of Arizona (2nd ed.), Norman and London: University of Oklahoma Press, 1986. Weekly Arizona Miner, 15 May 1869, 1:2. _ _ _ , 19 November, 18[...]esearch Document: Yuma Quartermaster Depot. Yuma, Arizona, 1850- l.8M,. February 10, 1992. Wharfield, Col. H. B. With Scouts and Cavalry at Fort Apache. Tucson: Arizona Pioneers' Historical Society, 1965. Wharfi[...]Indian Scouts. Private printing, no date. In the Arizona Room, Arizona State University. Wyllys, Rufus Kay. Arizona, The History of a Frontier State. Phoenix: Hobson & Herr, 1950. Y atsushir[...] |
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William S. Collins, The United States military in Arizona, 1846-1945 : a component of the Arizona historic preservation plan. Arizona Memory Project, accessed 19/02/2025, https://azmemory.azlibrary.gov/nodes/view/108359