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Tohono O’odham Nation

Descriptive

AddressP.O. Box 837,Sells,85634,United StatesWebsitehttp://www.tonation-nsn.gov/Description

Historically, the O’odham inhabited an enormous area of land in the southwest, extending South to Sonora, Mexico, north to Central Arizona (just north of Phoenix, Arizona), west to the Gulf of California, and east to the San Pedro River. This land base was known as the Papagueria and it had been home to the O’odham for thousands of years.

From the early 18th Century through to the present, the O’odham land was occupied by foreign governments. With the independence of Republic of Mexico, O’odham fell under Mexican rule. Then, in 1853, through the Gadsden Purchase or Treaty of La Mesilla, O’odham land was divided almost in half, between the United States of America and Mexico.

According to the terms of the Gadsden Purchase, the United States agreed to honor all land rights of the area held by Mexican citizens, which included the O’odham, and O’odham would have the same constitutional rights as any other United States citizen. However, the demand for land for settlement escalated with the development of mining and the transcontinental railroad. That demand resulted in the loss of O’odham land on both sides of the border.

Following the Plan de Iguala, O’odham lands in Mexico continued to decrease at a rapid rate. In 1927, reserves of lands for indigenous peoples, were established by Mexico. Today, approximately nine O’odham communities in Mexico lie proximate to the southern edge of the Tohono O’odham Nation, a number of which are separated only by the United States/Mexico border.

On the U.S. side of the border, the Gadsden Purchase had little effect on the O’odham initially because they were not informed that a purchase of their land had been made, and the new border between the United States and Mexico was not strictly enforced. In recent years, however, the border has come to affect the O’odham in many ways, because immigration laws prevent the O’odham from crossing it freely. In fact, the U.S.-Mexico border has become “an artificial barrier to the freedom of the Tohono O’odham. . . to traverse their lands, impairing their ability to collect foods and materials needed to sustain their culture and to visit family members and traditional sacred sites.” O’odham members must produce passports and border identification cards to enter into the United States.

On countless occasions, the U.S. Border Patrol has detained and deported members of the Tohono O’odham Nation who were simply traveling through their own traditional lands, practicing migratory traditions essential to their religion, economy and culture. Similarly, on many occasions U.S. Customs have prevented Tohono O’odham from transporting raw materials and goods essential for their spirituality, economy and traditional culture. Border officials are also reported to have confiscated cultural and religious items, such as feathers of common birds, pine leaves or sweet grass.

The division of O’odham lands has resulted in an artificial division of O’odham society. O’odham bands are now broken up into 4 federally recognized tribes: the Tohono O’odham Nation, the Gila River Indian Community, the Ak-Chin Indian Community and the Salt River (Pima Maricopa) Indian community. Each band is now politically and geographically distinct and separate. The remaining band, the Hia-C’ed O’odham, are not federally recognized, but reside throughout southwestern Arizona. All of the groups still speak the O’odham language, which derives from the Uto-Aztecan language group, although each group has varying dialects.

-Text from Tohono O’odham Nation website. http://www.tonation-nsn.gov/history-culture/. Accessed December 11, 2023.

CountyMaricopa CountyPima CountyPinal CountyStateArizonaCountryUnited StatesGeographic Coordinates^[1]Feature ClassCivil

Image

A ball of clay will become the base for one pot_image #6

A paddle and stone are used to smooth the coils together to form the sides_image #4

A polishing stone and water are used to smooth the surface before the pot is set to partially dry in the sun_image #14

A saguaro-rib pole, called a ku'ipad, is used to knock the fruit to the ground_image #4

A.W. Spear in Quijotoa

Adobe building on the Papago Indian Reservation in southern Arizona

Adobe buildings on the Papago Indian Reservation in southern Arizona

After the fruit is cooked, the juice is separated from the pulp through a burlap strainer_image #6

Albert hammers loops flat_image #5

Albert threads wire into the loop_image #2

Albert uses pliers to complete one stand of wire_image #4

Anegam (Papago)

Arizona Governor George W.P. Hunt and A.W. Spear in Quiojtoa

Arizona Governor George W.P. Hunt and his travelling party at the mission in Topawa

Arizona Governor George W.P. Hunt at the dedication of a Catholic Mission in Topawa

Arizona Governor George W.P. Hunt beside a road on the Papago Indian Reservation in Pima County

Arizona Governor George W.P. Hunt meeting with a group of Papago Indians in Pima County

Arizona Governor George W.P. Hunt near a small adobe church on the Papago Indian Reservation in Pima County

Artist Albert Alvarez demonstrates how to make a wainom hua, wire basket_image #1

Document

Audit Report: Judgment Funds Awarded to the Papago Tribe of Arizona

Barry M. Goldwater Range: Military Training and Protection of Endangered Species: A Report of the Congressionally Appointed Task Force

Hydrologic and drill-hole data : San Xavier Indian Reservation and vicinity, Pima County, Arizona

Indians, The Papagos

Joint statement of the White Mountain Apache Tribe, Pascua Yaqui Tribe, and the Tohono O'odham Nation, March 26, 1993, re: indian gaming negotiations

Kohatk Cemetery

Papago Indians at work

Petitioned Health Consultation: Choulic Gravel Pit (a/k/a Baboquivari District), Tohono O'odham Nation, Pima County, Arizona

Petitioned Health Consultation: Choulic Gravel Pit, (a/k/a Baboquivaru District), Tohono O'odham Nation, Pima County, Arizona

Routes to Desert Watering Places in the Papago Country, Arizona

San Carlos Apache College Remedial Education Report 2024

San Xavier District Pedestrian Access & Safety Study Schedule

San Xavier District Pedestrian Access & Safety Study, TAC Meeting for Alternative Selection

San Xavier District Pedestrian Access & Safety Study, TAC Member List

San Xavier District Pedestrian Access & Safety Study, Work Plan

San Xavier District Pedestrian Access & Safety Study, Working Paper Number 1

San Xavier District Pedestrian Access & Safety Study, Working Paper Number 2

San Xavier District Pedestrian Access & Safety Study, Working Paper Number 3

San Xavier District Pedestrian Access & Safety Study, Working Paper Number 4

San Xavier District Pedestrian Access & Safety Study: Public Involvement / Community Outreach Overview

San Xavier District Pedestrian Access & Safety Study: TAC 2

San Xavier District Pedestrian Access & Safety Study: TAC Meeting 3

San Xavier District Pedestrian Access & Safety Study: TAC Meeting for Preferred Alternative Selection

Place

Ali Chukson

Anegam

Baboquivari Peak

Choulic

Haivana Nakya

Hickiwan

Kaka

La Lesna Mountains

North Komelik

Pisinemo

Quijotoa

San Xavier del Bac Mission

Schuchuli

Sells

Sil Nakya

Topawa

Tucson Indian School

Map

Map of Church Lot in San Xavier Reservation

Papago Indian Agency Highway System Map

Papago Indian Reservation

Papago Indian Reservation Base Map

Proposed Irrigation and Flood Protection System, Papago Indian Reservation

San Xavier Indian Reservation

State of Arizona Surface Management Responsibility, 2000, Sells East

State of Arizona Surface Management Responsibility, 2000, Sells West

Audio

Gertrude Lopez Oral History, Part 1/2

Gertrude Lopez Oral History, Part 2/2

Collection

Images of Tohono O'odham Polychrome Pottery Making Study

Papago Indian News

Papago Newsletter

Tohono O'odham Collection, 1970-1980, Helga Teiwes Photographer

Newspaper

Douglas Daily Dispatch, 1936-07-12

The Voice, 1983-09-01 — 1984-05-10

The Voice, 2012-02-01 — 2012-05-02

Transcript

Gertrude Lopez Oral History, Transcript

PlaceHaivana NakyaArizona Tribal Homelands

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Tohono O’odham Nation